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Deming JR, Dunbar KJ, Lueck JF, Oh Y. Virtual Reality Videos for Symptom Management in Hospice and Palliative Care. MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024; 2:477-485. [PMID: 39360020 PMCID: PMC11446539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpdig.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective To learn more about the effect of virtual reality videos on patients' symptoms near the end of life, including which are most effective, how long the effect lasts, and which patients benefit the most. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective study of 30 patients in a regional hospice and palliative care program from March 11, 2022, through July 14, 2023. Using a head-mounted display virtual reality, all participants viewed a 15-minute video of serene nature scenes with ambient sounds. Fifteen patients also participated in a second session of viewing bucket-list video clips they selected. Symptoms were measured with the revised Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale before, immediately after, and 2 days after each experience. Participants rated their bucket-list selections by level of previous experience, strength of connection, and overall video quality. Functional status was also recorded. Results Nature scenes significantly improved total symptom scores (30% decrease, P<.001), as well as scores for drowsiness, tiredness, depression, anxiety, well-being, and dyspnea. The improved scores were not sustained 2 days later. Overall, bucket-list videos did not significantly improve symptoms. Neither previous experience with an activity nor a strong connection correlated with significant improvement; however, when patients rated video quality as outstanding, scores improved (31% decrease, P=.03). Patients with lower functional status tended to have more symptoms beforehand and improve the most. Conclusion Serene nature head-mounted display virtual reality scenes safely reduce symptoms at the end of life. Bucket-list experiences may be effective if they are high-quality. More infirm patients may benefit the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Deming
- Home Health and Hospice, Mayo Clinic Health System - Northwest Wisconsin region, Eau Claire, WI
| | - Kassie J Dunbar
- Home Health and Hospice, Mayo Clinic Health System - Northwest Wisconsin region, Eau Claire, WI
| | - Joshua F Lueck
- Home Health and Hospice, Mayo Clinic Health System - Northwest Wisconsin region, Eau Claire, WI
| | - Yoonsin Oh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI
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Franze A, Loetscher T, Gallomarino NC, Szpak A, Lee G, Michalski SC. Immersive virtual reality is more effective than non-immersive devices for developing real-world skills in people with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024. [PMID: 39169557 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) demonstrate persistent challenges around developing life skills. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) is gaining interest as a tool for training life skills as it enables individuals to engage in hands-on learning in a safe, controlled and repeatable environment. However, there are concerns about the potential drawbacks of IVR, such as cybersickness and practical challenges with using the equipment, which may hinder its widespread adoption in educational settings. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of training in IVR and a non-immersive virtual environment for improving real-world skills in people with ID. METHODS In the present study, 36 adults (16 female, 20 male) with ID were recruited from a disability organisation. Participants completed a real-world assessment of waste management skills before and after training in either the IVR or non-immersive group. RESULTS Consistent with our hypotheses, the IVR group scored significantly higher in the real-world assessment after virtual training (d = 1), and at the 1-week follow-up (d = 1.12), compared with the non-immersive group. Further analyses showed that the IVR group, but not the non-immersive group, significantly improved performance in the real-world assessment across timepoints. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that IVR was more effective for improving and retaining real-world waste management skills. This study supports IVR as a viable tool for professionals and caregivers to develop skills for independent living among people with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franze
- UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - T Loetscher
- UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - N C Gallomarino
- UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A Szpak
- UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - G Lee
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S C Michalski
- National Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Huang Y, Deng C, Peng M, Hao Y. Experiences and perceptions of palliative care patients receiving virtual reality therapy: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC Palliat Care 2024; 23:182. [PMID: 39044242 PMCID: PMC11267777 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-024-01520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of virtual reality (VR) and palliative care potentially represents a new opportunity for palliative care. Many previous studies have evaluated the application of VR therapy to patients with advanced disease receiving palliative care. However, patient-perspective reviews to comprehensively understand the actual experiences and feelings of patients and provide practical guidance for designing future studies are currently lacking. This review of qualitative evidence aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of patients receiving VR therapy in palliative care. METHODS This study was conducted in accordance with the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement guidelines. Ten databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, OVID MEDLINE, Scopus, John Wiley, ProQuest, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, and SinoMed, were searched, and qualitative and mixed studies from the establishment of each database to June 30, 2023 were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The data included in the literature were analyzed and integrated by "thematic synthesis" to formalize the identification and development of themes. RESULTS The nine selected studies altogether included 156 participants from seven hospice care facilities of different types and two oncology centers. Three key themes were identified: experiences of palliative care patients in VR therapy, the perceived value that palliative care patients gain in VR therapy, and perspectives of palliative care patients toward using VR therapy. CONCLUSIONS The patients' feedback covered discomfort caused by VR devices, good sense of experiences, and situations that affected the interactive experience. Some patients were unable to tolerate VR therapy or reported newer forms of discomfort. The findings indicated that VR therapy may be an effective approach to relieve patients' physical and psychological pain and help them gain self-awareness. Moreover, patients showed a preference for personalized VR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Huang
- College of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunqing Deng
- College of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meifang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Hao
- College of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Xia W, Ding J, Yan Y, Chen F, Yan M, Xu X. Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Technology in Symptom Management of Patients at the end of life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2024; 25:105086. [PMID: 38880120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to explore the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) technology in symptom management of patients at the end of life. DESIGN This is a systematic review and meta-analysis, which has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022344679). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Patients at the end of life. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, JBI, EBSCO, CNKI, Wanfang, and SinoMed were searched from inception to July 31, 2023. Search terms included "virtual reality" and "end-of-life." Articles were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The random effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), and the fixed effects model was used to calculate the mean difference (MD). The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0 and JBI Evaluation tool were used to assess the risk of bias. The I2 statistic was used to measure heterogeneity between studies. Forest plots were used for analysis. RESULTS A total of 234 patients at the end of life from 3 randomized controlled trials and 6 quasi-experimental studies were included. Compared with pre-VR intervention, the pain [standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.89, 95% CI -1.29 to -0.48, P < .05], shortness of breath [mean difference (MD) -0.98, 95% CI -0.98-0.51, P < .05], depression (MD -0.62, 95% CI -0.85 to -0.40, P < .05), and anxiety (SMD -0.93, 95% CI -1.50 to 0.36, P < .05) of patients at the end of life was significantly improved after VR intervention. However, there were no significant differences observed in tiredness, drowsiness, nausea, and lack of appetite. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS VR technology can be effective in improving pain, shortness of breath, depression, and anxiety in patients at the end of life. For tiredness, drowsiness, nausea, and lack of appetite, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Xia
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Subcenter of JBI Evidence-Based Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - JinFeng Ding
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Subcenter of JBI Evidence-Based Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixia Yan
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Furong Chen
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyao Yan
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Subcenter of JBI Evidence-Based Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianghua Xu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Grange L, Grange R, Bertholon S, Morisson S, Martin I, Boutet C, Grange S. Virtual reality for interventional radiology patients: a preliminary study. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:416. [PMID: 38847962 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the tolerance and feasibility of using virtual reality headsets with patients during interventional radiology procedures. MATERIAL AND METHOD In this single-center prospective study, the use of a virtual reality headset in addition to the usual analgesic and anxiolytic treatment was proposed to all patients presenting in the interventional radiology department from December 2020 to June 2022. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with whom it was not possible to communicate (2) epileptic patients, (3) non-verbal patients, and (4) pregnant women. The main objective was to evaluate the safety of the procedure by screening complications during and after the procedure. The second objective was to evaluate feasibility, as defined by the number of patients using the helmet until the end of the procedure. Effectiveness (patient's self-evaluation of pain and anxiety), comfort, satisfaction, emotions felt, sense of security, and feeling of immersion were also evaluated. Caregivers completed a feedback questionnaire. RESULTS Virtual reality headsets were offered to 100 patients, 9 of whom declined. Procedures were achieved in 93.5% of cases: 6/91 patients removed the headset before the end of the procedure. There were minor adverse events in 2/85 (2.3%) procedures (discomfort and nausea) and no major adverse events. 93.9% of patients found an overall benefit, and 90.2% would recommend virtual reality to another patient. 94.4% of caregivers were satisfied with the virtual reality equipment. The mean pain level was 2.5 ± 2.7 before the procedure, 3.3 ± 2.5 during the procedure, and 1.6 ± 2.7 after the procedure. Mean anxiety scores were 4.6 ± 2.9 before the procedure, 3.1 ± 2.7 during the procedure, and 1.1 ± 1.9 after the procedure. CONCLUSION The use of virtual reality technology as a complement to traditional therapy for procedures under local anesthesia is feasible and safe in interventional radiology and can be beneficial for pain and anxiety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Grange
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France
| | - Rémi Grange
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France
| | - Sylvain Bertholon
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France
| | - Stéphanie Morisson
- Department of Supportive Care in Oncology, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France
| | - Isabelle Martin
- Infection Control Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France
| | - Claire Boutet
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France
| | - Sylvain Grange
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, France.
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Corvin J, Hoskinson Z, Mozolic-Staunton B, Hattingh L, Plumbridge-Jones R. The effects of virtual reality interventions on occupational participation and distress from symptoms in palliative care patients: A pilot study. Palliat Support Care 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38605653 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951524000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) offers the prospect of a safe and effective adjunct therapeutic modality to promote mental health and reduce distress from symptoms in palliative care patients. Common physiological and psychological symptoms experienced at the end of life may impact the person's participation in day-to-day activities that bring them meaning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of VR interventions on occupational participation and distress from symptoms. OBJECTIVES To describe the stimulus, results, and learnings from a single-site pilot study of virtual reality therapy in a specialist palliative care setting. METHODS Participants engaged in a VR session lasting from 9 to 30 minutes related to coping with pain, inner peace and mindfulness, adventure, and bucket list. METHODS MEASURES The pilot prospective quantitative observational cohort study was conducted from November 2021 through March 2022 using a pre-post VR intervention research design. Quantitative data was collected using patient-rated assessments and a wireless pulse oximeter. Occupational performance, satisfaction, and distress symptoms were measured using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and the Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration Symptom Assessment Scale (PCOC SAS). The intervention and study design adhered to international guidelines. RESULTS Ten participants engaged in the VR interventions. Data showed significantly improved occupational performance and satisfaction scores (p < .001), decreases in PCOC SAS distress from pain (p = .01), fatigue (p < .001), and heart rate (p = .018). No adverse side effects were observed. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Outcomes included an analysis of virtual reality's effectiveness to alleviate symptom burden and increase occupational participation for palliative care patients. Of specific interest to the research team was the application of virtual reality in a community-based and inpatient palliative care context to supplement allied health services and its feasibility of integration into standard palliative care. CONCLUSION VR therapy showed positive improvements in the participants' occupational performance, satisfaction, and distress from pain and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Corvin
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zara Hoskinson
- Supportive and Specialist Community Palliative Care Service, Gold Coast Health, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Beth Mozolic-Staunton
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laetitia Hattingh
- Department of Allied Health Research, Allied Health & Rehabilitation Services, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Russell Plumbridge-Jones
- Supportive and Specialist Community Palliative Care Service, Gold Coast Health, Robina, Queensland, Australia
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Altman K, Saredakis D, Keage H, Hutchinson A, Corlis M, Smith RT, Crawford GB, Loetscher T. Personalised virtual reality in palliative care: clinically meaningful symptom improvement for some. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2024:spcare-2024-004815. [PMID: 38378242 DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2024-004815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of virtual reality (VR) among palliative care patients at an acute ward. Objectives included evaluating VR therapy benefits across three sessions, assessing its differential impact on emotional versus physical symptoms and determining the proportion of patients experiencing clinically meaningful improvements after each session. METHODS A mixed-methods design was employed. Sixteen palliative inpatients completed three personalised 20 min VR sessions. Symptom burden was assessed using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale-Revised and quality of life with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT-Pal-14). Standardised criteria assessed clinically meaningful changes. Quantitative data were analysed using linear mixed models. RESULTS Quality of life improved significantly pre-VR to post-VR with a large effect size (Cohen's d: 0.98). Total symptom burden decreased after 20 min VR sessions (Cohen's d: 0.75), with similar effect sizes for emotional (Cohen's d: 0.67) and physical symptoms (Cohen's d: 0.63). Over 50% of patients experienced clinically meaningful improvements per session, though substantial individual variability occurred. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the nuanced efficacy of personalised VR therapy in palliative care, with over half of the patients experiencing meaningful benefits in emotional and physical symptoms. The marked variability in responses underscores the need for realistic expectations when implementing VR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin Altman
- Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Hannah Keage
- Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda Hutchinson
- Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Megan Corlis
- Australian Nursing and Midwifery Education Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ross T Smith
- Australian Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory Brian Crawford
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Moutogiannis PP, Thrift J, Pope JK, Browning MHEM, McAnirlin O, Fasolino T. A Rapid Review of the Role of Virtual Reality in Care Delivery of Palliative Care and Hospice. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2023; 25:300-308. [PMID: 37822024 DOI: 10.1097/njh.0000000000000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology that can provide a nonpharmacological approach to symptom management for those with serious illnesses. The VR platform offers a unique perspective to connect patients with places and experiences they might otherwise miss. This rapid review aims to present the current literature on the uses and benefits of VR for palliative care and hospice patients. Through a systematic process, we identified 14 articles published between 2018 and 2023 that used VR as an interventional strategy for symptom management. The VR equipment includes a head-mounted display, such as the Oculus Go, and sometimes requires hand controllers or joysticks. Virtual reality software was contained exclusively in the head-mounted displays or required a laptop. Nature scenes, memorable locations, and the solar system are examples of options patients could select for the VR experience. Assessments of the intervention were measured before, during, after, and several hours afterward to evaluate benefits and potential adverse effects. Pain was the predominant symptom assessed in the studies. Overall, most of the studies focused on establishing the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of VR using a single-arm interventional method. Future research should implement randomized controlled trials, increase sample size, and expand to pediatric populations.
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Woo OKL. Integrating knowledge, skills, and attitudes: professional training required for virtual reality therapists in palliative care. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1268662. [PMID: 37849786 PMCID: PMC10577415 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1268662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fully immersive virtual reality (VR) is an advanced technology increasingly studied and used in palliative care for symptom management. While the findings shed a positive light on its therapeutic potential, VR carries adverse effects, leading to ethical concerns. Based on the clinical experiences of a registered clinical psychologist who is also a certified thanatologist, we put forward a perspective on the importance of professional training for VR therapists in view of the possible risks posed by VR in palliative care. We propose professional trainings on knowledge, skills, and attitudes to ensure patients' safety while maximizing the therapeutic benefits of VR. Given the scarcity of reports on such an area, we hope this perspective article opens up discussions and contributes to current understanding and emerging future directions to ensure quality and ethical delivery of VR in palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olive K. L. Woo
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Burridge N, Sillence A, Teape L, Clark B, Bruce E, Armoogum J, Leloch D, Spathis A, Etkind S. Virtual reality reduces anxiety and pain in acute hospital palliative care: service evaluation. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2023:spcare-2023-004572. [PMID: 37709365 DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2023-004572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Virtual reality (VR) might improve symptom management, but there is limited evidence regarding VR in palliative care. We evaluated the feasibility of VR and impact on anxiety and pain for patients in a hospital palliative care consultation service. METHODS Patients referred to a hospital specialist palliative care team, with anxiety or pain, were offered a VR intervention (a short audiovisual experience). Participants rated anxiety and pain on a 0-10 Likert severity scale pre intervention/post intervention and completed an evaluation form. Change in symptom scores was analysed by parametric statistics. RESULTS 28 participants used VR a total of 42 times with no adverse events. Mean pain score reduced by 29% from 4.10 (SD=2.71) pre intervention to 2.93 (SD=2.45) post intervention (t(27)=5.150, p<0.001). Mean anxiety scores reduced by 40% from 4.43 (SD=2.56) to 2.65 (SD=2.24) (t(27)=5.058, p<0.001). Patients rated the experience on average 4.75/5 and all would recommend use to a friend. VR was described as absorbing and relaxing. CONCLUSION VR may improve anxiety and pain and was acceptable in this setting. Large-scale evaluation will generate important data on feasibility and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Burridge
- Palliative Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Sillence
- Department of Psychological medicine, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
| | - Lynda Teape
- Department of Psychological medicine, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
| | - Ben Clark
- Palliative Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Bruce
- Palliative Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Anna Spathis
- Palliative Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Etkind
- Palliative Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Woo OKL, Lee AM. Case report: Therapeutic potential of Flourishing-Life-Of-Wish Virtual Reality Therapy on Relaxation (FLOW-VRT-Relaxation)-a novel personalized relaxation in palliative care. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1228781. [PMID: 37674510 PMCID: PMC10477913 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1228781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the global aging population and growing need of palliative care, innovative intervention for effective symptom management is of urgent need. Flourishing-Life-Of-Wish Virtual Reality Therapy (FLOW-VRT) is a brief, structured, manualized, and personalized psychological intervention with theoretical foundations based on stress coping theory, self-determination theory, flow theory, and attention restoration theory. With a specific focus on relaxation, FLOW-VRT-Relaxation intends to facilitate adaptive end-of-life coping through delivering personalized relaxation. This paper reports a case study of the application of FLOW-VRT-Relaxation, and discusses its therapeutic potential as a cost-effective method for reducing palliative symptoms by addressing patient's unmet needs. The case study is a 51-year-old Chinese female, diagnosed with advanced cervix cancer, and presented with unmet psychological (i.e., unfulfilled wishes) and physical needs (i.e., pain and fatigue) before FLOW-VRT-Relaxation. To address her unmet needs, FLOW-VRT-Relaxation was delivered by a registered clinical psychologist specialized in palliative care. Need assessment was first conducted, followed by a 10-min VR travel of Japan as her own choice. Relaxation was verbally coached during VR. Right after VR, consolidation with psychological components including psychoeducation, cognitive and emotional processing, and reminiscence intervention were delivered. The patient showed improvement in physical and psychological symptoms, lower sense of loneliness and engulfment, as well as enhanced peace after FLOW-VRT-Relaxation. The current findings provide encouraging initial support for the feasibility, acceptability, and therapeutic potential of using FLOW-VRT-Relaxation as a cost-effective, scalable and personalized VR relaxation for patients under palliative care. It is hoped that with its optimal use, FLOW-VRT-Relaxation can serve as an alternative therapeutic tool that effectively improves the end-on-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olive K. L. Woo
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mukai T, Tsukiyama Y, Yamada S, Nishikawa A, Hayami S, Noguchi R, Yoshida J, Kashiwada M, Ohta S, Shimokawa T, Yamaue H. Virtual Reality Images of the Home Are Useful for Patients With Hospital-Based Palliative Care: Prospective Observational Study With Analysis by Text Mining. Palliat Med Rep 2023; 4:214-219. [PMID: 37645585 PMCID: PMC10460958 DOI: 10.1089/pmr.2023.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignancy patients who need long-term hospitalization can feel loneliness affecting their quality of life. The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused visiting restrictions that could mean patients who might be missing out on family support and palliative care, therefore, need to adapt and change. We used virtual reality (VR) technology with the aim of reducing feelings of loneliness among these patients. Objectives In a small cohort setting, we aimed to clarify the usefulness of VR viewing for this purpose by text mining interviews with the patients in palliative care after their VR experience, and to clarify the feasibility of this program. Design and Setting/Subjects Four consecutive Japanese patients in the palliative care unit viewed personalized familiar persons or places through VR goggles, while communicating by telephone. After the VR experience, text mining of the patients' interviews was used to extract the words for the frequency count and co-occurrence analysis. Results Four clusters were extracted: "relief from the pain of hospitalization by feeling safe and secure with family members nearby," "using VR to regain daily life," "immersive feeling of being in the same space as family," and "loneliness due to the realistic feeling of separation from the family through VR experience." There were no cases of VR sickness. Conclusion Our results attained by text mining suggest the promising potential of VR imaging of familiar surroundings for patients in palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Mukai
- Departments of Nursing, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshi Tsukiyama
- Palliative Care Center, Oncology Center, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yamada
- Wakayama Medical University Graduate School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishikawa
- Division of Blood Transfusion, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
- Departments of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
- Division of Medical Informatics, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Rie Noguchi
- Departments of Nursing, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Junko Yoshida
- Departments of Nursing, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Maki Kashiwada
- Departments of Nursing, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Wakayama Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimokawa
- Clinical Study Support Center, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaue
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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13
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Kouijzer MMTE, Kip H, Bouman YHA, Kelders SM. Implementation of virtual reality in healthcare: a scoping review on the implementation process of virtual reality in various healthcare settings. Implement Sci Commun 2023; 4:67. [PMID: 37328858 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-023-00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used in healthcare settings as recent technological advancements create possibilities for diagnosis and treatment. VR is a technology that uses a headset to simulate a reality in which the user is immersed in a virtual environment, creating the impression that the user is physically present in this virtual space. Despite the potential added value of virtual reality technology in healthcare, its uptake in clinical practice is still in its infancy and challenges arise in the implementation of VR. Effective implementation could improve the adoption, uptake, and impact of VR. However, these implementation procedures still seem to be understudied in practice. This scoping review aimed to examine the current state of affairs in the implementation of VR technology in healthcare settings and to provide an overview of factors related to the implementation of VR. METHODS To give an overview of relevant literature, a scoping review was undertaken of articles published up until February 2022, guided by the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley (2005). The databases Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were systematically searched to identify records that highlighted the current state of affairs regarding the implementation of VR in healthcare settings. Information about each study was extracted using a structured data extraction form. RESULTS Of the 5523 records identified, 29 were included in this study. Most studies focused on barriers and facilitators to implementation, highlighting similar factors related to the behavior of adopters of VR and the practical resources the organization should arrange for. However, few studies focus on systematic implementation and on using a theoretical framework to guide implementation. Despite the recommendation of using a structured, multi-level implementation intervention to support the needs of all involved stakeholders, there was no link between the identified barriers and facilitators, and specific implementation objectives or suitable strategies to overcome these barriers in the included articles. CONCLUSION To take the implementation of VR in healthcare to the next level, it is important to ensure that implementation is not studied in separate studies focusing on one element, e.g., healthcare provider-related barriers, as is common in current literature. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that the implementation of VR entails the entire process, from identifying barriers to developing and employing a coherent, multi-level implementation intervention with suitable strategies. This implementation process could be supported by implementation frameworks and ideally focus on behavior change of stakeholders such as healthcare providers, patients, and managers. This in turn might result in increased uptake and use of VR technologies that are of added value for healthcare practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marileen M T E Kouijzer
- Centre for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Technology, Human & Institutional Behaviour, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
| | - Hanneke Kip
- Centre for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Technology, Human & Institutional Behaviour, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Research, Transfore, Deventer, Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia M Kelders
- Centre for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Technology, Human & Institutional Behaviour, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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Voinescu A, Petrini K, Stanton Fraser D. Presence and simulator sickness predict the usability of a virtual reality attention task. VIRTUAL REALITY 2023; 27:1-17. [PMID: 37360806 PMCID: PMC10038382 DOI: 10.1007/s10055-023-00782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Attention is the ability to actively process specific information within one's environment over longer periods of time while disregarding other details. Attention is an important process that contributes to overall cognitive performance from performing every day basic tasks to complex work activities. The use of virtual reality (VR) allows study of the attention processes in realistic environments using ecological tasks. To date, research has focused on the efficacy of VR attention tasks in detecting attention impairment, while the impact of the combination of variables such as mental workload, presence and simulator sickness on both self-reported usability and objective attention task performance in immersive VR has not been examined. The current study tested 87 participants on an attention task in a virtual aquarium using a cross-sectional design. The VR task followed the continuous performance test paradigm where participants had to respond to correct targets and ignore non-targets over 18 min. Performance was measured using three outcomes: omission (failing to respond to correct targets), commission errors (incorrect responses to targets) and reaction time to correct targets. Measures of self-reported usability, mental workload, presence and simulator sickness were collected. The results showed that only presence and simulator sickness had a significant impact on usability. For performance outcomes, simulator sickness was significantly and weakly associated with omission errors, but not with reaction time and commission errors. Mental workload and presence did not significantly predict performance. Our results suggest that usability is more likely to be negatively impacted by simulator sickness and lack of presence than performance and that usability and attention performance are linked. They highlight the importance of considering factors such as presence and simulator sickness in attention tasks as these variables can impact usability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10055-023-00782-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Voinescu
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Karin Petrini
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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15
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Xia W, Chen Y, Liu X, Chen F, Yan M, Xu X. Effectiveness of virtual reality technology in symptom management of end-of-life patients: protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068532. [PMID: 36750282 PMCID: PMC9906251 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the worsening of population ageing globally, the number of the elderly with chronic and incurable diseases such as malignant tumours is gradually increasing, and the need for palliative care is growing. As a primary task in the end-of-life phase, symptom management is an essential aspect of palliative care, which aims to alleviate distressing symptoms of terminally ill patients and improve their quality of life. Virtual reality (VR) technology, which allows the creation of simulated environments in which a three-dimensional experience is generated, has been increasingly used in palliative care for symptom management. Therefore, we aim to conduct a systematic review to investigate the effects of VR-based interventions on end-of-life patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This protocol for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis will be prepared following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement. We will conduct a series of searches from inception to 31 July 2022 in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, JBI, EBSCO, CNKI, Wanfang and SinoMed. The key concepts of 'virtual reality' and 'end-of-life' will be combined in each database using both free-text terms and controlled vocabulary terms (eg, MeSH/Emtree terms), if available. Two independent reviewers will use raw data to explore the effectiveness of VR for symptom management in end-of-life patients. The Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool will be used to assess the risk of bias of included studies. Disagreements will be resolved by a third independent reviewer to reach a consensus. For the included articles, Review Manager software will be used for data synthesis and I2 statistics will be used to measure the heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses will be used to identify the source of heterogeneity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION As this is a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis, patients will not be included in this study. For this reason, ethical approval is not required. In order to disseminate the research findings, the results and conclusions of this review will be submitted to a worldwide journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022344679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Xia
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongyi Chen
- Nursing Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Health Service Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Furong Chen
- School of Nursing University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mengyao Yan
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghua Xu
- Health Service Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Moloney M, Doody O, O’Reilly M, Lucey M, Callinan J, Exton C, Colreavy S, O’Mahony F, Meskell P, Coffey A. Virtual reality use and patient outcomes in palliative care: A scoping review. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231207574. [PMID: 37928326 PMCID: PMC10621306 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231207574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Virtual reality is increasingly used in healthcare settings. Potentially, it's use in palliative carecould have a positive impact; however, there is limited evidence on the scope, purpose and patient outcomes relating to virtual reality use in this context. The objective of this scoping review is to chart the literature on virtual reality use in palliative care, identifying any evidence relating to biopsychosocial patient outcomes which could support its use in practice. Methods A scoping review of the literature, involving . a systematic search across 10 electronic bibliographic databases in December 2021, . Eligibility criteria were primary research studies, of any research designwithin a 10-year timeframe, which reported on virtual reality use and patient outcomes in palliative care. A total of 993 papers were identified, andcomprehensive screening resulted in 10 papers for inclusion. Results This scoping review identified 10 papers addressing virtual reality in palliative care, published within a three-year timeframe 2019-2021. Research methodologies included mixed methods, quantitative and qualitative. The evidence highlightsvirtual reality use with patients receiving palliative care in a variety of settings, and data around useability, feasibility and acceptability is positive. However, the evidence regarding biopsychosocial patient outcomes linked to virtual reality use is limited. Conclusion Virtual reality is gathering momentum in palliative care and is potentially a helpful intervention; however more research is needed to underpin the evidence base supporting its application, particularly in understanding the impact on biopsychosocial patient outcomes and ascertaining the best approach for measuring intervention effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairead Moloney
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Implementation Science and Technology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Owen Doody
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Implementation Science and Technology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Chris Exton
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Simon Colreavy
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Pauline Meskell
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alice Coffey
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Implementation Science and Technology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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May S, Bruch D, Gehlhaar A, Linderkamp F, Stahlhut K, Heinze M, Allsop M, Muehlensiepen F. Digital technologies in routine palliative care delivery: an exploratory qualitative study with health care professionals in Germany. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1516. [PMID: 36514156 PMCID: PMC9745710 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore health care professionals' (HCPs) perspectives, experiences and preferences towards digital technology use in routine palliative care delivery. METHODS HCPs (n = 19) purposively selected from a sample of settings that reflect routine palliative care delivery (i.e. specialized outpatient palliative care, inpatient palliative care, inpatient hospice care in both rural and urban areas of the German states of Brandenburg and Berlin) participated in an explorative, qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using structured qualitative content analysis. RESULTS Digital technologies are widely used in routine palliative care and are well accepted by HCPs. Central functions of digital technologies as experienced in palliative care are coordination of work processes, patient-centered care, and communication. Especially in outpatient care, they facilitate overcoming spatial and temporal distances. HCPs attribute various benefits to digital technologies that contribute to better coordinated, faster, more responsive, and overall more effective palliative care. Simultaneously, participants preferred technology as an enhancement not replacement of care delivery. HCPs fear that digital technologies, if overused, will contribute to dehumanization and thus significantly reduce the quality of palliative care. CONCLUSION Digital technology is already an essential part of routine palliative care delivery. While generally perceived as useful by HCPs, digital technologies are considered as having limitations and carrying risks. Hence, their use and consequences must be carefully considered, as they should discreetly complement but not replace human interaction in palliative care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann May
- grid.473452.3Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School, Seebad 82/83, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruch
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Bernau bei Berlin, Germany ,grid.473452.3Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Anne Gehlhaar
- grid.473452.3Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School, Seebad 82/83, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
| | - Felizitas Linderkamp
- grid.473452.3Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School, Seebad 82/83, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stahlhut
- grid.473452.3Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Brandenburg Medical School, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, Rüdersdorf, Brandenburg Germany
| | - Martin Heinze
- grid.473452.3Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School, Seebad 82/83, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany ,grid.473452.3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, Rüdersdorf, Germany
| | - Matthew Allsop
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Felix Muehlensiepen
- grid.473452.3Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School, Seebad 82/83, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany ,grid.473452.3Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany ,grid.450307.50000 0001 0944 2786AGEIS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Martin JL, Saredakis D, Hutchinson AD, Crawford GB, Loetscher T. Virtual Reality in Palliative Care: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071222. [PMID: 35885749 PMCID: PMC9319274 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Virtual reality (VR) using head-mounted displays (HMDs) has demonstrated to be an effective tool for treating various somatic and psychological symptoms. Technological advances and increased affordability of VR technology provide an interesting option for delivering psychological interventions to patients in palliative care. The primary aim of this systematic review was to synthesise the available research on the use of VR for enhancing psychological and somatic outcomes for palliative care patients. Secondary aims included assessing general satisfaction and overall usability. Method: A pre-registered systematic literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using OVID Emcare, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed Care Search: Palliative Care Knowledge Network. Peer-reviewed experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, case, and feasibility studies consisting of single or multiple VR sessions using HMDs that reported psychological and/or somatic outcomes were included. Results: Eight studies published between 2019 and 2021 were included, representing 138 patients. While the reported quantitative psychological and somatic outcomes were ambiguous, the qualitative outcomes were largely positive. Participants were generally satisfied with VR, and most studies reported the VR interventions as usable, feasible, and acceptable. Conclusions: VR shows promise in palliative care and generally addresses a range of symptoms with few adverse effects. Future research should consist of adequately powered RCTs evaluating dosage and focusing on providing meaningful activities to enhance outcomes further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Martin
- UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (J.L.M.); (A.D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Dimitrios Saredakis
- UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (J.L.M.); (A.D.H.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amanda D. Hutchinson
- UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (J.L.M.); (A.D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Gregory B. Crawford
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide 5092, Australia;
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (J.L.M.); (A.D.H.); (T.L.)
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