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Guo Z, Zhao Z, Wang X, Zhou J, Liu J, Plunet W, Ren W, Tian L. Identification of mitophagy-related hub genes during the progression of spinal cord injury by integrated multinomial bioinformatics analysis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101654. [PMID: 38375420 PMCID: PMC10875195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disturbance of peripheral and central nerve conduction that causes disability in sensory and motor function. Currently, there is no effective treatment for SCI. Mitophagy plays a vital role in mitochondrial quality control during various physiological and pathological processes. The study aimed to elucidate the role of mitophagy and identify potential mitophagy-related hub genes in SCI pathophysiology. Two datasets (GSE15878 and GSE138637) were analyzed. Firstly, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and mitophagy-related genes were obtained from GeneCards, then the intersection between SCI and mitophagy-related genes was determined. Next, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), protein-protein interaction network (PPI network), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and cluster analysis to identify and define the hub genes in SCI. Finally, the link between hub genes and infiltrating immune cells was investigated and the potential transcriptional regulation/small molecular compounds to target hub genes were predicted. In total, SKP1 and BAP1 were identified as hub genes of mitophagy-related DEGs during SCI development and regulatory T cells (Tregs)/resting NK cells/activated mast cells may play an essential role in the progression of SCI. LINC00324 and SNHG16 may regulate SKP1 and BAP1, respectively, through miRNAs. Eleven and eight transcriptional factors (TFs) regulate SKP1 and BAP1, respectively, and six small molecular compounds target BAP1. Then, the mRNA expression levels of BAP1 and SKP1 were detected in the injured sites of spinal cord of SD rats at 6 h and 72 h after injury using RT-qPCR, and found that the level were decreased. Therefore, the pathways of mitophagy are downregulated during the pathophysiology of SCI, and SKP1 and BAP1 could be accessible targets for diagnosing and treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Guo
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zihui Zhao
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ward Plunet
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Linqiang Tian
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Malakoti F, Targhazeh N, Abadifard E, Zarezadeh R, Samemaleki S, Asemi Z, Younesi S, Mohammadnejad R, Hadi Hossini S, Karimian A, Alemi F, Yousefi B. DNA repair and damage pathways in mesothelioma development and therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:176. [PMID: 35501851 PMCID: PMC9063177 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MMe) is an aggressive neoplasm that occurs through the transformation of mesothelial cells. Asbestos exposure is the main risk factor for MMe carcinogenesis. Other important etiologies for MMe development include DNA damage, over-activation of survival signaling pathways, and failure of DNA damage response (DDR). In this review article, first, we will describe the most important signaling pathways that contribute to MMe development and their interaction with DDR. Then, the contribution of DDR failure in MMe progression will be discussed. Finally, we will review the latest MMe therapeutic strategies that target the DDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Malakoti
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Targhazeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Abadifard
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Samemaleki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Simin Younesi
- Schoole of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Reza Mohammadnejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Hossini
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Forough Alemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Fortarezza F, Pezzuto F, Marzullo A, Cavone D, Romano DE, d'Amati A, Serio G, Vimercati L. Molecular Pathways in Peritoneal Mesothelioma: A Minireview of New Insights. Front Oncol 2022; 12:823839. [PMID: 35223506 PMCID: PMC8866824 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.823839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a rare malignant neoplasm with poor survival. It mainly affects the pleura (90%) but can arise in all serous cavities: peritoneum (5-10%), pericardium and tunica vaginalis testis (<1%). The onset of pleural mesothelioma is strictly related to asbestos exposure with a long latency time. The causal link with asbestos has also been suggested for peritoneal mesothelioma, while the importance of exposure in the onset of pericardial and tunica vaginalis testis mesotheliomas is not well known. Mesothelioma remains an aggressive and fatal disease with a five-year mortality rate higher than 95%. However, new therapeutic approaches based on molecular-targeted and immunomodulatory therapies are being explored but have conflicting results. In this context, the identification of critical targets appears mandatory. Awareness of the molecular and physiological changes leading to the neoplastic degeneration of mesothelial cells and the identification of gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, gene expression profiles and altered pathways could be helpful for selecting targetable mechanisms and molecules. In this review, we aimed to report recent research in the last 20 years focusing on the molecular pathways and prognostic factors in peritoneal mesothelioma and their possible diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fortarezza
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Pathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Pezzuto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Pathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Marzullo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Cavone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Occupational Health Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Egidio Romano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Amati
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Serio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Occupational Health Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Yang ZR, Chen ZG, Du XM, Li Y. Apatinib Mesylate Inhibits the Proliferation and Metastasis of Epithelioid Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Oncol 2020; 10:585079. [PMID: 33365269 PMCID: PMC7750508 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.585079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy with few effective molecular therapies. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity and safety of apatinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor, in MPM in vitro and in vivo. Methods We established several patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and primary cell lines of MPM. The cell lines were used to study the effects of apatinib on proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and apoptosis by CCK8, flow cytometry, wound-healing, Transwell, DAPI staining, and caspase-3 assays, respectively. For in vivo study, apatinib was delivered by gastric gavage into PDX models, and then efficacy and toxicity were determined by experimental peritoneal cancer index (ePCI) score and pathological examinations. Results Our results showed that apatinib significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of MPM cells in vitro and induced cell cycle arrest. Studies on PDX models concurred that apatinib effectively suppressed subphrenic and liver invasions of nude mice. Moreover, histopathological analysis found that lymphocyte infiltration, coagulation necrosis and eosinophilic cell fragments were detected in tumor tissues after apatinib treatment. Apatinib showed no obvious effects on body mass of models and did not affect function of important organs, except for occasional focal lymphoid infiltration of liver (16.7%) and cardiac muscle (16.7%). Conclusions We successfully established MPM PDX models and primary cell lines, and confirmed that apatinib effectively inhibited proliferation and metastasis of MPM in vitro and in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ran Yang
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Gao Chen
- Department of Research, Thorgene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Du
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Belfiore A, Busico A, Bozzi F, Brich S, Dallera E, Conca E, Capone I, Gloghini A, Volpi CC, Cabras AD, Pilotti S, Baratti D, Guaglio M, Deraco M, Kusamura S, Perrone F. Molecular Signatures for Combined Targeted Treatments in Diffuse Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225817. [PMID: 31752449 PMCID: PMC6888071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background—There are currently no effective therapies for diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM) patients with disease recurrence. In this study, we investigated the biology of DMPM by analyzing the EGFR family, Axl, and MET, in order to assess the presence of cross-talk between these receptors, suggesting the effectiveness of combined targeted treatments in DMPM. Method—We analyzed a series of 22 naïve epithelioid DMPM samples from a single institute, two of which showed higher-grade malignancy (“progressed”). EGFR, HER2, HER3, Axl, and MET activation and expression were investigated by biochemical analysis, real-time PCR immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing, miRNA, and mRNA in situ hybridization. Results—In most DMPMs, a strong EGFR activation was associated with HER2, HER3, Axl, and MET co-activation, mediated mainly by receptor heterodimerization and autocrine-paracrine loops induced by the expression of their cognate ligands. Axl expression was downregulated by miRNA34a. Mutations in MET Sema domain were exclusively found in two “progressed” DMPMs, and the combined Axl and MET inhibition reduced cellular motility in a DMPM cell line obtained from a “progressed” DMPM. Conclusion—The results indicate that the coordinated activity of multiple cross-talks between RTKs is directly involved in the biology of DMPM, suggesting the combined inhibition of PIK3 and mTOR as an effective strategy that may be easily implemented in clinical practice, and indicating that the combined inhibition of EGFR/HER2 and HER3 and of Axl and MET deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Belfiore
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Adele Busico
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Fabio Bozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Silvia Brich
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Elena Dallera
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Elena Conca
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Iolanda Capone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Chiara C. Volpi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Antonello D. Cabras
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Dario Baratti
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (M.G.); (M.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Marcello Guaglio
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (M.G.); (M.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Marcello Deraco
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (M.G.); (M.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Shigeki Kusamura
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (M.G.); (M.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Federica Perrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.B.); (F.B.); (S.B.); (E.D.); (E.C.); (I.C.); (A.G.); (C.C.V.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-2390-2614; Fax: +39-02-2390-2877
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Integrative genomic analysis of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma: understanding a case with extraordinary chemotherapy response. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a003566. [PMID: 30862609 PMCID: PMC6549577 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal malignant mesothelioma is a rare disease with a generally poor prognosis and poor response to chemotherapy. To improve survival there is a need for increased molecular understanding of the disease, including chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance. We here present an unusual case concerning a young woman with extensive peritoneal mesothelioma who had a remarkable response to palliative chemotherapy (platinum/pemetrexed). Tumor samples collected at surgery before and after treatment were analyzed on the genomic and transcriptional levels (exome sequencing, RNA-seq, and smallRNA-seq). Integrative analysis of single nucleotide and copy-number variants, mutational signatures, and gene expression was performed to provide a comprehensive picture of the disease. LATS1/2 were identified as the main mutational drivers together with homozygous loss of BAP1 and PBRM1, which also may have contributed to the extraordinary chemotherapy response. The presence of the S3 mutational signature is consistent with homologous recombination DNA repair defects due to BAP1 loss. Up-regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway after treatment, supported by deactivated PTEN through miRNA regulation, is associated with cancer progression and could explain chemotherapy resistance. The molecular profile suggests potential benefit from experimental targeting of PARP, EZH2, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and possibly also from immune checkpoint inhibition. In addition to providing the molecular background for this unusual case of peritoneal mesothelioma, the results show the potential value of integrative genomic analysis in precision medicine.
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Boussios S, Moschetta M, Karathanasi A, Tsiouris AK, Kanellos FS, Tatsi K, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK. Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: clinical aspects, and therapeutic perspectives. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31:659-669. [PMID: 30386115 PMCID: PMC6191875 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare disease with a wide clinical spectrum. It arises from the peritoneal lining and commonly presents with diffuse, extensive spread throughout the abdomen and, more rarely, metastatic spread beyond the abdominal cavity. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron-emission tomography are important diagnostic tools used for the preoperative staging of MPM. The definitive diagnosis is based on histopathological analysis, mainly via immunohistochemistry. In this regard, paired-box gene 8 negativity represents a useful diagnostic biomarker for differentiating MPM from ovarian carcinoma. In addition, BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) loss is specific to MPM and allows it to be distinguished from both benign mesothelial lesions and ovarian serous tumors. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has become an increasingly important therapeutic approach, while systemic therapies are still being developed. Histology, Ki-67, completeness of cytoreduction, age, sex, and baseline thrombocytosis are commonly used to optimize patient selection for CRS with HIPEC. Additionally, it is well recognized that, compared to other subtypes, an epithelial morphology is associated with a favorable prognosis, whereas baseline thrombocytosis predicts an aggressive biologicalbehavior. Platelets and other immunologic cytokines have been evaluated as potential novel therapeutic targets. Epigenetic modifiers, including BAP1, SETD2 and DDX3X, are crucial in mesothelial tumorigenesis and provide opportunities for targeted treatment. Overexpression of the closely interacting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways appears crucial in regulation of the malignant phenotype. The use of targeted therapies with PI3K-mTOR-based inhibitors requires further clinical assessment as a novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Boussios
- Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK (Stergios Boussios, Afroditi Karathanasi)
| | - Michele Moschetta
- Drug Development Unit, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, London, UK (Michele Moschetta)
| | | | - Alexandros K Tsiouris
- Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (Alexandros K. Tsiouris, Foivos S. Kanellos)
| | - Foivos S Kanellos
- Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (Alexandros K. Tsiouris, Foivos S. Kanellos)
| | - Konstantina Tatsi
- Gynecology Unit, General Hospital "G. Hatzikosta", Ioannina, Greece (Konstantina Tatsi)
| | - Konstantinos H Katsanos
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece (Konstantinos H. Katsanos, Dimitrios K. Christodoulou)
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece (Konstantinos H. Katsanos, Dimitrios K. Christodoulou)
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