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Phung V, Singh KE, Danon S, Tan CA, Dabagh S. Non-mosaic trisomy 22 and congenital heart surgery using the shared decision making model: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:122. [PMID: 36932325 PMCID: PMC10024442 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liveborn infants with non-mosaic trisomy 22 are rarely described in the medical literature. Reported lifespan of these patients ranges from minutes to 3 years, with the absence of cardiac anomalies associated with longer-term survival. The landscape for offering cardiac surgery to patients with rare autosomal trisomies is currently evolving, as has been demonstrated recently in trisomies 13 and 18. However, limited available data on patients with rare autosomal trisomies provides a significant challenge in perinatal counseling, especially when there are options for surgical intervention. CASE PRESENTATION In this case report, we describe an infant born at term with prenatally diagnosed apparently non-mosaic trisomy 22 and multiple cardiac anomalies, including a double outlet right ventricle, hypoplastic aortic valve and severe aortic arch hypoplasia, who underwent cardiac surgery. The decisions made by her family lending to her progress and survival to this day were made with a focus on the shared decision making model and support in the prenatal and perinatal period. We also review the published data on survival and quality of life after cardiac surgery in infants with rare trisomies. CONCLUSIONS This patient is the only known case of apparently non-mosaic trisomy 22 in the literature who has undergone cardiac surgery with significant survival benefit. This case highlights the impact of using a shared decision making model when there is prognostic uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Phung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Miller Women and Children's Hospital, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Saar Danon
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Miller Women and Children's Hospital, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher A Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Miller Women and Children's Hospital, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Dabagh
- Department of Palliative Care, Miller Women and Children's Hospital, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
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2
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Sreenivasan R, Gonen N, Sinclair A. SOX Genes and Their Role in Disorders of Sex Development. Sex Dev 2022; 16:80-91. [PMID: 35760052 DOI: 10.1159/000524453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX genesare master regulatory genes controlling development and are fundamental to the establishment of sex determination in a multitude of organisms. The discovery of the master sex-determining gene SRY in 1990 was pivotal for the understanding of how testis development is initiated in mammals. With this discovery, an entire family of SOX factors were uncovered that play crucial roles in cell fate decisions during development. The importance of SOX genes in human reproductive development is evident from the various disorders of sex development (DSD) upon loss or overexpression of SOX gene function. Here, we review the roles that SOX genes play in gonad development and their involvement in DSD. We start with an overview of sex determination and differentiation, DSDs, and the SOX gene family and function. We then provide detailed information and discussion on SOX genes that have been implicated in DSDs, both at the gene and regulatory level. These include SRY, SOX9, SOX3, SOX8, and SOX10. This review provides insights on the crucial balance of SOX gene expression levels needed for gonad development and maintenance and how changes in these levels can lead to DSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajini Sreenivasan
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitzan Gonen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Grinspon RP, Bergadá I, Rey RA. Male Hypogonadism and Disorders of Sex Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:211. [PMID: 32351452 PMCID: PMC7174651 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are congenital anomalies in which there is a discordance between chromosomal, genetic, gonadal, and/or internal/external genital sex. In XY individuals, the process of fetal sex differentiation can be disrupted at the stage of gonadal differentiation, resulting in gonadal dysgenesis, a form of early fetal-onset primary hypogonadism characterized by insufficient androgen and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) production, which leads to the development of ambiguous or female genitalia. The process of sex differentiation can also be disrupted at the stage of genital differentiation, due to isolated defects in androgen or AMH secretion, but not both. These are forms of fetal-onset hypogonadism with dissociated gonadal dysfunction. In this review, we present a perspective on impaired testicular endocrine function, i.e., fetal-onset male hypogonadism, resulting in incomplete virilization at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina P. Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Romina P. Grinspon
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A. Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Grinspon RP, Rey RA. Molecular Characterization of XX Maleness. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236089. [PMID: 31816857 PMCID: PMC6928850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), secreted by the foetal testis, are responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and the regression of female anlagen. Virilization of the reproductive tract in association with the absence of Müllerian derivatives in the XX foetus implies the existence of testicular tissue, which can occur in the presence or absence of SRY. Recent advancement in the knowledge of the opposing gene cascades driving to the differentiation of the gonadal ridge into testes or ovaries during early foetal development has provided insight into the molecular explanation of XX maleness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina P. Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET – FEI – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: (R.P.G.); (R.A.R.); Tel.: +54-11-49635931 (R.P.G.)
| | - Rodolfo A. Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET – FEI – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: (R.P.G.); (R.A.R.); Tel.: +54-11-49635931 (R.P.G.)
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5
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Falah N, Posey JE, Thorson W, Benke P, Tekin M, Tarshish B, Lupski JR, Harel T. 22q11.2q13 duplication including SOX10 causes sex-reversal and peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, and Hirschsprung disease. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1066-1070. [PMID: 28328136 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of genetic syndromes may be difficult when specific components of a disorder manifest at a later age. We present a follow up of a previous report [Seeherunvong et al., (2004); AJMGA 127: 149-151], of an individual with 22q duplication and sex-reversal syndrome. The subject's phenotype evolved to include peripheral and central demyelination, Waardenburg syndrome type IV, and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH; MIM 609136). DNA microarray analysis defined the duplication at 22q11.2q13, including SOX10. Sequencing of the coding region of SOX10 did not reveal any mutations. Our data suggest that SOX10 duplication can cause disorders of sex development and PCWH, supporting the hypothesis that SOX10 toxic gain of function rather than dominant negative activity underlies PCWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Falah
- Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Willa Thorson
- Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Paul Benke
- Memorial HealthCare System, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Mustafa Tekin
- Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Brocha Tarshish
- Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Tamar Harel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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6
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Abstract
The process of sexual differentiation is central for reproduction of almost all metazoan and therefore for maintenance of practically all multicellular organisms. In sex development we can distinguish two different processes: First, sex determination is the developmental decision that directs the undifferentiated embryo into a sexually dimorphic individual. In mammals, sex determination equals gonadal development. The second process known as sex differentiation takes place once the sex determination decision has been made through factors produced by the gonads that determine the development of the phenotypic sex. Most of the knowledge on the factors involved in sexual development came from animal models and from studies of cases in whom the genetic or the gonadal sex does not match the phenotypical sex, i.e., patients affected by disorders of sex development (DSD). Generally speaking, factors influencing sex determination are transcriptional regulators, whereas factors important for sex differentiation are secreted hormones and their receptors. This review focuses on the factors involved in gonadal determination, and whenever possible, references on the "prismatic" clinical cases are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biason-Lauber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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7
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Bashamboo A, McElreavey K. Mechanism of Sex Determination in Humans: Insights from Disorders of Sex Development. Sex Dev 2016; 10:313-325. [DOI: 10.1159/000452637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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8
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Molecular mechanism of male differentiation is conserved in the SRY-absent mammal, Tokudaia osimensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32874. [PMID: 27611740 PMCID: PMC5017195 DOI: 10.1038/srep32874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The sex-determining gene SRY induces SOX9 expression in the testes of eutherian mammals via two pathways. SRY binds to testis-specific enhancer of Sox9 (TESCO) with SF1 to activate SOX9 transcription. SRY also up-regulates ER71 expression, and ER71 activates Sox9 transcription. After the initiation of testis differentiation, SOX9 enhances Amh expression by binding to its promoter with SF1. SOX8, SOX9 and SOX10, members of the SOXE gene family, also enhance the activities of the Amh promoter and TESCO. In this study, we investigated the regulation of these sexual differentiation genes in Tokudaia osimensis, which lacks a Y chromosome and the SRY gene. The activity of the AMH promoter was stimulated by SOXE genes and SF1. Mutant AMH promoters, with mutations in its SOX and SF1 binding sites, did not show significant activity by SOX9 and SF1. These results indicate that AMH expression was regulated by the binding of SOX9 and SF1. By contrast, SOXE genes could not enhance TESCO activity. These results indicate that TESCO enhancer activity was lost in this species. Furthermore, the activity of the SOX9 promoter was enhanced by ER71, indicating that ER71 may play an important role in the testis-specific expression of SOX9.
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9
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Grinspon RP, Rey RA. Disorders of Sex Development with Testicular Differentiation in SRY-Negative 46,XX Individuals: Clinical and Genetic Aspects. Sex Dev 2016; 10:1-11. [PMID: 27055195 DOI: 10.1159/000445088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virilisation of the XX foetus is the result of androgen excess, resulting most frequently from congenital adrenal hyperplasia in individuals with typical ovarian differentiation. In rare cases, 46,XX gonads may differentiate into testes, a condition known as 46,XX testicular disorders of sex development (DSD), or give rise to the coexistence of ovarian and testicular tissue, a condition known as 46,XX ovotesticular DSD. Testicular tissue differentiation may be due to the translocation of SRY to the X chromosome or an autosome. In the absence of SRY, overexpression of other pro-testis genes, e.g. SOX family genes, or failure of pro-ovarian/anti-testis genes, such as WNT4 and RSPO1, may underlie the development of testicular tissue. Recent experimental and clinical evidence giving insight into SRY-negative 46,XX testicular or ovotesticular DSD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina P Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinolx00F3;gicas x2018;Dr. Cx00E9;sar Bergadx00E1;' (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-Divisix00F3;n de Endocrinologx00ED;a, Hospital de Nix00F1;os Ricardo Gutix00E9;rrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Abstract
In the female gonad, distinct signalling pathways activate ovarian differentiation while repressing the formation of testes. Human disorders of sex development (DSDs), such as 46,XX DSDs, can arise when this signalling is aberrant. Here we review the current understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control gonadal development, with particular emphasis on those that drive or inhibit ovarian differentiation. We discuss how disruption to these molecular pathways can lead to 46,XX disorders of ovarian development. Finally, we look at recently characterized novel genes and pathways that contribute and speculate how advances in technology will aid in further characterization of normal and disrupted human ovarian development.
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11
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Bashamboo A, McElreavey K. Human sex-determination and disorders of sex-development (DSD). Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Heinrich T, Nanda I, Rehn M, Zollner U, Frieauff E, Wirbelauer J, Grimm T, Schmid M. Live-born trisomy 22: patient report and review. Mol Syndromol 2013; 3:262-9. [PMID: 23599696 DOI: 10.1159/000346189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 22 is a common trisomy in spontaneous abortions. In contrast, live-born trisomy 22 is rarely seen due to severe organ malformations associated with this condition. Here, we report on a male infant with complete, non-mosaic trisomy 22 born at 35 + 5 weeks via caesarean section. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts showed an additional chromosome 22 in all metaphases analyzed (47,XY,+22). In addition, array CGH confirmed complete trisomy 22. The patient's clinical features included dolichocephalus, hypertelorism, flattened nasal bridge, dysplastic ears with preauricular sinuses and tags, medial cleft palate, anal atresia, and coronary hypospadias with scrotum bipartitum. Essential treatment was implemented in close coordination with the parents. The child died 29 days after birth due to respiratory insufficiency and deterioration of renal function. Our patient's history complements other reports illustrating that children with complete trisomy 22 may survive until birth and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heinrich
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Many of the genes required for gonad development have been identified by analysis of DSD patients. However, the use of knockout and transgenic mouse strains have contributed enormously to the study of gonad gene function and interactions within the development network. Although the genetic basis of mammalian sex determination and differentiation has advanced considerably in recent years, a majority of 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis patients still cannot be provided with an accurate diagnosis. Some of these unexplained DSD cases may be due to mutations in novel DSD genes or genomic rearrangements affecting regulatory regions that lead to atypical gene expression. Here, we review our current knowledge of mammalian sex determination drawing on insights from human DSD patients and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Eggers
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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14
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Wainwright EN, Wilhelm D. The game plan: cellular and molecular mechanisms of mammalian testis development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2010; 90:231-62. [PMID: 20691851 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(10)90006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, biological differences between males and females, which influence many aspects of their physical, social, and psychological environments, are solely determined genetically. In the presence of a Y chromosome, the gonadal primordium will differentiate into a testis, whereas in the absence of the Y chromosome an ovary will develop. Testis and ovary subsequently direct the differentiation of all secondary sex characteristics down the male and female pathway, respectively. The male-determining factor on the Y chromosome, SRY, was identified some 20 years ago. Since then, significant progress has been made toward understanding the molecular and cellular pathways that result in the formation of a testis. Here, we review what is known about testis differentiation in mice and humans, with reference to other species where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanor N Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Polanco JC, Wilhelm D, Davidson TL, Knight D, Koopman P. Sox10 gain-of-function causes XX sex reversal in mice: implications for human 22q-linked disorders of sex development. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:506-16. [PMID: 19933217 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Male development in mammals is normally initiated by the Y-linked gene Sry, which activates expression of Sox9, leading to a cascade of gene activity required for testis formation. Although defects in this genetic cascade lead to human disorders of sex development (DSD), only a dozen DSD genes have been identified, and causes of 46,XX DSD (XX maleness) other than SRY translocation are almost completely unknown. Here, we show that transgenic expression of Sox10, a close relative of Sox9, in gonads of XX mice resulted in development of testes and male physiology. The degree of sex reversal correlated with levels of Sox10 expression in different transgenic lines. Sox10 was expressed at low levels in primordial gonads of both sexes during normal mouse development, becoming male-specific during testis differentiation. SOX10 protein was able to activate transcriptional targets of SOX9, explaining at a mechanistic level its ability to direct male development. Because over-expression of SOX10 alone is able to mimic the XX DSD phenotypes associated with duplication of human chromosome 22q13, and given that human SOX10 maps to 22q13.1, our results functionally implicate SOX10 in the etiology of these DSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Polanco
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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16
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Ewen K, Baker M, Wilhelm D, Aitken RJ, Koopman P. Global survey of protein expression during gonadal sex determination in mice. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2624-41. [PMID: 19617587 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900108-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an embryo as male or female depends on differentiation of the gonads as either testes or ovaries. A number of genes are known to be important for gonadal differentiation, but our understanding of the regulatory networks underpinning sex determination remains fragmentary. To advance our understanding of sexual development beyond the transcriptome level, we performed the first global survey of the mouse gonad proteome at the time of sex determination by using two-dimensional nanoflow LC-MS/MS. The resulting data set contains a total of 1037 gene products (154 non-redundant and 883 redundant proteins) identified from 620 peptides. Functional classification and biological network construction suggested that the identified proteins primarily serve in RNA post-transcriptional modification and trafficking, protein synthesis and folding, and post-translational modification. The data set contains potential novel regulators of gonad development and sex determination not revealed previously by transcriptomics and proteomics studies and more than 60 proteins with potential links to human disorders of sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ewen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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17
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Beaulieu Bergeron M, Tran-Thanh D, Fournet JC, Lemyre E, Lemieux N, Bouron-Dal Soglio D. Male pseudohermaphroditism and gonadal mosaicism in a 47,XY,+22 fetus. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1768-72. [PMID: 16835917 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 22 syndrome manifestations include cranial and facial anomalies. Ambiguous genitalia have been described in some fetus, but histological examination of the gonads has been rarely provided. We report here the first case of a male pseudohermaphrodite fetus with non-mosaic full trisomy 22 in amniocytes and presenting with ambiguous external genitalia, testes, and a uterus. In this case, we have further analyzed cytogenetically gonadal and uterine tissues. FISH analyses on paraffin-embedded gonads and uterus indicated the presence of two cell lines: XY and monosomy X, with 22%-50% of uterine cells having monosomy X, while 85%-100% of right and 77%-96% of left testicular cells were XY. The distribution of sex chromosomes observed in these tissues could explain the sexual differentiation observed in this fetus. On the other hand, this phenotype could also have resulted from cryptic anomalies in one or several genes implicated in sexual differentiation. Further evidence is thus needed before identifying the true cause of pseudohermaphroditism in our patient.
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18
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Erickson RP, Skinner S, Jacquet H, Campion D, Buckley PG, Mantripragada KK, Dumanski JP. Does chromosome 22 have anything to do with sex determination: further studies on a 46,XX,22q11.2 del male. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 123A:64-7. [PMID: 14556248 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several years ago, we presented a patient with true hermaphroditism and partial duplication of chromosome 22 and no evidence of SRY (Aleck et al. [1999: Am J Med Genet 85:2-4]). Recently a 46,XX male with velocardiofacial syndrome and a deletion of 22q11.2 and no evidence of Y chromosomal loci in blood DNA was reported (Phelan et al. [2003: Am J Med Genet 116A:77-79]). We have restudied this patient as he enters puberty. Because chromosomal deletions sometimes involve micro rearrangements of nearby material, we have extensively studied this individual's chromosome 22 looking for evidence of any gene duplication. We studied a number of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci along chromosome 22 in the patient and both parents. Normal Mendelian inheritance of the VNTRs was found. We then used quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF) to delineate the 22q11.2 deletion in this patient (Jacquet et al. [2002: Hum Molec Genet 11:2243-2249]) and found a pattern of deletion typical of the velocardiofacial DiGeorge syndrome. Finally, the patient's DNA has been analyzed using a full coverage human chromosome 22 genomic microarray (array comparative genomic hybridization [CGH]) for evidence of rearrangements outside the classical velocardiofacial DiGeorge associated deletion (Buckley et al. [2002: Hum Molec Genet 11:3221-3229]). The array-CGH profile of this patient confirms the deletion encompassing the typically deleted region associated with the velocardiofacial DiGeorge syndrome and provides no support for additional gene copy number aberrations on 22q. Thus, there is no evidence of any chromosome 22 trisomic material. In this case, the rare events of sex reversal and 22q11.2 deletion may have occurred together by chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Erickson
- Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5073, USA.
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19
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Seeherunvong T, Perera EM, Bao Y, Benke PJ, Benigno A, Donahue RP, Berkovitz GD. 46,XX sex reversal with partial duplication of chromosome arm 22q. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127A:149-51. [PMID: 15108202 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of 46,XX sex reversal in the absence of SRY but with partial duplication of chromosome 22q. The subject had multiple congenital anomalies but nearly complete masculinization of the external genitalia. Our case along with a previous case supports the existence of a gene on chromosome 22q that can trigger testis determination in the absence of SRY. We proposed that overexpression of the SOX10 gene at 22q13 might be the cause of sex reversal. We investigated 13 additional subjects with SRY-negative 46,XX sex reversal for microduplication of chromosome arm 22q in the region of SOX10 gene, but could not find evidence for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tossaporn Seeherunvong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1601 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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20
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Tinkle BT, Walker ME, Blough-Pfau RI, Saal HM, Hopkin RJ. Unexpected survival in a case of prenatally diagnosed non-mosaic trisomy 22: Clinical report and review of the natural history. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 118A:90-5. [PMID: 12605450 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over 30 cases of complete non-mosaic trisomy 22 have been reported in the literature in the last 20 years [Crowe et al., 1997: Am J Med Genet 71:406-413]. Twenty-two infants were liveborn with an average life expectancy of four days. Of these, nine survived beyond the first two weeks of life. The life span ranged from minutes to 3 years of age. We report a case of an infant diagnosed prenatally with complete non-mosaic trisomy 22. Options such as aggressive medical/surgical intervention or limiting interventions to symptomatic care including home hospice were discussed openly. Given this information, the family elected to provide minimal supportive measures with pediatric hospice. The infant lived for 2 months with her family before her death. Numerous medical and surgical complications are associated with this disorder. Both the family and the medical team must be prepared for in utero fetal demise, stillbirth, or for limited life expectancy. Proper management, therefore, depends upon an understanding of the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad T Tinkle
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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21
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Abstract
In humans, sexual differentiation is directed by SRY, a master regulatory gene located at the Y chromosome. This gene initiates the male pathway or represses the female pathway by regulating the transcription of downstream genes; however, the precise mechanisms by which SRY acts are largely unknown. Moreover, several genes have recently been implicated in the development of the bipotential gonad even before SRY is expressed. In some individuals, the normal process of sexual differentiation is altered and a sex reversal disorder is observed. These subjects present the chromosomes of one sex but the physical attributes of the other. Over the past years, considerable progress has been achieved in the molecular characterization of these disorders by using a combination of strategies including cell biology, animal models, and by studying patients with these pathologic entities.
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MESH Headings
- Animal Diseases/embryology
- Animal Diseases/genetics
- Animals
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Disorders of Sex Development/genetics
- Disorders of Sex Development/pathology
- Female
- Genes, sry
- Genotype
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX/embryology
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX/epidemiology
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX/genetics
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX/pathology
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX/therapy
- Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX/veterinary
- Gonads/embryology
- High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics
- High Mobility Group Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mosaicism
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins
- Phenotype
- SOX9 Transcription Factor
- Sex Determination Processes
- Sex Differentiation/genetics
- Sex Differentiation/physiology
- Sex-Determining Region Y Protein
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Vertebrates/physiology
- X Chromosome/ultrastructure
- Y Chromosome/genetics
- Y Chromosome/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Zenteno-Ruiz
- Department of Genetics, Hospital General de Mexico-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Manasse BF, Pfaffenzeller WM, Gurtunca N, de Ravel TJ. Possible isochromosome 22 leading to trisomy 22. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 95:411-4. [PMID: 11146458 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001218)95:5<411::aid-ajmg1>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe the first case of trisomy 22 resulting from a monocentric, possible isochromosome 22. The female infant had multiple anomalies including an abnormal face, ambiguous genitalia, and both ventricular and atrial septal defects. Survival was short.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Manasse
- Department of Human Genetics, The South African Institute for Medical Research and The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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23
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Aleck KA, Argueso L, Stone J, Hackel JG, Erickson RP. True hermaphroditism with partial duplication of chromosome 22 and without SRY. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:2-4. [PMID: 10377005 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990702)85:1<2::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of a patient with true hermaphroditism and partial duplication of chromosome 22. Cytogenetic evaluation showed no evidence of a Y chromosome in blood, skin, or gonadal tissue. Additional investigations using molecular probes showed no evidence of SRY. We conclude that there are genes on chromosome 22 that are involved in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Aleck
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, USA
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24
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Crowe CA, Schwartz S, Black CJ, Jaswaney V. Mosaic trisomy 22: A case presentation and literature review of trisomy 22 phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970905)71:4<406::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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