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Ahmed AU, Almasabi S, Firestein R, Williams BRG. Integrin-linked kinase expression in myeloid cells promotes colon tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270194. [PMID: 38077324 PMCID: PMC10710162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide and treatment options for advanced CRC, which has a low 5-year survival rate, remain limited. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a multifunctional, scaffolding, pseudo-kinase regulating many integrin-mediated cellular processes, is highly expressed in many cancers. However, the role of ILK in cancer progression is yet to be fully understood. We have previously uncovered a pro-inflammatory role for myeloid-specific ILK in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. To establish a correlation between chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC), we investigated the role of myeloid-ILK in mouse models of CRC. When myeloid-ILK deficient mice along with the WT control mice were subjected to colitis-associated and APCmin/+-driven CRC, tumour burden was reduced by myeloid-ILK deficiency in both models. The tumour-promoting phenotype of macrophages, M2 polarization, in vitro was impaired by the ILK deficiency and the number of M2-specific marker CD206-expressing tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in vivo were significantly diminished in myeloid-ILK deficient mice. Myeloid-ILK deficient mice showed enhanced tumour infiltration of CD8+ T cells and reduced tumour infiltration of FOXP3+ T cells in colitis-associated and APCmin/+-driven CRC, respectively, with an overall elevated CD8+/FOXP3+ ratio suggesting an anti-tumour immune phenotypes. In patient CRC tissue microarrays we observed elevated ILK+ myeloid (ILK+ CD11b+) cells in tumour sections compared to adjacent normal tissues, suggesting a conserved role for myeloid-ILK in CRC development in both human and animal models. This study identifies myeloid-specific ILK expression as novel driver of CRC, which could be targeted as a potential therapeutic option for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar U Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Saleh Almasabi
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ron Firestein
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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2
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Almasabi S, Boyd R, Ahmed AU, Williams BRG. Integrin-Linked Kinase Expression Characterizes the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer and Regulates PD-L1 Expression and Immune Cell Cytotoxicity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836005. [PMID: 35692780 PMCID: PMC9174997 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been implicated as a molecular driver and mediator in both inflammation and tumorigenesis of the colon. However, a role for ILK in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune evasion has not been investigated. Here, we show a correlation of ILK expression with the immunosuppressive TME and cancer prognosis. We also uncover a role for ILK in the regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and immune cell cytotoxicity. Interrogation of web-based data-mining platforms, showed upregulation of ILK expression in tumors and adjacent-non tumor tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with poor survival and advanced stages. ILK expression was correlated with cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs) and immunosuppressive cell infiltration including regulatory T cells (Treg) and M2 macrophages (M2) in addition to their gene markers. ILK expression was also significantly correlated with the expression of different cytokines and chemokines. ILK expression showed pronounced association with different important immune checkpoints including PD-L1. Deletion of the ILK gene in PD-L1 positive CRC cell lines using a doxycycline inducible-CRISPR/Cas9, resulted in suppression of both the basal and IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression via downregulating NF-κB p65. This subsequently sensitized the CRC cells to NK92 immune cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that ILK can be used as a biomarker for prognosis and immune cell infiltration in colon cancer. Moreover, ILK could provide a therapeutic target to prevent immune evasion mediated by the expression of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Almasabi
- Cancer and Innate Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cartherics, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Boyd
- Cartherics, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Afsar U Ahmed
- Cancer and Innate Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Cancer and Innate Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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3
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Xu M, Zhao D, Chen Y, Chen C, Zhang L, Sun L, Chen J, Tang Q, Sun S, Ma C, Liang X, Wang S. Charge Reversal Polypyrrole Nanocomplex-Mediated Gene Delivery and Photothermal Therapy for Effectively Treating Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Inhibiting Lymphatic Metastasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14072-14086. [PMID: 35289594 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a traditional treatment for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), surgical resection of diseased tissues often brings lots of inconveniences to patients, and the tumor recurrence and metastasis are difficult to avoid. Herein, we developed a gene and photothermal combined therapy nanosystem based on a polypyrrole (Ppy)-poly(ethylene imine)-siILK nanocomplex (PPRILK) to achieve minimally invasive ablation and lymphatic metastasis inhibition in PTC simultaneously. In this system, gelatin-stabilized Ppy mainly acted as a photothermal- and photoacoustic (PA)-responsive nanomaterial and contributed to its well-behaved photosensitivity in the near-infrared region. Moreover, gelatin-stabilized Ppy possessed a charge reversal function, facilitating the tight conjunction of siILK gene at physiological pH (7.35-7.45) and its automatic release into acidic lysosomes (pH 4.0-5.5); the proton sponge effect generated during this process further facilitated the escape of siILK from lysosomes to the cytoplasm and played its role in inhibiting PTC proliferation and lymphatic metastasis. With the guidance of fluorescence and PA bimodal imaging, gene delivery and Ppy location in tumor regions could be clearly observed. As a result, tumors were completely eradicated by photothermal therapy, and the recurrences and metastases were obviously restrained by siILK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghong Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Duo Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Ordos City Central Hospital, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia 017000, P. R. China
| | - Yuwen Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyi Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qingshuang Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Suhui Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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Mouillet-Richard S, Ghazi A, Laurent-Puig P. The Cellular Prion Protein and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13195032. [PMID: 34638517 PMCID: PMC8508458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The cellular prion protein PrPC is best known for its involvement, under its pathogenic isoform, in a group of neurodegenerative diseases. Notwithstanding, an emerging role for PrPC in various cancer-associated processes has attracted increasing attention over recent years. PrPC is overexpressed in diverse types of solid cancers and has been incriminated in various aspects of cancer biology, most notably proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to cytotoxic agents. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of PrPC with respect to the hallmarks of cancer, a reference framework encompassing the major characteristics of cancer cells. Abstract Beyond its causal involvement in a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, the cellular prion protein PrPC is now taking centre stage as an important contributor to cancer progression in various types of solid tumours. The prion cancer research field has progressively expanded in the last few years and has yielded consistent evidence for an involvement of PrPC in cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, therapeutic resistance and cancer stem cell properties. Most recent data have uncovered new facets of the biology of PrPC in cancer, ranging from its control on enzymes involved in immune tolerance to its radio-protective activity, by way of promoting angiogenesis. In the present review, we aim to summarise the body of literature dedicated to the study of PrPC in relation to cancer from the perspective of the hallmarks of cancer, the reference framework defined by Hanahan and Weinberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandre Ghazi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
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Ghazi A, Le Corre D, Pilati C, Taieb J, Aparicio T, Didelot A, Dedhar S, Mulot C, Le Malicot K, Djouadi F, de Reynies A, Launay JM, Laurent-Puig P, Mouillet-Richard S. Prognostic value of the PrP C-ILK-IDO1 axis in the mesenchymal colorectal cancer subtype. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1940674. [PMID: 34249475 PMCID: PMC8244775 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1940674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CMS4 mesenchymal subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to treatment. The cellular prion protein PrPC is overexpressed in CMS4 tumors and controls the expression of a panel of CMS4-specific genes in CRC cell lines. Here, we sought to investigate PrPC downstream pathways that may underlie its role in CMS4 CRC. By combining gene set enrichment analyses and gain and loss of function approaches in CRC cell lines, we identify the integrin-linked kinase ILK as a proximal effector of PrPC that mediates its control on the CMS4 phenotype. We further leveraged three independent large CRC cohorts to assess correlations in gene expression pattern with patient outcomes and found that ILK is overexpressed in CMS4 mesenchymal tumors and confers a poor prognosis, especially when combined with high expression of the PrPC encoding gene PRNP. Of note, we discovered that the PrPC-ILK signaling axis controls the expression and activity of the tryptophan metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase IDO1, a key player in immune tolerance. In addition, we monitored alterations in the levels of tryptophan and its metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in the plasma of metastatic CRC patients (n = 325) and we highlight their prognostic value in combination with plasma PrPC levels. Thus, the PrPC-ILK-IDO1 axis plays a key role in the mesenchymal subtype of CRC. PrPC and IDO1-targeted strategies may represent new avenues for patient stratification and treatment in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ghazi
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Le Corre
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camilla Pilati
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology and GI Oncology, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Aparicio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Didelot
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Claire Mulot
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karine Le Malicot
- Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive, Epicad Inserm, Université de Bourgogne et and Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fatima Djouadi
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reynies
- Programme carte d'identité des tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP Service de Biochimie, INSERM U942 Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.,Pharma Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Biology, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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6
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Almasabi S, Ahmed AU, Boyd R, Williams BRG. A Potential Role for Integrin-Linked Kinase in Colorectal Cancer Growth and Progression via Regulating Senescence and Immunity. Front Genet 2021; 12:638558. [PMID: 34163519 PMCID: PMC8216764 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.638558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been implicated as a molecular driver and mediator in both inflammation and tumorigenesis of the colon. ILK functions as an adaptor and mediator protein linking the extracellular matrix with downstream signaling pathways. ILK is broadly expressed in many human tissues and cells. It is also overexpressed in many cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Inflammation, as evidenced by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is one of the highest risk factors for initiating CRC. This has led to the hypothesis that targeting ILK therapeutically could have potential in CRC, as it regulates different cellular processes associated with CRC development and progression as well as inflammation in the colon. A number of studies have indicated an ILK function in senescence, a cellular process that arrests the cell cycle while maintaining active metabolism and transcription. Senescent cells produce different secretions collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP secretions influence infiltration of different immune cells, either positively for clearing senescent cells or negatively for promoting tumor growth, reflecting the dual role of senescence in cancer. However, a role for ILK in senescence and immunity in CRC remains to be determined. In this review, we discuss the possible role for ILK in senescence and immunity, paying particular attention to the relevance of ILK in CRC. We also examine how activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their agonists in CRC could trigger immune responses against cancer, as a combination therapy with ILK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Almasabi
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cartherics, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Afsar U Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Boyd
- Cartherics, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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7
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Ulm MA, Redfern TM, Wilson BR, Ponnusamy S, Asemota S, Blackburn PW, Wang Y, ElNaggar AC, Narayanan R. Integrin-Linked Kinase Is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040246. [PMID: 33256002 PMCID: PMC7712057 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to identify and validate novel therapeutic target(s) in ovarian cancer. BACKGROUND Development of targeted therapeutics in ovarian cancer has been limited by molecular heterogeneity. Although gene expression datasets are available, most of them lack appropriate pair-matched controls to define the alterations that result in the transformation of normal ovarian cells to cancerous cells. METHODS We used microarray to compare the gene expression of treatment-naïve ovarian cancer tissue samples to pair-matched normal adjacent ovarian tissue from 24 patients. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to identify target pathways for further analysis. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) expression in SKOV3 and OV90 cells was determined using Western blot. ILK was knocked down using CRISPR/Cas9 constructs. Subcutaneous xenograft study to determine the effect of ILK knockdown on tumor growth was performed in NOD SCID gamma mice. RESULTS Significant upregulation of the ILK pathway was identified in 22 of the 24 cancer specimens, identifying it as a potential player that could contribute to the transformation of normal ovarian cells to cancerous cells. Knockdown of ILK in SKOV3 cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation and tumor growth, and inhibition of downstream kinase, AKT (protein kinase B). These results were further validated using an ILK-1 chemical inhibitor, compound 22. CONCLUSION Our initial findings validate ILK as a potential therapeutic target for molecular inhibition in ovarian cancer, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Ulm
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, West Cancer Center and Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38138, USA; (M.A.U.); (T.M.R.); (B.R.W.); (P.W.B.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Tiffany M. Redfern
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, West Cancer Center and Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38138, USA; (M.A.U.); (T.M.R.); (B.R.W.); (P.W.B.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Ben R. Wilson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, West Cancer Center and Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38138, USA; (M.A.U.); (T.M.R.); (B.R.W.); (P.W.B.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Sarah Asemota
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Patrick W. Blackburn
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, West Cancer Center and Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38138, USA; (M.A.U.); (T.M.R.); (B.R.W.); (P.W.B.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Adam C. ElNaggar
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, West Cancer Center and Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38138, USA; (M.A.U.); (T.M.R.); (B.R.W.); (P.W.B.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.P.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-448-2403; Fax: +1-901-448-3910
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Gagné D, Benoit YD, Groulx JF, Vachon PH, Beaulieu JF. ILK supports RhoA/ROCK-mediated contractility of human intestinal epithelial crypt cells by inducing the fibrillogenesis of endogenous soluble fibronectin during the spreading process. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:14. [PMID: 32183701 PMCID: PMC7079544 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibronectin (FN) assembly into an insoluble fibrillar matrix is a crucial step in many cell responses to extracellular matrix (ECM) properties, especially with regards to the integrin-related mechanosensitive signaling pathway. We have previously reported that the silencing of expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cells causes significant reductions in proliferation and spreading through concomitantly acquired impairment of soluble FN deposition. These defects in ILK-depleted cells are rescued by growth on exogenous FN. In the present study we investigated the contribution of ILK in the fibrillogenesis of FN and its relation to integrin-actin axis signaling and organization. RESULTS We show that de novo fibrillogenesis of endogenous soluble FN is ILK-dependent. This function seemingly induces the assembly of an ECM that supports increased cytoskeletal tension and the development of a fully spread contractile cell phenotype. We observed that HIEC cell adhesion to exogenous FN or collagen-I (Col-I) is sufficient to restore fibrillogenesis of endogenous FN in ILK-depleted cells. We also found that optimal engagement of the Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) GTPase/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK-1, ROCK-2)/myosin light chain (MLC) pathway, actin ventral stress fiber formation, and integrin adhesion complex (IAC) maturation rely primarily upon the cell's capacity to execute FN fibrillogenesis, independent of any significant ILK input. Lastly, we confirm the integrin α5β1 as the main integrin responsible for FN assembly, although in ILK-depleted cells αV-class integrins expression is needed to allow the rescue of FN fibrillogenesis on exogenous substrate. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that ILK specifically induces the initiation of FN fibrillogenesis during cell spreading, which promotes RhoA/ROCK-dependent cell contractility and maturation of the integrin-actin axis structures. However, the fibrillogenesis process and its downstream effect on RhoA signaling, cell contractility and spreading are ILK-independent in human intestinal epithelial crypt cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gagné
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Yannick D. Benoit
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Jean-François Groulx
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093 USA
| | - Pierre H. Vachon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4 Canada
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Chronic kidney disease induced by an adenine rich diet upregulates integrin linked kinase (ILK) and its depletion prevents the disease progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1284-1297. [PMID: 30726718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is one of the main pathological findings of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) although the pathogenesis of renal scar formation remains incompletely explained. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a major scaffold protein between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and intracellular signaling pathways, is involved in several pathophysiological processes during renal damage. However, ILK contribution in the CKD progress remains to be fully elucidated. In the present work, we studied 1) the renal functional and structural consequences of CKD genesis and progression when ILK is depleted and 2) the potential of ILK depletion as a therapeutic approach to delay CKD progression. We induced an experimental CKD model, based on an adenine-supplemented diet on adult wild-type (WT) and ILK-depleted mice, with a tubulointerstitial damage profile resembling that is observed in human CKD. The adenine diet induced in WT mice a progressive increase in plasma creatinine and urea concentrations. In the renal cortex it was also observed tubular damage, interstitial fibrosis and progressive increased ECM components, pro-inflammatory and chemo-attractant cytokines, EMT markers and TGF-β1 expressions. These observations were highly correlated to a simultaneous increase of ILK expression and activity. In adenine-fed transgenic ILK-depleted mice, all these changes were prevented. Additionally, we evaluated the potential role of ILK depletion to be applied after the disease induction, as an effective approach to interventions in human CKD subjects. In this scenario, two weeks after the establishment of adenine-induced CKD, ILK was abrogated in WT mice and stabilized renal damage, avoiding CKD progression. We propose ILK to be a potential target to delay renal disease progression.
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10
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Ahmed AU, Yim HCH, Alorro M, Ernst M, Williams BRG. Integrin-Linked Kinase Expression in Myeloid Cells Promotes Inflammatory Signaling during Experimental Colitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:ji1700125. [PMID: 28794235 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of inflammatory bowel diseases is driven by the inflammatory signaling pathways associated with mucosal epithelial damage. Myeloid cells are known to play an essential role in mediating epithelial inflammatory responses during injury. However, the precise role of these cells in stimulating intestinal inflammation and the subsequent tissue damage is unclear. In this article, we show that expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in myeloid cells is critical for the epithelial inflammatory signaling during colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Myeloid ILK (M-ILK) deficiency significantly ameliorates the pathology of experimental colitis. In response to dextran sodium sulfate, colonic infiltration of neutrophils and inflammatory cytokine production are impaired in M-ILK-deficient mice, and activation of epithelial NF-κB and PI3K signaling pathways are restricted by the M-ILK deficiency. In contrast, reduced epithelial damage in M-ILK-deficient mice is correlated with elevated levels of epithelial Stat3 activation and proliferation. Moreover, M-ILK-dependent inflammatory signaling in the mucosal epithelium can be therapeutically targeted by the pharmacological inhibition of ILK during experimental colitis. Collectively, these findings identify M-ILK as a critical regulator of epithelial inflammatory signaling pathways during colitis and, as a consequence, targeting M-ILK could provide therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar U Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Howard C H Yim
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mariah Alorro
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; and
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; and
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia;
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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11
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Kalra J, Dragowska WH, Bally MB. Using Pharmacokinetic Profiles and Digital Quantification of Stained Tissue Microarrays as a Medium-Throughput, Quantitative Method for Measuring the Kinetics of Early Signaling Changes Following Integrin-Linked Kinase Inhibition in an In Vivo Model of Cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:691-709. [PMID: 25940338 PMCID: PMC4804727 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415587978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A small molecule inhibitor (QLT0267) targeting integrin-linked kinase is able to slow breast tumor growth in vivo; however, the mechanism of action remains unknown. Understanding how targeting molecules involved in intersecting signaling pathways impact disease is challenging. To facilitate this understanding, we used tumor tissue microarrays (TMA) and digital image analysis for quantification of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in order to investigate how QLT0267 affects signaling pathways in an orthotopic model of breast cancer over time. Female NCR nude mice were inoculated with luciferase-positive human breast tumor cells (LCC6Luc) and tumor growth was assessed by bioluminescent imaging (BLI). The plasma levels of QLT0267 were determined by LC-MS/MS methods following oral dosing of QLT0267 (200 mg/kg). A TMA was constructed using tumor tissue collected at 2, 4, 6, 24, 78 and 168 hr after treatment. IHC methods were used to assess changes in ILK-related signaling. The TMA was digitized, and Aperio ScanScope and ImageScope software were used to provide semi-quantitative assessments of staining levels. Using medium-throughput IHC quantitation, we show that ILK targeting by QLT0267 in vivo influences tumor physiology through transient changes in pathways involving AKT, GSK-3 and TWIST accompanied by the translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD and an increase in Caspase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kalra
- Experimental Therapeutics BC Cancer Agency, British Columbia, Canada (JK,WHD,MBB),Langara College, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (JK)
| | - Weislawa H Dragowska
- Experimental Therapeutics BC Cancer Agency, British Columbia, Canada (JK,WHD,MBB)
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics BC Cancer Agency, British Columbia, Canada (JK,WHD,MBB),Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (MBB),Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (MBB),Faculty of Pharm. Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (MBB),Center for Drug Research and Development Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (MBB)
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12
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Matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory bowel disease: an update. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:964131. [PMID: 25948887 PMCID: PMC4408746 DOI: 10.1155/2015/964131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to be upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other inflammatory conditions, but while their involvement is clear, their role in many settings has yet to be determined. Studies of the involvement of MMPs in IBD since 2006 have revealed an array of immune and stromal cells which release the proteases in response to inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Through digestion of the extracellular matrix and cleavage of bioactive proteins, a huge diversity of roles have been revealed for the MMPs in IBD, where they have been shown to regulate epithelial barrier function, immune response, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and wound healing. For this reason, MMPs have been recognised as potential biomarkers for disease activity in IBD and inhibition remains a huge area of interest. This review describes new roles of MMPs in the pathophysiology of IBD and suggests future directions for the development of treatment strategies in this condition.
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Integrin-linked kinase links dynactin-1/dynactin-2 with cortical integrin receptors to orient the mitotic spindle relative to the substratum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8389. [PMID: 25669897 PMCID: PMC4323648 DOI: 10.1038/srep08389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must divide strictly along a plane to form an epithelial layer parallel to the basal lamina. The axis of cell division is primarily governed by the orientation of the mitotic spindle and spindle misorientation pathways have been implicated in cancer initiation. While β1-Integrin and the Dynein/Dynactin complex are known to be involved, the pathways linking these complexes in positioning mitotic spindles relative to the basal cortex and extracellular matrix remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK) and α-Parvin regulate mitotic spindle orientation by linking Dynactin-1 and Dynactin-2 subunits of the Dynein/Dynactin complex to Integrin receptors at the basal cortex of mitotic cells. ILK and α-Parvin are required for spindle orientation. ILK interacts with Dynactin-1 and Dynactin-2 and ILK siRNA attenuates Dynactin-2 localization to the basal cortex. Furthermore we show that Dynactin-2 can no longer colocalize or interact with Integrins when ILK is absent, suggesting mechanistically that ILK is acting as a linking protein. Finally we demonstrate that spindle orientation and cell proliferation are disrupted in intestinal epithelial cells in vivo using tissue-specific ILK knockout mice. These data demonstrate that ILK is a linker between Integrin receptors and the Dynactin complex to regulate mitotic spindle orientation.
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Park CH, Rha SY, Ahn JB, Shin SJ, Kwon WS, Kim TS, An S, Kim NK, Yang WI, Chung HC. PINCH-2 presents functional copy number variation and suppresses migration of colon cancer cells by paracrine activity. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2273-83. [PMID: 25346044 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, characterization of cancer and its environment has become necessary. However, studies of the cancer microenvironment remain insufficient. Copy number variations (CNVs) occur in 40% of cancer-related genes, but few studies have reported the correlation between CNVs in morphologically normal tissues adjacent to cancer and cancer progression. In this study, we evaluated cancer cell migration and invasion according to the genetic differences between cancer tissues and their surrounding normal tissues. To study the field cancerization effect, we screened 89 systemic metastasis-related CNVs from morphologically normal tissues adjacent to colon cancers. Among these CNVs, LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domain 2 (PINCH-2) showed copy number amplification and upregulation of mRNA in the nonrelapsed group compared to the systemic relapse group. PINCH-2 expression in colon cancer cells was lower than that in normal epithelial colon cells at both the protein and mRNA levels. Suppression of PINCH-2 resulted in decreased formation of the PINCH-2-IPP (PINCH-2, integrin-linked kinase and α-parvin) complex and reciprocally increased formation of the PINCH-1-IPP complex. Although PINCH-2 expression of survival pathway-related proteins (Akt and phospho-Akt) did not change upon suppression of PINCH-2 expression, cell migration-related proteins [matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and -11] were upregulated through autocrine and paracrine activation. Thus, PINCH-2 participates in decreased systemic recurrence by competitively regulating IPP complex formation with PINCH-1, thereby suppressing autocrine and paracrine effects on motility in colon cancer. This genetic change in morphologically normal tissue suggests a field cancerization effect of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Park
- National Biochip Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea; Yonsei Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Sikkema WKA, Strikwerda A, Sharma M, Assi K, Salh B, Cox ME, Mills J. Regulation of mitotic cytoskeleton dynamics and cytokinesis by integrin-linked kinase in retinoblastoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98838. [PMID: 24911651 PMCID: PMC4049663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been shown to regulate microtubule dynamics and centrosome clustering, processes involved in cell cycle progression, and malignant transformation. In this study, we examine the effects of downregulating ILK on mitotic function in human retinoblastoma cell lines. These retinal cancer cells, caused by the loss of function of two gene alleles (Rb1) that encode the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor, have elevated expression of ILK. Here we show that inhibition of ILK activity results in a concentration-dependent increase in nuclear area and multinucleated cells. Moreover, inhibition of ILK activity and expression increased the accumulation of multinucleated cells over time. In these cells, aberrant cytokinesis and karyokinesis correlate with altered mitotic spindle organization, decreased levels of cortical F-actin and centrosome de-clustering. Centrosome de-clustering, induced by ILK siRNA, was rescued in FLAG-ILK expressing Y79 cells as compared to those expressing FLAG-tag alone. Inhibition of ILK increased the proportion of cells exhibiting mitotic spindles and caused a significant G2/M arrest as early as 24 hours after exposure to QLT-0267. Live cell analysis indicate ILK downregulation causes an increase in multipolar anaphases and failed cytokinesis (bipolar and multipolar) of viable cells. These studies extend those indicating a critical function for ILK in mitotic cytoskeletal organization and describe a novel role for ILK in cytokinesis of Rb deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. A. Sikkema
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arend Strikwerda
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manju Sharma
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kiran Assi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Baljinder Salh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael E. Cox
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia Mills
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
- Adjunct, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- External Associate Member, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Integrin-linked kinase plays a key role in the regulation of angiotensin II-induced renal inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:19-31. [PMID: 24383472 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ILK (integrin-linked kinase) is an intracellular serine/threonine kinase involved in cell-matrix interactions. ILK dysregulation has been described in chronic renal disease and modulates podocyte function and fibrosis, whereas data about its role in inflammation are scarce. AngII (angiotensin II) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes renal inflammation. AngII blockers are renoprotective and down-regulate ILK in experimental kidney disease, but the involvement of ILK in the actions of AngII in the kidney has not been addressed. Therefore we have investigated whether ILK signalling modulates the kidney response to systemic AngII infusion in wild-type and ILK-conditional knockout mice. In wild-type mice, AngII induced an inflammatory response, characterized by infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes, and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors (chemokines, adhesion molecules and cytokines). AngII activated several intracellular signalling mechanisms, such as the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) transcription factor, Akt and production of ROS (reactive oxygen species). All these responses were prevented in AngII-infused ILK-deficient mice. In vitro studies characterized further the mechanisms regulating the inflammatory response modulated by ILK. In cultured tubular epithelial cells ILK blockade, by siRNA, inhibited AngII-induced NF-κB subunit p65 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation. Moreover, ILK gene silencing prevented NF-κB-related pro-inflammatory gene up-regulation. The results of the present study demonstrate that ILK plays a key role in the regulation of renal inflammation by modulating the canonical NF-κB pathway, and suggest a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory renal diseases.
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17
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Mishra J, Verma RK, Alpini G, Meng F, Kumar N. Role of Janus kinase 3 in mucosal differentiation and predisposition to colitis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31795-806. [PMID: 24045942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase expressed in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Previously, we characterized the functions of Jak3 in cytoskeletal remodeling, epithelial wound healing, and mucosal homeostasis. However, the role of Jak3 in mucosal differentiation and inflammatory bowel disease was not known. In this report, we characterize the role of Jak3 in mucosal differentiation, basal colonic inflammation, and predisposition toward colitis. Using the Jak3 knock-out (KO) mouse model, we show that Jak3 is expressed in colonic mucosa of mice, and the loss of mucosal expression of Jak3 resulted in reduced expression of differentiation markers for the cells of both enterocytic and secretory lineages. Jak3 KO mice showed reduced expression of colonic villin, carbonic anhydrase, secretory mucin muc2, and increased basal colonic inflammation reflected by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17A in colon along with increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity. The inflammations in KO mice were associated with shortening of colon length, reduced cecum length, decreased crypt heights, and increased severity toward dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In differentiated human colonic epithelial cells, Jak3 redistributed to basolateral surfaces and interacted with adherens junction (AJ) protein β-catenin. Jak3 expression in these cells was essential for AJ localization of β-catenin and maintenance of epithelial barrier functions. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential role of Jak3 in the colon where it facilitated mucosal differentiation by promoting the expression of differentiation markers and enhanced colonic barrier functions through AJ localization of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas 78363 and
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18
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Assi K, Bergstrom K, Vallance B, Owen D, Salh B. Requirement of epithelial integrin-linked kinase for facilitation of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:137. [PMID: 24024606 PMCID: PMC3848714 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a serine-threonine kinase that transduces extracellular matrix-related cues into intracellular signals, with fundamental roles in cell motility, development and cancer. Recently ILK been shown to have an important role in bacterial epithelial cell attachment, through ILK-bacterial OspE binding. Here we report on the role of epithelial derived ILK in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. Methods C. rodentium was administered to both control and intestinal epithelial cell ILK knockout mice. Histological inflammatory scores were assessed, and cytokines measured by ELISA as well as RT-PCR, in mouse colons. Bacterial colonization was determined by plating homogenates onto MacConkey agar, and immunofluorescence microscopy performed using anti-LPS and anti-Tir antibodies. Results ILK-ko mice exhibited reduced weight loss at 15 days post-infection (p < 0.01) and demonstrated reduced histological inflammatory scores (p < 0.01), reduced CCL2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This was not due to reduced colonization, but was associated with an altered pattern of C. rodentium bacterial migration. Attenuated fibronectin expression was found in the ILK-ko mice. C. rodentium exposure was shown to increase ILK expression in cell lines, and in murine epithelium in vivo. In ILK-ko mice reduced activation of ser473Akt and reduced crypt proliferation, together with reduced cyclin D1 expression were observed. Conclusions ILK influences the host response to C. rodentium -induced infection, independently of reduced colonization in the ILK knockout mice. The reduced inflammation and dramatically attenuated hyperplastic cryptal response to infection in this group, are at least in part the result of, the reduction in CCL2 and cyclin D1 expression respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Assi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 5th Floor, 2775 Laurel Street, V5Z 1M9 Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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19
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Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li J, Han B, Liu S, Wang L, Ling Y, Mao S, Wang X. Overexpression of integrin-linked kinase correlates with malignant phenotype in non-small cell lung cancer and promotes lung cancer cell invasion and migration via regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:128-36. [PMID: 22683084 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a member of the serine/threonine kinases, has been implicated in oncogenesis and progression of human cancers. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of ILK in lung cancer aggressiveness and the underlying molecular mechanisms. ILK protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and a series of in vitro assays was conducted to elucidate the function of ILK in lung cancer. Overexpression of ILK protein was detected in 30.6% (33/108) of primary NSCLC tissues and correlated with the TNM stage (P=0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.033). Ectopic overexpression of ILK in lung cancer cells promoted cell migration and invasion in vitro, and led to the acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, as evidenced by the spindle-like morphology, down-regulation of E-cadherin, and up-regulation of vimentin, fibronectin, Snail and Slug. In addition, the down-regulation of E-cadherin induced by ILK was significantly reversed by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor BAY 11-7028 and small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting NF-κB p65, suggesting a role of the NF-κB signaling pathway in ILK-induced EMT. Overall, our results suggest that ILK promotes lung cancer cell migration and invasion through the induction of EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, People's Republic of China
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20
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Overexpression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is associated with tumor progression and an unfavorable prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. J Mol Histol 2012; 44:183-9. [PMID: 23108908 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), an intracellular serine-threonine kinase, has been reported to be overexpressed in multiple types of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The prognostic value of ILK in CRC, however, remains unknown. In the present study, expression of ILK in 25 paired primary CRC samples and adjacent noncancerous tissues were quantified using real-time PCR and Western blotting. ILK protein expression was analyzed in 102 archived, paraffin-embedded CRC samples using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between ILK expression and clinicopathological factors was evaluated by the χ(2) test. Patients' overall survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. We found that both ILK mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly up-regulated in primary CRC samples compared with their corresponding normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed relative high expression of ILK in 43 of 102 (42.2 %) primary CRC samples. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation of ILK expression with tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, tumor invasion, and tumor-node-metastasis stage. Patients with tumors displaying high-level ILK expression showed significantly shorter overall survival (P = 0.028, log-rank test). More importantly, multivariate analysis indicated that high ILK protein expression was an independent prognostic factor for CRC patients (P = 0.026). Taken together, our data suggest that ILK overexpression is associated with tumor progression and a poor prognosis in CRC patients and may represent a novel potential prognostic marker for patients with CRC.
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RGD-Dependent Epithelial Cell-Matrix Interactions in the Human Intestinal Crypt. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:248759. [PMID: 22988499 PMCID: PMC3440950 DOI: 10.1155/2012/248759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrin receptors trigger structural and functional bonds between the cell microenvironment and the cytoskeleton. Such connections are essential for adhesion structure integrity and are key players in regulating transduction of specific intracellular signals, which in turn regulate the organization of the cell microenvironment and, consequently, cell function. The RGD peptide-dependent integrins represent a key subgroup of ECM receptors involved in the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis. Here we review recent findings on RGD-dependent ECM-integrin interactions and their roles in human intestinal epithelial crypt cells.
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Liu N, Liu W, Ma G, Guo KJ, Song SW. Construction and identification of plasmids carrying small interfering RNAs targeting the ILK gene. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:374-379. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i5.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct plasmids carrying small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) gene and assess their effect on ILK expression in pancreatic cancer cells.
METHODS: Three pairs of siRNAs for ILK were designed and used to construct plasmids carrying siRNAs targeting the ILK gene. The recombinant plasmids and negative control plasmids were stably transfected into Panc-1 cells using cationic liposome Lipofectamine. After transfection, ILK mRNA and protein expression was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively.
RESULTS: DNA sequencing results indicated that the recombinant plasmids were constructed correctly. After stable transfection of the recombinant plasmids into Panc-1 cells, ILK mRNA and protein expression was significantly inhibited. Transfection of the recombinant plasmid that had the highest knockdown efficiency reduced ILK mRNA and protein expression by 93.01% and 65.69%, respectively. Compared to the non-transfected group and empty plasmid-transfected group, ILK mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated in the experimental group (0.090 ± 0.009 vs 1.147 ± 0.110, 1.005 ± 0.121, both P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Three plasmids carrying siRNAs targeting the ILK gene have been constructed successfully and provide a useful tool for studying the function of ILK.
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Sun R, Chen W, Zhao X, Li T, Song Q. Acheron regulates vascular endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis together with Id1 during wound healing. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:636-40. [PMID: 22139627 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding protein acheron has proved to be either the mediator of integrin-extracellular matrix interactions or the regulatory factor that participates in vertebrate development, cell differentiation and cell death. We report the role of acheron in vascular endothelial proliferation, angiogenesis and wound healing post-trauma. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that Acheron forms a ternary complex with β1 integrin and Id1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells following stimulation with serious trauma serum. Acheron, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and β1 integrin mRNA expression was apparently inhibited, and capillary density and wound healing rate also were reduced in Id1-deficient mice trauma model. Acheron together with Id1 significantly induces VEGF, not CD105 level inhibition by serious trauma serum for 24 h. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that acheron may be an effective mediator of promoting endothelial proliferation, angiogenesis and wound healing probably by regulating VEGF together with Id1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongju Sun
- Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Assi K, Patterson S, Dedhar S, Owen D, Levings M, Salh B. Role of epithelial integrin-linked kinase in promoting intestinal inflammation: effects on CCL2, fibronectin and the T cell repertoire. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:42. [PMID: 21806815 PMCID: PMC3164617 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of integrin signaling in mucosal inflammation is presently unknown. Hence, we aimed to investigate the role of epithelial-derived integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a critical integrin signaling intermediary molecule, in colonic inflammation. Methods Conditional intestinal epithelial cell ILK knockout mice were used for assessment of acute and chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) -induced colitis. Disease activity was scored using standard histological scoring, mucosal cytokines were measured using ELISA, chemokines were determined using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, as well as Q-PCR, and intracellular cytokine staining performed using FACS analysis. Results In both acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis, compared to wild-type mice, ILK-ko mice exhibit less weight loss, and have reduced inflammatory scores. In an in vitro model system using HCT116 cells, we demonstrate that si-RNA mediated down-regulation of ILK results in a reduction in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1, CCL2) chemokine expression. A reduction in CCL2 levels is also observed in the tissue lysates of chronically inflamed colons from ILK-ko mice. Examination of mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes from ILK-ko mice reveals that there is a reduction in the levels of IFN gamma using intracellular staining, together with an increase in Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that reduced fibronectin expression characterizes the inflammatory lesions within the colons of ILK-ko mice. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that fibronectin is directly capable of downregulating T regulatory cell development. Conclusions Collectively, the data indicate for the first time that ILK plays a pro-inflammatory role in intestinal inflammation, through effects on chemokine expression, the extracellular matrix and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Assi
- Department of Medicine, The Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
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Goel GA, Kandiel A, Achkar JP, Lashner B. Molecular pathways underlying IBD-associated colorectal neoplasia: therapeutic implications. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:719-30. [PMID: 21386829 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, depending upon the duration and severity, are frequently associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. A classic paradigm is the enhanced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process that involves accumulation of genetic defects, protein modification, and cell-matrix interaction. In this review, we discuss aspects of chronic inflammation in IBD that influence the development of CRC and highlight the key molecular mediators involved in this process. Also, we identify potential targets that could facilitate earlier detection of dysplasia. The targeted manipulation of specific molecules or pathways could provide opportunities for the development of therapeutic and chemopreventive interventions, which may prove effective in arresting the progression of colitis-associated cancer (CAC), with clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gati A Goel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Yuan L, Sanders MA, Basson MD. ILK mediates the effects of strain on intestinal epithelial wound closure. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C356-67. [PMID: 21084641 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00273.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is subjected to repetitive deformation during normal gut function by peristalsis and villous motility. Such repetitive strain promotes intestinal epithelial migration across fibronectin in vitro, but signaling mediators for this are poorly understood. We hypothesized that integrin-linked kinase (ILK) mediates strain-stimulated migration in intestinal epithelial cells cultured on fibronectin. ILK kinase activity increased rapidly 5 min after strain induction in both Caco-2 and intestinal epithelial cell-6 (IEC-6) cells. Wound closure in response to strain was reduced in ILK small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected Caco-2 cell monolayers when compared with control siRNA-transfected Caco-2 cells. Pharmacological blockade of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) or Src or reducing Src by siRNA prevented strain activation of ILK. ILK coimmunoprecipitated with focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and this association was decreased by mutation of FAK Tyr925 but not FAK Tyr397. Strain induction of FAK Tyr925 phosphorylation but not FAK Tyr397 or FAK Tyr576 phosphorylation was blocked in ILK siRNA-transfected cells. ILK-Src association was stimulated by strain and was blocked by the Src inhibitor PP2. Finally, ILK reduction by siRNA inhibited strain-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain and Akt. These results suggest a strain-dependent signaling pathway in which ILK association with FAK and Src mediates the subsequent downstream strain-induced motogenic response and suggest that ILK induction by repetitive deformation may contribute to recovery from mucosal injury and restoration of the mucosal barrier in patients with prolonged ileus. ILK may therefore be an important target for intervention to maintain the mucosa in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Yuan
- Dept. of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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Papanikolaou S, Bravou V, Gyftopoulos K, Nakas D, Repanti M, Papadaki H. ILK expression in human basal cell carcinoma correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and tumour invasion. Histopathology 2010; 56:799-809. [PMID: 20546345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been known to play a significant role in tumour progression. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been recently added to the growing list of EMT regulators that control some aspect of carcinogenesis. The aim was to study ILK expression and its relevance to EMT markers in human basal cell carcinoma (BCC). METHODS AND RESULTS Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 100 human BCC cases were processed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of ILK, E-cadherin, Snail, beta-catenin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). ILK overexpression was observed in 100% of cases and strongly correlated with tumour invasion and infiltrative BCC. Loss of membranous E-cadherin was found in 71% of cases while nuclear immunoreactivity for E-cadherin was also observed in 90% of the tumours. Snail, nuclear beta-catenin and alpha-SMA expression was detected in 100%, 99% and 97% of tumours, respectively. Aberrant expression of E-cadherin, nuclear beta-catenin and alpha-SMA correlated with BCC tumour invasion. Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between ILK expression and all the EMT markers examined. CONCLUSIONS ILK overexpression in BCC is implicated in tumour progression probably through the induction of an EMT-related molecular profile. Nuclear localization of E-cadherin in BCC is also associated with aggressive tumour features.
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Expression of parvin-beta is a prognostic factor for patients with urothelial cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:852-60. [PMID: 20736946 PMCID: PMC2966628 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parvin-β (ParvB), a potential tumour suppressor gene, is a focal adhesion protein. We evaluated the role of ParvB in the upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma (UUT-UC). Methods: ParvB mRNA and proteins levels in UUT-UC tissue were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. In addition, the expression of ParvB in tissues from patients with UUT-UC at different stages was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, biological functions of ParvB in urothelial cancer cells were investigated using a doxycycline-inducible overexpression system and siRNA. Results: Western blot and mRNA analysis showed downregulation of ParvB expression in frozen UUT-UC tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed high staining intensity of ParvB in normal urothelium, which decreased markedly at advanced stages of UUT-UC (P=0.0000). Moreover, ParvB was an independent prognostic indicator for disease-specific survival of patients with UUT-UC. Functional assays indicated that overexpression of ParvB in an urothelial cancer cell line resulted in decreased cell growth rate and ability to migrate. In contrast, knockdown of ParvB expression increased cell migration ability. Conclusions: Downregulation of ParvB expression significantly increased urothelial cancer cell growth and migration. Downexpression of ParvB level in UUT-UC correlated with tumour stage, and was an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for disease-specific survival of patients with UUT-UC.
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Chromik AM, Huss S, Osseili H, Daigeler A, Kersting S, Sülberg D, Mittelkötter U, Herdegen T, Uhl W, Müller AM. Oral administration of the anti-proliferative substance taurolidine has no impact on dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis in mice. J Carcinog 2010; 9:5. [PMID: 20442801 PMCID: PMC2862504 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.62536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: New chemopreventive strategies for ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated dysplasia and cancer have to be evaluated. Taurolidine (TRD) has anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-neoplastic properties with almost absent toxicity. The aim of the study was to determine whether TRD decreases dysplasia in the well-characterized Dextran Sulfate Sodium – Azoxymethane (DSS-AOM) animal model for UC-associated carcinogenesis. Material and Methods: The DSS-AOM model of carcinogenesis was induced in female inbred C57BL/6 mice. Half of the mice were treated with TRD, the other served as control. After 100 days macroscopic, histological and immunhistochemical (β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, SOX9, Ki-67, Cyclin-D1) examination of the colon was performed. Results: Incidence, multiplicity, grading and growth pattern of adenomas did not differ significantly between TRD and control group. In all animals, inflammatory changes were absent. Immunhistochemistry revealed increased expression of Ki-67, β-catenin, SOX9 and Cyclin-D1 in adenomas compared to normal mucosa – without significant difference between TRD and control treatment. Conclusion: Oral administration of TRD has no impact on DSS-induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis. However, SOX9 and Cyclin-D1 representing key members of the Wnt pathway have not yet been described in the DSS-AOM model of carcinogenesis – underlining the importance of this oncogenic pathway in this setting.
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Zhao Z, Sun Y, Hou N, Teng Y, Wang Y, Yang X. Capn8 promoter directs the expression of Cre recombinase in gastric pit cells of transgenic mice. Genesis 2010; 47:674-9. [PMID: 19603510 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gastric pit cells are high-turnover epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa. They secrete mucus to protect the gastric epithelium from acid and pepsin. To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the physiological functions of gastric pit cells, we generated a transgenic mouse line, namely, Capn8-Cre, in which the expression of Cre recombinase was controlled by the promoter of the intracellular Ca(2+)-regulated cysteine protease calpain-8. To test the tissue distribution and excision activity of Cre recombinase, the Capn8-Cre transgenic mice were bred with the ROSA26 reporter strain and a mouse strain that carries Smad4 conditional alleles (Smad4(Co/Co)). Multiple-tissue PCR and LacZ staining demonstrated that Capn8-Cre transgenic mouse expressed Cre recombinase in the gastric pit cells. Cre recombinase activity was also detected in the liver and skin tissues. These data suggest that the Capn8-Cre mouse line described here could be used to dissect gene function in gastric pit cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengming Zhao
- Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Svec J, Ergang P, Mandys V, Kment M, Pácha J. Expression profiles of proliferative and antiapoptotic genes in sporadic and colitis-related mouse colon cancer models. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:44-53. [PMID: 20096072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of survivin, telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT), integrin-linked kinase (ILK), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the regulatory factors c-MYB and Tcf-4 are often found in human cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and have been implicated in the development and progression of tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of these genes in mouse models of sporadic and colitis-associated CRC. To address these issues, we used qRT-PCR approach to determine changes in gene expression patterns of neoplastic cells (high-grade dysplasia/intramucosal carcinoma) and surrounding normal epithelial cells in A/J and ICR mouse strains using laser microdissection. Both strains were injected with azoxymethane and ICR mice were also given drinking water that contained 2% dextran sodium sulphate. In both sporadic (A/J mice) and colitis-associated (ICR mice) models of CRC, the levels of TERT mRNA, COX-2 mRNA and Tcf-4 mRNA were higher in neoplastic cells than in surrounding normal epithelial cells. In contrast, survivin mRNA was upregulated only in neoplastic cells from A/J mice and ILK mRNA was upregulated only in neoplastic cells from ICR mice. However, the expression of iNOS mRNA was similar in normal and neoplastic cells in both models and c-MYB mRNA was actually downregulated in neoplastic cells compared with normal cells in both models. These findings suggest that the genetic background and/or the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis associated with genotoxic insults and colonic inflammation influence the gene expression of mTERT, COX-2, Tcf-4, c-MYB, ILK and survivin in colon epithelial neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Svec
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Schaeffer DF, Assi K, Chan K, Buczkowski AK, Chung SW, Scudamore CH, Weiss A, Salh B, Owen DA. Tumor expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) correlates with the expression of the E-cadherin repressor snail: an immunohistochemical study in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:261-8. [PMID: 20091050 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a key molecule involved in mediating several biological functions including cell-matrix interactions, angiogenesis, and invasion, as well as playing a role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. In ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma, increased expression of ILK has been linked to tumor prognosis and correlated with increased chemoresistance to drugs, such as gemcitabine. However, the precise relationship between ILK, Snail, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin expression on the stepwise development of pancreatic cancer is unknown. Hence, the purpose of this work was to investigate levels of expression of ILK, Snail, and the cadherins in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and cancer. Resection specimens of 25 randomly selected patients, who underwent a pyloric preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma, were utilized for this study. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded pancreatic tissue was immunostained for ILK, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Snail by standard techniques. The extent of staining positivity was scored and the results correlated with clinicopathological parameters. In 23 of 25 cases, ILK expression showed extensive positivity (>50%), while two cases did not demonstrate any ILK staining. PanIN grades 1 (n = 16), 2 (n = 11), and 3 (n = 19) lesions demonstrated only focal positivity (<10%) for ILK. E-cadherin showed a reciprocal staining pattern to ILK in 21 of 25 cases, with only focal expression of the marker in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, 15 of 19 PanIN-3 lesions expressed extensive E-cadherin staining. N-cadherin, however, was moderately expressed in the majority of cases (n = 18). Snail expression (n = 22) correlated with ILK expression in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (rho = 0.8168, p = 0.02), but only minimal Snail staining activity was detected in PanIN lesions. The increase in expression of the E-cadherin repressor Snail, as well as the related increase in the ILK expression, may point towards an ILK-mediated induction, opening possible avenues for targeted drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology, The University of British Columbia, 855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Pouyet L, Roisin-Bouffay C, Clément A, Millet V, Garcia S, Chasson L, Issaly N, Rostan A, Hofman P, Naquet P, Galland F. Epithelial vanin-1 controls inflammation-driven carcinogenesis in the colitis-associated colon cancer model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:96-104. [PMID: 19572375 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vanin-1 is an epithelial pantetheinase that provides cysteamine to tissue and regulates response to stress. Vanin-1 is expressed by enterocytes, and its absence limits intestinal epithelial cell production of proinflammatory signals. A link between chronic active inflammation and cancer is illustrated in patients with ulcerative colitis, who have an augmented risk of developing colorectal cancer. Indeed, sustained inflammation provides advantageous growth conditions to tumors. We examined whether epithelial cells affect tumorigenesis through vanin-1-dependent modulation of colonic inflammation. METHODS To vanin-1(-/-) mice, we applied the colitis-associated cancer (CAC) protocol, which combines injection of azoxymethane (AOM) with repeated administrations of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). We numbered tumors and quantified macrophage infiltration and molecular markers of cell death and proliferation. We also tested DSS-induced colitis. We scored survival, tissue damages, proinflammatory cytokine production, and tissue regeneration. Finally, we explored activation pathways by biochemical analysis on purified colonic epithelial cells (CECs) and in situ immunofluorescence. RESULTS Vanin-1(-/-) mice displayed a drastically reduced incidence of colorectal cancer in the CAC protocol and manifested mild clinical signs of DSS-induced colitis. The early impact of vanin-1 deficiency on tumor induction was directly correlated to the amount of inflammation and subsequent epithelial proliferation rather than cell death rate; all this was linked to the modulation of NF-kappaB pathway activation in CECs. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the importance of the intestinal epithelium in the control of mucosal inflammation acting as a cofactor in carcinogenesis. This might lead to novel anti-inflammatory strategies useful in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Pouyet
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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Gagné D, Groulx JF, Benoit YD, Basora N, Herring E, Vachon PH, Beaulieu JF. Integrin-linked kinase regulates migration and proliferation of human intestinal cells under a fibronectin-dependent mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:387-400. [PMID: 19885839 PMCID: PMC2814089 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) plays a role in integrin signaling-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM)–cell interactions and also acts as a scaffold protein in functional focal adhesion points. In the present study, we investigated the expression and roles of ILK in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we report that ILK and its scaffold-function interacting partners, PINCH-1, α-parvin, and β-parvin, are expressed according to a decreasing gradient from the bottom of the crypt (proliferative/undifferentiated) compartment to the tip of the villus (non-proliferative/differentiated) compartment, closely following the expression pattern of the ECM/basement membrane component fibronectin. The siRNA knockdown of ILK in human IECs caused a loss of PINCH-1, α-parvin, and β-parvin expression, along with a significant decrease in cell proliferation via a loss of cyclin D1 and an increase in p27 and hypophosphorylated pRb expression levels. ILK knockdown severely affected cell spreading, migration, and restitution abilities, which were shown to be directly related to a decrease in fibronectin deposition. All ILK knockdown-induced defects were rescued with exogenously deposited fibronectin. Altogether, our results indicate that ILK performs crucial roles in the control of human intestinal cell and crypt–villus axis homeostasis—especially with regard to basement membrane fibronectin deposition—as well as cell proliferation, spreading, and migration. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 387–400, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gagné
- CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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McDonald PC, Fielding AB, Dedhar S. Integrin-linked kinase--essential roles in physiology and cancer biology. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3121-32. [PMID: 18799788 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.017996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional intracellular effector of cell-matrix interactions and regulates many cellular processes, including growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. The use of recently developed Cre-lox-driven recombination and RNA-interference technologies has enabled the evaluation of the physiological roles of ILK in several major organ systems. Significant developmental and tissue-homeostasis defects occur when the gene that encodes ILK is deleted, whereas the expression of ILK is often elevated in human malignancies. Although the cause(s) of ILK overexpression remain to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence suggests that its oncogenic capacity derives from its regulation of several downstream targets that provide cells with signals that promote proliferation, survival and migration, supporting the concept that ILK is a relevant therapeutic target in human cancer. Furthermore, a global analysis of the ILK 'interactome' has yielded several novel interactions, and has revealed exciting and unexpected cellular functions of ILK that might have important implications for the development of effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C McDonald
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, BC Cancer Research Centre, Department of Cancer Genetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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