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Imazio M. Pharmacologic therapies for pericarditis: the past, the present, and the future. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2022:S1050-1738(22)00044-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Imazio M. Clinical Trials in Pericardial Disease: New Paradigm Shift. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:170. [PMID: 34633515 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aim of the review is to discuss the results of major clinical trials and how they can have impact on clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Pericardial diseases have been the Cinderella of cardiovascular diseases for many years, but improvements in the knowledge of etiology and the pathophysiology especially of recurrent pericarditis have led to first clinical trials that have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of colchicine on top of standard anti-inflammatory therapies and of anti-IL-1 agents (anakinra and rilonacept) in corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant pericarditis. Current pooled data suggest that anti-IL-1 agents should be a first option for corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant recurrent pericarditis with evidence of systemic inflammation by means of elevated C-reactive protein. This could translate into an upgraded recommendation for these agents in future guidelines. Treatment of pericardial diseases is improving moving towards a more personalized therapy according to the presentation and etiology, and new or old drugs could be important to expand the therapeutic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Imazio
- Cardiology, Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC) , Cardiothoracic Dpt, Udine, Italy.
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Imazio M, Lazaros G, Gattorno M, LeWinter M, Abbate A, Brucato A, Klein A. Anti-interleukin-1 agents for pericarditis: a primer for cardiologists. Eur Heart J 2021; 43:2946-2957. [PMID: 34528670 PMCID: PMC9375710 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-interleukin (IL)-1 agents have been developed for the treatment of autoinflammatory and rheumatic conditions, where overproduction of IL-1 is an important pathophysiologic process. IL-1α and IL-1β are the most studied members of the IL-1 family of cytokines and have the strongest proinflammatory effects. A naturally occurring antagonist (IL-1Ra) mitigates their proinflammatory effects. Overproduction of both IL-1α (released by inflamed/damaged pericardial cells) and IL-1β (released by inflammatory cells) is now a well-recognized therapeutic target in patients with recurrent idiopathic pericarditis. Currently, there are three available anti-IL-1 agents: anakinra (recombinant human IL-1Ra), rilonacept (a soluble decoy receptor ‘trap’, binding both IL-1α and IL-1β), and canakinumab (human monoclonal anti-IL-1β antibody). For patients with corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant recurrent pericarditis with evidence of systemic inflammation, as evidenced by elevated C-reactive protein, the efficacy and safety of anakinra (2 mg/kg/day up to 100 mg/day subcutaneously usually for at least 6 months, then tapered) and rilonacept (320 mg subcutaneously for the first day followed by 160 mg subcutaneously weekly) have been clearly demonstrated in observational studies and randomized controlled clinical trials. Severe side effects are rare and discontinuation rates are very low (<4%). The most common reported side effect is injection site reactions (>50% of patients). In this article, we describe the historical and pathophysiological background and provide a comprehensive review of these agents, which appear to be the most significant advance in medical therapy of recurrent pericarditis in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Imazio
- Head of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", ASUFC, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - George Lazaros
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Martin LeWinter
- Cardiology Unit, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Antonio Brucato
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Sacco", Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Allan Klein
- Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial Diseases, Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
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Andreis A, Imazio M, Casula M, Avondo S, De Ferrari GM. Colchicine efficacy and safety for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:1691-1700. [PMID: 33704674 PMCID: PMC7947153 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The emerging role of colchicine in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is a strong demand for a comprehensive understanding of its efficacy and safety. This meta-analysis and systematic review aimed to study the efficacy in the reduction of adverse cardiovascular outcomes (CO), and the risk of colchicine-related adverse events (CRAEs). Fourteen thousand and nine eighty three patients from 22 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, 9 in patients with coronary artery disease-CAD, 9 in patients with pericarditis, 4 in patients with atrial fibrillation-AF or heart failure. Colchicine was efficacious in the reduction of adverse CO across different settings: pericardial diseases (reduced risk of recurrent pericarditis, 17.6% vs. 35%, RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.41-0.61), CAD (reduced risk of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke,coronary revascularization or hospitalization, 6.1% vs. 8.5%, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.64-0.83), AF (reduced risk of arrhythmia recurrence, 14.2% vs. 22.7%, RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.88). Colchicine was associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal CRAEs (11.2% vs. 8.8%, RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.41-2.47) and drug discontinuation (5.4% vs. 3.7%, RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.25-1.99). In both cases, the risk was proportional to the daily dose or duration of treatment, possibly due to early drug discontinuation or tolerance. Other CRAEs (muscle-related, liver,hematologic,cutaneous, infections) were not increased by colchicine, as long as all-cause death (2.2% vs. 1.9%, RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.79-1.54) or non-cardiovascular death (1.5% vs. 1%, RR 1.43, 95% CI 0.93-2.19). Colchicine is efficacious and safe for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The risk of gastrointestinal CRAEs and drug discontinuation is not significant if colchicine is used at lower doses (0.5 mg daily) or for longer periods of time (> 6 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Andreis
- Departement of Medical Sciences, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University Cardiology, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Imazio
- Departement of Medical Sciences, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University Cardiology, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Matteo Casula
- Departement of Medical Sciences, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University Cardiology, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Avondo
- Departement of Medical Sciences, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University Cardiology, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Gaetano Maria De Ferrari
- Departement of Medical Sciences, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University Cardiology, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Turin, Italy
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Imazio M. Current treatment of recurrent pericarditis: safety considerations and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:183-190. [PMID: 34334059 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1960980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent pericarditis is one of the most troublesome complications of pericarditis affecting a substantial amount of patients and often severely impairing the quality of life. Current medical treatments range from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine and corticosteroids to biological agents (anti IL-1 agents, especially anakinra and rilonacept), intravenous immunoglobulins and immunosuppressive treatments. Safety is a major issue to deal with since the disease often affects relatively young or middle-aged patients. AREAS COVERED The review is aimed at providing an update on the efficacy and safety of current medical therapies for recurrent pericarditis including most recent advances represented by anti IL-1 agents. EXPERT OPINION Therapy of recurrent pericarditis has evolved over years leading to a more evidence-based and personalized treatment based on clinical presentation and pathophysiology. The main distinction is between patients with an inflammatory phenotype (e.g. fever, elevation of markers of inflammation, pericardial and/or pleural effusion) vs. those without an inflammatory phenotype. Colchicine and anti IL-1 agents are especially efficacious and indicated for those with an inflammatory phenotype, while corticosteroids, azathioprine and immunoglobulins seem more indicated for those without evidence of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Imazio
- Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
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Xiang Z, Yang J, Yang J, Zhang J, Fan Z, Yang C, Di L, Ma C, Wu J, Huang Y. Efficacy and safety of colchicine for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:487-496. [PMID: 33400158 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of colchicine for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD), relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified by searching several databases from the creation date to August 31, 2020 and were reviewed. Eight eligible trials of colchicine therapy involving a total of 11, 463 patients were included (5, 776 subjects received colchicine, while 5, 687 subjects were in the respective control arms), and the outcome was reported as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), as the relative measure of association. Overall, the incidences of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.61-0.80), myocardial infarction (MI) (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.64-0.94), emergency readmission due to CHD (RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.58-0.86), and ischemic stroke (RR 0.49; 95% CI 0.30-0.79) were lower in the colchicine group than in the placebo arm. We did not find a significant reduction in the incidence of all-cause mortality (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.80-1.32). Although the incidence of diarrhea in the colchicine treatment group was higher than that in the placebo arms (RR 2.53; 95% CI 1.17, 5.48), the symptoms disappeared rapidly after drug withdrawal, and no serious adverse reactions occurred. In summary, colchicine is an accessible, safe, and effective drug that could be successfully utilized for the secondary prevention of CHD. The tolerability and benefits should be confirmed in in-depth clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujin Xiang
- The first People's Hospital of Yichang, The People's Hospital of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The first People's Hospital of Yichang, The People's Hospital of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhixing Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Chaojun Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Liu Di
- The first People's Hospital of Yichang, The People's Hospital of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Cong Ma
- The first People's Hospital of Yichang, The People's Hospital of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- The first People's Hospital of Yichang, The People's Hospital of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- The first People's Hospital of Yichang, The People's Hospital of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
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Otto CM. Heartbeat: diagnosis and management of pericardial disease. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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