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Kim NY, Plumert JM, Kearney JK, Clark LA, Dindo L, O'Neal EE. Longitudinal and Concurrent Effortful Control as Predictors of Risky Bicycling in Adolescence: Moderating Effects of Age and Gender. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:142-151. [PMID: 38114097 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collisions between bicycles and motor vehicles are one of the leading risk factors for injury and death in childhood and adolescence. We examined longitudinal and concurrent effortful control (EC) as predictors of risky bicycling behavior in early- to mid-adolescence, with age and gender as moderators. We also examined whether EC was associated with parent-reported real-world bicycling behavior and all lifetime unintentional injuries. METHODS Parent-reported EC measures were collected when children (N = 85) were 4 years old and when they were either 10 years (N = 42) or 15 years (N = 43) old. We assessed risky bicycling behavior by asking the adolescents to bicycle across roads with high-density traffic in an immersive virtual environment. Parents also reported on children's real-world bicycling behavior and lifetime unintentional injuries at the time of the bicycling session. RESULTS We found that both longitudinal and concurrent EC predicted adolescents' gap choices, though these effects were moderated by age and gender. Lower parent-reported early EC in younger and older girls predicted a greater willingness to take tight gaps (3.5 s). Lower parent-reported concurrent EC in older boys predicted a greater willingness to take gaps of any size. Children lower in early EC started bicycling earlier and were rated as less cautious bicyclists as adolescents. Adolescents lower in concurrent EC were also rated as less cautious bicyclists and had experienced more lifetime unintentional injuries requiring medical attention. CONCLUSION Early measures of child temperament may help to identify at-risk populations who may benefit from parent-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | - Jodie M Plumert
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - Lilian Dindo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Health Services Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Elizabeth E O'Neal
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, The University of Iowa, USA
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Morrongiello BA, Corbett M, Bryant, MA L, Cox, MA A. Sex Differences in the Relation Between Supervision and Injury Risk Across Motor Development Stages: Transitioning From Infancy Into Toddlerhood. J Pediatr Psychol 2022; 47:696-706. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Rationale
Addressing a notable gap in research on injuries during infancy, this longitudinal study examined sex differences in the relationship between parents’ typical levels of supervision and infants’ injuries across motor development stages.
Method
Parents were recruited and completed biweekly phone calls about their infant’s motor skills. Once the infant was able to sit up independently, then a home visit was scheduled. Applying a participant-event monitoring method, parents were taught to complete diary forms (injury, supervision), which they started doing once the child could move from their seated location on the floor in some way (e.g., roll, crawl). Recordings continued until a month after the child could walk independently. Data (injury, supervision) were averaged within each motor development stage (low, high), and associations across stages were examined.
Results
Model testing indicated that supervision level moderated the relation between injury rate across motor development stages, but the strength of this association varied by sex of the child. More intense supervision predicted lower injury rates for girls more so than for boys.
Conclusions
Although the emergence of motor milestones has been associated with increased risk of injury during infancy, the current findings indicate that greater supervision can reduce this risk. However, supervision alone is not as effective to moderate injury risk for boys as it is for girls. Thus, for boys, additional strategies (e.g., hazard removal) may also be warranted to maximize reduction in their risk of injury as they acquire increasing motor skills.
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Morrongiello BA, Corbett M, Bryant L, Cox A. Understanding Infants' In-Home Injuries: Context and Correlates. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:1025-1036. [PMID: 34414441 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Infancy is a time of elevated risk of injury. Past research has focused mostly on the type of injuries, leaving many gaps in knowledge about contextual information that could aid in injury prevention planning. METHODS In this longitudinal study, a participant-event recording method was used in which mothers tracked their infants' home injuries through three motor development stages (sitting up independently, crawling, and walking). A contextual analysis elucidated where injuries occurred, their type and severity, the infant's and parent's behaviors at the time, if the infant had done the risk behavior before and been injured, the level of supervision, and the nature of any safety precautions parents implemented following these injuries. RESULTS Injuries occurred as often in play as in nonplay areas and were due to physically-active nonplay activities more so than play activities; mothers were often doing chores. Bumps and bruises were the most common types of injuries. As infants became more mobile, supervision scores declined and injury severity scores increased. Infants had done the risk behavior leading to injury previously about 60% of the time, with higher scores associated with parents implementing fewer preventive actions in response to injury. When mothers did implement a safety precaution, greater injury severity was associated with more modifications to the environment and increased supervision; teaching about safety was infrequent. CONCLUSION Implications of these results for injury prevention messaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda Cox
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph
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Morrongiello BA, Bryant L, Cox A. Validation of a measure of injury-risk behaviors in the first 2 years of life: Infant/Toddler-Injury Behavior Questionnaire (IT-IBQ). Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63:101561. [PMID: 33866157 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for young children and many result from them doing injury-risk behaviors in the home. There are a number of questionnaire measures of injury-risk behaviors for children 2 years and older, but none that apply during infancy. The current study addressed this gap. Parents completed the new Infant/Toddler-Injury Behavior Questionnaire when infants were pre-mobile (sitting independently) and mobile (walking independently), with diary measures of injuries and risk behaviors taken continuously throughout this period. Validated questionnaire measures of chaos and routines in the home were also completed. The IT-IBQ showed positive associations with injuries, risk behaviors, and degree of chaos in the home, and was negatively associated with family routines. The results provide evidence for criterion validity and suggest that the new measure holds promise as one that can aid in identifying infants who are likely to engage in injury-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay Bryant
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3M9, Canada
| | - Amanda Cox
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3M9, Canada
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Zonfrillo MR, Myers RK, Durbin DR, Curry AE. Validation of Parent-Reported Injuries to Their Children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54:983-6. [PMID: 25573947 PMCID: PMC4841265 DOI: 10.1177/0009922814566931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injury is a leading cause of emergency department visits, disability, and death in children. This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of parental report of children's specific injuries. METHODS A prospective validation study was conducted in 3 urban pediatric emergency departments from August 2010 to July 2011. Parents of injured children completed a survey at 2-weeks following the emergency department visit, and their responses were compared to injury data that were abstracted from medical records. RESULTS Parent surveys were completed for 516 injured children. Sensitivities were ≥0.75 for all fractures and ≥0.88 for extremity and skull fractures. Internal organ injuries were generally less accurately reported by parents than fractures. Specificity estimates all exceeded 0.95. CONCLUSIONS This telephone-administered and mailed self-administered survey enabled parents to accurately report specific head and extremity injuries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This survey may be a useful tool for pediatric injury surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Zonfrillo
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel K Myers
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dennis R Durbin
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison E Curry
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Durbin DR, Myers RK, Curry AE, Zonfrillo MR, Arbogast KB. Extending the value of police crash reports for traffic safety research: collecting supplemental data via surveys of drivers. Inj Prev 2014; 21:e36-42. [PMID: 24844343 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police crash reports have been used to advance motor vehicle safety research, though their value is limited by their focus on the crash event rather than outcomes of the crash. OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate the effect of enhanced recruitment methods, including a monetary incentive, on response rates of drivers identified on police reports in a national MVC surveillance system. METHODS The National Automotive Sampling System-General Estimates System (NASS-GES) was used to identify passenger vehicle crashes between 1 July and 30 October 2012 involving drivers ≥16 years old with at least one child occupant ≤17 years old. We collected data from the driver via self-administered hardcopy or interviewer-administered telephone surveys. Within each survey mode, half the drivers were randomly assigned to receive a small monetary incentive. Response rates were calculated overall, and by mode of survey administration and incentive condition. RESULTS 495 drivers were eligible, and 127 completed the survey, yielding an overall response rate of 25.7% (95% CI 21.8% to 29.5%). The response rate across the two modes was higher for those who received an incentive than for those who did not (35.6% vs 15.7%, p<0.01). The highest response rate (45.9%) was for drivers allocated to the telephone survey who received an incentive. CONCLUSIONS The NASS-GES provides a surveillance system from which cases of interest can be identified and supplemental data collected via surveys of drivers identified on police reports. We adapted procedures commonly used in public health surveillance systems, including monetary incentives and branded recruitment materials, to improve driver response rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Durbin
- The Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA The Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA The Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel K Myers
- The Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison E Curry
- The Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA The Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark R Zonfrillo
- The Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA The Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA The Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristy B Arbogast
- The Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA The Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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