1
|
Kim D, Kim H, Lee S, Lee Q, Lee M, Lee J, Jun C. Design and Implementation of a Two-Wheeled Vehicle Safe Driving Evaluation System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4739. [PMID: 39066136 PMCID: PMC11281194 DOI: 10.3390/s24144739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The delivery market in Republic of Korea has experienced significant growth, leading to a surge in motorcycle-related accidents. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data collection systems for motorcycle safety management. This study focused on designing and implementing a foundational data collection system to monitor and evaluate motorcycle driving behavior. To achieve this, eleven risky behaviors were defined, identified using image-based, GIS-based, and inertial-sensor-based methods. A motorcycle-mounted sensing device was installed to assess driving, with drivers reviewing their patterns through an app and all data monitored via a web interface. The system was applied and tested using a testbed. This study is significant as it successfully conducted foundational data collection for motorcycle safety management and designed and implemented a system for monitoring and evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongbeom Kim
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Suyun Lee
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Qyoung Lee
- Technical Research Institute, Citus Co., Ltd., SJ Technoville, 278, Beotkkot-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08511, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Technical Research Institute, Newns Co., Ltd., 66, Gunpocheomdansaneop 2-ro, Gunpo-si 15880, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Korea Gyeonggido Co., Ltd., 20, Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chulmin Jun
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stevenson M, Mortimer D, Meuleners L, Harris A, Senserrick T, Thompson J, De Silva A, Barrera-Jimenez H, Streatfield A, Perera M. FEEDBACK trial - A randomised control trial to investigate the effect of personalised feedback and financial incentives on reducing the incidence of road crashes. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2035. [PMID: 37853342 PMCID: PMC10585737 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road crashes continue to pose a significant threat to global health. Young drivers aged between 18 and 25 are over-represented in road injury and fatality statistics, especially the first six months after obtaining their license. This study is the first multi-centre two-arm parallel-group individually randomised controlled trial (the FEEDBACK Trial) that will examine whether the delivery of personalised driver feedback plus financial incentives is superior to no feedback and no financial incentives in reducing motor vehicle crashes among young drivers (18 to 20 years) during the first year of provisional licensing. METHODS A total of 3,610 young drivers on their provisional licence (P1, the first-year provisional licensing) will participate in the trial over 28 weeks, including a 4-week baseline, 20-week intervention and 4-week post-intervention period. The primary outcome of the study will be police-reported crashes over the 20-week intervention period and the 4-week post-intervention period. Secondary outcomes include driving behaviours such as speeding and harsh braking that contribute to road crashes, which will be attained weekly from mobile telematics delivered to a smartphone app. DISCUSSION Assuming a positive finding associated with personalised driver feedback and financial incentives in reducing road crashes among young drivers, the study will provide important evidence to support policymakers in introducing the intervention(s) as a key strategy to mitigate the risks associated with the burden of road injury among this vulnerable population. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered under the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) - ACTRN12623000387628p on April 17, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevenson
- Transport, Health and Urban Systems Research Lab, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Duncan Mortimer
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Lynn Meuleners
- Western Australian Centre for Road Safety Research, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthony Harris
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Teresa Senserrick
- Western Australian Centre for Road Safety Research, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jason Thompson
- Transport, Health and Urban Systems Research Lab, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anurika De Silva
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Methods and Implementation Support for Clinical and Health (MISCH) Research Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Humberto Barrera-Jimenez
- Transport, Health and Urban Systems Research Lab, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Avita Streatfield
- Transport, Health and Urban Systems Research Lab, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maneesha Perera
- Transport, Health and Urban Systems Research Lab, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
EHSANI JOHNATHONP, MICHAEL JEFFREYP, MacKENZIE ELLENJ. The Future of Road Safety: Challenges and Opportunities. Milbank Q 2023; 101:613-636. [PMID: 37096617 PMCID: PMC10126980 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Traditional approaches to addressing motor vehicle crashes are yielding diminishing returns. A comprehensive strategy known as the Safe Systems approach shows promise in both advancing safety and equity and reducing motor vehicle crashes. In addition, a range of emerging technologies, enabled by artificial intelligence, such as automated vehicles, impairment detection and telematics hold promise to advance road safety. Ultimately, the transportation system will need to evolve to provide the safe, efficient, and equitable movement of people and goods without reliance on private vehicle ownership, towards encouraging walking, bicycling and the use of public transportation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cevolini A, Esposito E. From Actuarial to Behavioural Valuation. The impact of telematics on motor insurance. VALUATION STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3384/vs.2001-5992.2022.9.1.109-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Algorithmic predictions are used in insurance to assess the risk exposure of potential customers. This article examines the impact of digital tools on the field of motor insurance, where telematics devices produce data about policyholders’ driving styles. The individual’s resulting behavioural score is combined with their actuarial score to determine the price of the policy or additional incentives. Current experimentation is moving in the direction of proactivity: instead of waiting for a claim to arise, insurance companies engage in coaching and other interventions to mitigate risk. The article explores the potential consequences of these practices on the social function of insurance, which makes risks bearable by socialising them over a pool of insured individuals. The introduction of behavioural variables and the corresponding idea of fairness could instead isolate individuals in their exposure to risk and affect their attitude towards future initiatives.
Collapse
|
5
|
Driving Behavior Based Relative Risk Evaluation Using a Nonparametric Optimization Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312452. [PMID: 34886176 PMCID: PMC8656646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating risks when driving is a valuable method by which to make people better understand their driving behavior, and also provides the basis for improving driving performance. In many existing risk evaluation studies, however, most of the time only the occurrence frequency of risky driving events is considered in the time dimension and fixed weights allocation is adopted when constructing a risk evaluation model. In this study, we develop a driving behavior-based relative risk evaluation model using a nonparametric optimization method, in which both the frequency and the severity level of different risky driving behaviors are taken into account, and the concept of relative risk instead of absolute risk is proposed. In the case study, based on the data from a naturalistic driving experiment, various risky driving behaviors are identified, and the proposed model is applied to assess the overall risk related to the distance travelled by an individual driver during a specific driving segment, relative to other drivers on other segments, and it is further compared with an absolute risk evaluation. The results show that the proposed model is superior in avoiding the absolute risk quantification of all kinds of risky driving behaviors, and meanwhile, a prior knowledge on the contribution of different risky driving behaviors to the overall risk is not required. Such a model has a wide range of application scenarios, and is valuable for feedback research relating to safe driving, for a personalized insurance assessment based on drivers' behavior, and for the safety evaluation of professional drivers such as ride-hailing drivers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Stevenson M, Harris A, Wijnands JS, Mortimer D. The effect of telematic based feedback and financial incentives on driving behaviour: A randomised trial. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 159:106278. [PMID: 34218195 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM In-vehicle telematics monitoring systems that provide driver feedback have been identified as a promising intervention to influence driver behaviours and reduce the growing burden of road injury. The current study was undertaken to assess the effect of driver feedback alone and feedback plus financial incentives on driving behaviours (speeding, hard acceleration and hard braking). METHOD A pragmatic randomised trial was undertaken over a 28-week observational period. Drivers were recruited and randomly allocated to one of three groups namely, driver feedback, driver feedback plus incentives and a control group. The feedback group received a weekly summary of their driving performance via SMS text message and access to more detailed feedback via an online dashboard or smartphone application. The feedback plus financial incentive group received the feedback but lost financial incentives for risky driving behaviour above a threshold. RESULTS A total of 174 drivers completed at least one driving trip during the study period; 18,082 trip days completed by these 174 drivers during the study period provided the sample for analysis. For the primary outcomes of probability of speeding, hard acceleration and hard braking on any given trip, neither feedback alone nor feedback plus incentives delivered statistically significant improvements in driving behaviour relative to the controls. Treatment effects for feedback plus incentives were, however, consistently in the expected direction and large enough to warrant further investigation. For the secondary composite measure of risky driving, namely the DriveScore™, a statistically significant improvement was observed for the feedback and incentive group compared to the control group (TE = 2.6 points on a 0-100 scale, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION This study adds to our understanding of the potential effects of feedback and financial incentives. Findings suggest that, while feedback alone may be insufficient to motivate behaviour change, combining feedback with financial incentives can deliver potentially important and statistically significant reductions in risky driving behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevenson
- Transport, Health and Urban Design Research Lab, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Anthony Harris
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jasper S Wijnands
- Transport, Health and Urban Design Research Lab, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Duncan Mortimer
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Michelaraki E, Katrakazas C, Yannis G, Filtness A, Talbot R, Hancox G, Pilkington-Cheney F, Brijs K, Ross V, Dirix H, Neven A, Paul R, Brijs T, Fortsakis P, Frantzola EK, Taveira R. Post-trip safety interventions: State-of-the-art, challenges, and practical implications. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 77:67-85. [PMID: 34092330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, risky driving behaviour is a major contributor to road crashes and as a result, wide array of tools have been developed in order to record and improve driving behaviour. Within that group of tools, interventions have been indicated to significantly enhance driving behaviour and road safety. This study critically reviews monitoring technologies that provide post-trip interventions, such as retrospective visual feedback, gamification, rewards or penalties, in order to inform an appropriate driver mentoring strategy delivered after each trip. METHOD The work presented here is part of the European Commission H2020 i-DREAMS project. The reviewed platform characteristics were obtained through commercially available solutions as well as a comprehensive literature search in popular scientific databases, such as Scopus and Google Scholar. Focus was given on state-of-the-art-technologies for post-trip interventions utilized in four different transport modes (i.e. car, truck, bus and rail) associated with risk prevention and mitigation. RESULTS The synthesized results revealed that smartphone applications and web-based platforms are the most accepted, frequently and easiest to use tools in cars, buses and trucks across all papers considered, while limited evidence of post-trip interventions in -rail was found. The majority of smartphone applications detected mobile phone use and harsh events and provided individual performance scores, while in-vehicle systems provided delayed visual reports through a web-based platform. CONCLUSIONS Gamification and appropriate rewards appeared to be effective solutions, as it was found that they keep drivers motivated in improving their driving skills, but it was clear that these cannot be performed in isolation and a combination with other strategies (i.e. driver coaching and support) might be beneficial. Nevertheless, as there is no holistic and cross-modal post-trip intervention solution developed in real-world environments, challenges associated with post-trip feedback provision and suggestions on practical implementation are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Michelaraki
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Heroon Polytechniou str., GR-15773 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Katrakazas
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Heroon Polytechniou str., GR-15773 Athens, Greece.
| | - George Yannis
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Heroon Polytechniou str., GR-15773 Athens, Greece
| | - Ashleigh Filtness
- Transport Safety Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Talbot
- Transport Safety Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hancox
- Transport Safety Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Fran Pilkington-Cheney
- Transport Safety Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Kris Brijs
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Veerle Ross
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hélène Dirix
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - An Neven
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Roeland Paul
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Brijs
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Petros Fortsakis
- OSeven Single Member Private Company, 27B Chaimanta Str., GR-15234 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Rodrigo Taveira
- Barraqueiro Transportes, Avenida Santos e Castro, 1750-265 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Background: Unlike other financial services, technology-driven changes in the insurance industry have not been a vastly explored topic in scholarly literature. Incumbent insurance companies have hitherto been holding their positions using the complexity of the product, heavy regulation, and gigantic balance sheets as paramount factors for a relatively slow digitalization and technological transformation. However, new technologies such as car telematic devices have been creating a new insurance ecosystem. The aim of this study is to assess the telematics technology acceptance for insurance purposes. Methods: The study is based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). By interviewing 502 new car buyers, we tested the factors that affect the potential usage of telematic devices for insurance purposes. Results: The results indicate that facilitating conditions are the main predictor of telematics use. Moreover, privacy concerns related to the potential abuse of driving behavior data play an important role in technology acceptance. Conclusions: Although novel insurance technologies are mainly presented as user-driven, users (drivers and insurance buyers) are often neglected as an active party in the development of such technologies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mortimer D, Wijnands JS, Harris A, Tapp A, Stevenson M. The effect of 'smart' financial incentives on driving behaviour of novice drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 119:68-79. [PMID: 30005270 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that financial incentives can improve driving behaviour but high-value incentives are unlikely to be cost-effective and attempts to amplify the impact of low-value incentives have so far proven disappointing. The present study provides experimental evidence to inform the design of 'smart' and potentially more cost-effective incentives for safe driving in novice drivers. Study participants (n = 78) were randomised to one of four financial incentives: high-value penalty; low-value penalty; high-value reward; low-value reward; allowing us to compare high-value versus low-value incentives, penalties versus rewards, and to test specific hypotheses regarding motivational crowding out and gain/loss asymmetry. Results suggest that (i) penalties may be more effective than rewards of equal value, (ii) even low-value incentives can deliver net reductions in risky driving behaviours and, (iii) increasing the dollar-value of incentives may not increase their effectiveness. These design principles are currently being used to optimise the design of financial incentives embedded within PAYD insurance, with their impact on the driving behaviour of novice drivers to be evaluated in on-road trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Mortimer
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Jasper S Wijnands
- Transport, Health and Urban Design, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Harris
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alan Tapp
- Bristol Social Marketing Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Transport, Health and Urban Design, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|