Competency-based strategies for injury control and prevention curriculums in undergraduate medical education

A Comprehensive Report on All-Terrain Vehicles and Youth: Continuing Challenges for Injury Prevention

All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) represent a serious and ongoing public health and safety concern for children and adolescents. Survey studies indicate that high proportions of youth ride ATVs in both rural and nonrural populations. The significant human and economic costs of pediatric ATV-related deaths and injuries result from a number of major risk factors that are highly common in pediatric ATV crashes: operating adult-size vehicles, riding with or as passengers, lack of protective equipment, and riding on public roads. Other less well-studied but potentially significant risk factors are speed, riding at night, alcohol use among older teenagers, and lack of training and supervision. Although potentially safer than adult ATVs, youth models present a number of safety concerns that have not been addressed with rigorous study. The most common ATV crash mechanism is a noncollision event-for example, a rollover. Common injury mechanisms include ejection from the vehicle, resulting in extremity and head injuries, and being pinned or crushed by the vehicle with resulting multiorgan trauma and/or compression asphyxia. Traumatic brain injury and multisystem trauma are the 2 most common causes of death and disabling injury. Taken together, a large multidecade body of evidence is the basis for the American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement recommendation that no child younger than 16 years of age ride on an ATV. Because children continue to be allowed to ride these vehicles, however, efforts to prevent pediatric ATV-related deaths and injuries require multipronged strategies, including education of both youth and parents, safety-based engineering, and enforcement of evidence-based safety laws.

Injury Prevention in Medical Education: A Systematic Literature Review

OBJECTIVE

Traumatic injury is the first cause of death for Canadians aged 1 to 44 years old. To reduce the global burden of injury, the need for healthcare professionals with injury prevention proficiency is growing. The aim of this study was to review the literature to identify and analyze current injury prevention curriculums amongst medical undergraduate and residency programs.

DESIGN

A systematic literature review (no date restriction was used) was conducted using Embase, Medline, ERIC, and CINAHL. Three reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, checked accuracy, assessed risk of bias, and assessed quality. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline was followed. The study was registered with PROSPERO, #CRD42016048805.

PARTICIPANTS

Articles were included if they were peer-reviewed, published in the English language, and reported data on injury prevention and control curriculum.

RESULTS

Eight hundred and twenty-four articles were identified with the initial search strategy. Internal consistency reliability, generalizability, evidence for content, criterion-related and construct validity was performed. The systematic review synthesized the characteristics (population, intervention type, outcome measures) described in the literature. This review is the first step in identifying gaps in injury prevention teaching and curriculums for medical students and residents.

CONCLUSION

The number of studies reporting the incidence and/or effectiveness of injury prevention and control curriculum is limited across the literature. Therefore, there is a knowledge gap in providing injury prevention education. Given that physicians play a vital role in the prevention or control of injuries, further development of medical undergraduate and residency programs to include core concepts of injury prevention would be unquestionably paramount.

American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Prevention Committee topical overview: National Trauma Data Bank, geographic information systems, and teaching injury prevention

BACKGROUND

Injury is the leading cause of death for all Americans aged 1 to 35 years, and injury-related costs exceed $100 billion per year in the United States. Trauma centers can be important resources for risk identification and prevention strategies. The authors review 3 important resources for injury prevention education and research: the National Trauma Data Bank, geographic information systems, and an overview of injury prevention education.

DATA SOURCES

The National Trauma Data Bank and the Trauma Quality Improvement Program are available through the Web site of the American College of Surgeons. Links to research examples using geographic information systems software and the National Trauma Data Bank are provided in the text. Finally, resources for surgical educators in the area of injury prevention are summarized and examples provided.

CONCLUSIONS

Database research, geographic information systems, and injury prevention education are important tools in the field of injury prevention. This article provides an overview of current research and education strategies and resources.

Need for injury-prevention education in medical school curriculum

Injury is the leading cause of death and disability among the U.S. population aged 1 to 44 years. In 2006 more than 179,000 fatalities were attributed to injury. Despite increasing awareness of the global epidemic of injury and violence, a considerable gap remains between advances in injury-prevention research and prevention knowledge that is taught to medical students. This article discusses the growing need for U.S medical schools to train future physicians in the fundamentals of injury prevention and control. Teaching medical students to implement injury prevention in their future practice should help reduce injury morbidity and mortality. Deliberate efforts should be made to integrate injury-prevention education into existing curriculum. Key resources are available to do this. Emergency physicians can be essential advocates in establishing injury prevention training because of their clinical expertise in treating injury. Increasing the number of physicians with injury- and violence- prevention knowledge and skills is ultimately an important strategy to reduce the national and global burden of injury.

Injury prevention in the emergency department: a caregiver's perspective

BACKGROUND

Emergency medicine physicians and their staff care for high-risk injured patients, making the emergency department (ED) an appropriate place to discuss injury prevention (IP).

OBJECTIVE

To determine family receptiveness to and short-term effectiveness of IP information delivery during an ED visit.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in an urban pediatric ED. Caregivers of children younger than 15 years, with any chief complaint, were approached to participate. The survey consisted of caregiver's background, IP information received by their primary care pediatrician, and their wishes for receiving IP information in the ED. At survey completion, participants were given an age-appropriate IP handout. Follow-up phone surveys were made at 2 weeks to determine caregiver satisfaction and any self-reported IP changes made.

RESULTS

Two hundred fifty-one caregivers were approached. Two hundred forty-six (98%) were interested in receiving IP information in the ED, and 217 (86%) consented to participate. Ninety-three percent felt that the ED should provide IP information; 83% believed it should be offered even if it prolonged their ED visit. There was no significant difference among participants with regard to who should provide the information or how it should be provided. One hundred thirty (60%) of 217 completed the follow-up survey. Ninety-seven percent felt that the IP information was useful, and 63% kept the handout in a retrievable place. Twenty-eight percent of caregivers who completed the follow-up survey reported to change their safety behavior as a result of their ED encounter.

CONCLUSIONS

Many families surveyed in an urban pediatric ED wished for IP information in the ED setting. A simple IP intervention in an ED setting may encourage families to practice safer behaviors for their children.

Atendimentos de emergência por lesões decorrentes de causas externas: características das vítimas e local de ocorrência, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2005

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características e local de ocorrência dos atendimentos decorrentes de causas externas em unidades de emergência. Foram analisados 35.107 atendimentos, realizados em três unidades de emergência do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em 2005. Entre os resultados, a maioria das vítimas foi do sexo masculino (59,1%) e da faixa etária de 0 a 29 anos (62,1%). As causas mais freqüentes foram quedas (39,3%) e impacto acidental (16,5%). Na residência ocorreram 64,7% dos casos e na via pública 19,9%. Agressões foram mais freqüentes na via pública. Nas residências há maior probabilidade das mulheres sofrerem lesões que os homens (OR = 0,51; IC95%: 0,48-0,53). Na via pública, a probabilidade dos homens virem a ser vítimas de lesões é 1,34 vez a das mulheres, nos bares é 3,22 vezes, no local de trabalho é 2,82 vezes. Maior proporção de eventos em residências foi observada para as faixas de 0 a 9 anos e de 60 anos e mais. Esses resultados ressaltam a residência como importante local de ocorrência de lesões, devendo ser objeto de programas de prevenção específicos.