1
|
Gavalda M, Fullana MI, Ferre A, Peña RR, Armendariz J, Torrallardona O, Magraner A, Lorenzo A, García C, Mut G, Planas L, Iglesias C, Fraile-Ribot P, Macia Romero MD, Riera M, García-Gasalla M. Clinical Characteristics and Microorganisms Isolated in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the COVID-19 Period. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:5948747. [PMID: 38532828 PMCID: PMC10965275 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5948747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Community-acquired pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality and hospital admissions. The aetiology remains unknown in 30-65% of the cases. Molecular tests are available for multiple pathogen detection and are under research to improve the causal diagnosis. Methods We carried out a prospective study to describe the clinical characteristics and aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the diagnostic effectivity of the microbiological tests, including a molecular test of respiratory pathogens (FilmArray™ bioMérieux). Results From the 1st of February 2021 until the 31st of March 2022, 225 patients were included. Failure in microorganism identification occurred in approximately 70% of patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common isolate. There were 5 cases of viral pneumonia. The tested FilmArray exhibited a low positivity rate of 7% and mainly aided in the diagnosis of viral coinfections. Conclusions Despite our extensive diagnostic protocol, there is still a low rate of microorganism identification. We have observed a reduction in influenza and other viral pneumoniae during the COVID-19 pandemic. Having a high NEWS2 score on arrival at the emergency department, an active oncohematological disease or chronic neurological conditions and a positive microbiological test result were related to worse outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the role of molecular tests in the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Gavalda
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Fullana
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Adrià Ferre
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Rebecca Rowena Peña
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Julen Armendariz
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Orla Torrallardona
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Aina Magraner
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lorenzo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Carles García
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Gemma Mut
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Lluís Planas
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Carla Iglesias
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Pablo Fraile-Ribot
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Macia Romero
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Melchor Riera
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Mercedes García-Gasalla
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Endo M, Jo T, Konishi T, Kumazawa R, Matsui H, Yasunaga H. Association between the Timing of Urinary Antigen Testing and Outcomes in Legionella Pneumonia Patients: A Nationwide Database Study. Intern Med 2024; 63:51-56. [PMID: 37225496 PMCID: PMC10824650 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1115-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recommendations on the timing of Legionella urinary antigen tests for community-acquired pneumonia patients differ among guidelines in Japan, the United States, and European nations. We therefore evaluated the association between the timing of urinary antigen tests and in-hospital mortality in patients with Legionella pneumonia. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a nationwide database of acute care inpatients in Japan. Patients who underwent Legionella urinary antigen tests on the day of admission formed the tested group. Patients who were tested on day 2 of admission or later or were unexamined formed the control group. We performed a propensity score matching analysis to compare in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay and duration of antibiotics use between the two groups. Results Of the 9,254 eligible patients, 6,933 were included in the tested group. One-to-one propensity score matching generated 1,945 pairs. The tested group had a significantly lower 30-day in-hospital mortality than the control group (5.7 vs. 7.7%; odds ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence intervals, 0.55-0.95; p=0.020). The tested group also showed a significantly shorter length of stay and duration of antibiotics use than the control group. Conclusion Urine antigen testing upon admission was associated with better outcomes in patients with Legionella pneumonia. Urine antigen tests upon admission may be recommended for all patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Endo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Jo
- Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
| | - Takaaki Konishi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kumazawa
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim P, Deshpande A, Rothberg MB. Urinary Antigen Testing for Respiratory Infections: Current Perspectives on Utility and Limitations. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2219-2228. [PMID: 35510157 PMCID: PMC9058651 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s321168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and death due to infection worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila remain among the most commonly identified bacterial pathogens. Unfortunately, more than half of all pneumonia cases today lack an etiologic diagnosis due to limitations in traditional microbiological methods like blood and sputum cultures, which are affected by poor sample collection, prior antibiotic administration, and delayed processing. Urinary antigen tests (UATs) for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila have emerged as powerful tools for improving the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections, enabling physicians to administer early directed therapy and improve antimicrobial stewardship. UATs are simple, rapid, and non-invasive diagnostic tests with high specificity (>90%) and moderate sensitivity (<80%). The potential impact of urinary antigen testing is especially significant for respiratory infections caused by Legionella. While all recommended community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapies are adequate for treating pneumococcal pneumonia, only certain antibiotics are effective against Legionella. Delayed therapy for Legionella is associated with worse clinical outcomes, which underscores the importance of rapid diagnostic methods like UATs. Despite their potential impact, current American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) guidelines argue against the routine use of urinary antigen testing for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila, except in patients with severe CAP and those with epidemiological risk factors for Legionella. Further research is necessary to evaluate the impact of early targeted treatment due to positive UAT results, as well as optimal strategies for UAT utilization. The purpose of this review is to summarize the UATs available for bacterial respiratory infections, describe current guidelines on their usage, and assess their impact on clinical outcomes and targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Kim
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Abhishek Deshpande
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael B Rothberg
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Correspondence: Michael B Rothberg, Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Mail Code G10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA, Tel +1 216-445-5556, Email
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sequence-based typing of clinical and environmental Legionella pneumophila isolates in Shenyang, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 39:383-389. [PMID: 34620473 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We performed SBT (sequence-based typing) on clinical and environmental Legionellapneumophila isolates in Shenyang (China). We analyzed and compared the results with those obtained by PFGE (pulsed field gel electrophoresis). METHODS Twenty-two L. pneumophila isolates were collected from two patients with L. pneumophila infection, two hospitals, and 13 office buildings. There were two clinical isolates, one strain isolated from domestic tap water, another from shower water and 18 strains from cooling tower water. All these isolates were analyzed by SBT and PFGE methods. RESULTS The 22 isolates were divided into 7 types by SBT. Five isolates belonged to novel sequence types (ST2345, ST2344, ST2406, ST2407, and ST2408) and one isolate belonged to ST328. The STs were not obtained for two of the isolates. The remaining 14 isolates belonged to ST1. PFGE typing divided the 22 isolates into 14 pulsotypes. The main pulsotype was SYC, which included seven isolates. CONCLUSION Both typing methods showed that predominant clonal lines exist in the Shenyang region, with high levels of genetic polymorphisms. Five novel STs were identified, indicating a unique genetic composition of L. pneumophila strains in this region, which are significantly different from those found in other environmental water systems in the world.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang L, Tao S, Mu D, Zhang N, Zhao L, Chen Y. Case report: fatal pneumonia caused by new sequence type Legionella pneumophilia serogroup 1. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22812. [PMID: 33120803 PMCID: PMC7581029 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Legionnaires' disease is caused by Legionella bacteria, and commonly manifests as pneumonia and has a high fatality rate. PATIENT CONCERNS This case study reports on the fatal incident of a patient, initially diagnosed with pneumonia, and subsequently diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease caused by a new sequence type (ST) of Legionella. DIAGNOSIS It is speculated that the patient acquired Legionnaires' disease from a contaminated water source. Legionnaires' disease was diagnosed using the Legionella urinary antigen assay and bacterial cultures of respiratory secretions; Legionella pneumophilia Type 1 was also identified through serological testing. Sequence-based typing of the cultured bacterium revealed it to be a previously unidentified species, and it was named ST2345 new-type. INTERVENTIONS In addition to the treatment of Legionnaires' disease, blood samples taken on the second day of admission showed a co-infection of Candida tropicalis, which was treated with anti-fungal treatment. The patient improved after a week, however, on the seventh day of administration lower respiratory secretions showed the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia, indicative of ventilator-associated pneumonia. OUTCOMES Despite active treatment, the patient passed away due to multiple organ failure. As this was a fatal case, further research is needed to determine whether the critical condition of this case was related to the virulence of the novel Legionella strain. CONCLUSION A key finding of this study is that treatment for suspected Legionnaires' disease must be administered rapidly, as infection with Legionella may give rise to secondary pathogenic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
| | - Sixu Tao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Deguang Mu
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
| | - Naxin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang L, Zhao S, Cai X, Mu D, Zhang X, Kang J, Zhao L, Chen Y. Sequence-based typing of clinical and environmental Legionella pneumophila isolates in Shenyang, China. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 39:S0213-005X(20)30243-3. [PMID: 32718496 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We performed SBT (sequence-based typing) on clinical and environmental Legionellapneumophila isolates in Shenyang (China). We analyzed and compared the results with those obtained by PFGE (pulsed field gel electrophoresis). METHODS Twenty-two L. pneumophila isolates were collected from two patients with L. pneumophila infection, two hospitals, and 13 office buildings. There were two clinical isolates, one strain isolated from domestic tap water, another from shower water and 18 strains from cooling tower water. All these isolates were analyzed by SBT and PFGE methods. RESULTS The 22 isolates were divided into 7 types by SBT. Five isolates belonged to novel sequence types (ST2345, ST2344, ST2406, ST2407, and ST2408) and one isolate belonged to ST328. The STs were not obtained for two of the isolates. The remaining 14 isolates belonged to ST1. PFGE typing divided the 22 isolates into 14 pulsotypes. The main pulsotype was SYC, which included seven isolates. CONCLUSION Both typing methods showed that predominant clonal lines exist in the Shenyang region, with high levels of genetic polymorphisms. Five novel STs were identified, indicating a unique genetic composition of L. pneumophila strains in this region, which are significantly different from those found in other environmental water systems in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sihong Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xu Cai
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Deguang Mu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianghua Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fazeli MA, Mohammadi MJ, Mousavian SM, Nashibi R, Alavi SM. Comparison of detecting Legionella Pneumophilla with urinary antigen test in teaching hospitals. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
8
|
Bellew S, Grijalva CG, Williams DJ, Anderson EJ, Wunderink RG, Zhu Y, Waterer GW, Bramley AM, Jain S, Edwards KM, Self WH. Pneumococcal and Legionella Urinary Antigen Tests in Community-acquired Pneumonia: Prospective Evaluation of Indications for Testing. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:2026-2033. [PMID: 30265290 PMCID: PMC7182343 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) include indications for urinary antigen tests (UATs) for Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and Legionella pneumophila (LP). These recommendations were based on expert opinions and have not been rigorously evaluated. METHODS We used data from a multicenter, prospective, surveillance study of adults hospitalized with CAP to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the IDSA/ATS UAT indications for identifying patients who test positive. SP and LP UATs were completed on all included patients. Separate analyses were completed for SP and LP, using 2-by-2 contingency tables, comparing the IDSA/ATS indications (UAT recommended vs not recommended) and UAT results (positive vs negative). Additionally, logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of each individual criterion in the IDSA/ATS indications with positive UAT results. RESULTS Among 1941 patients, UATs were positive for SP in 81 (4.2%) and for LP in 32 (1.6%). IDSA/ATS indications had 61% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 49-71%) and 39% specificity (95% CI 37-41%) for SP, and 63% sensitivity (95% CI 44-79%) and 35% specificity (95% CI 33-37%) for LP. No clinical characteristics were strongly associated with positive SP UATs, while features associated with positive LP UATs were hyponatremia, fever, diarrhea, and recent travel. CONCLUSIONS Recommended indications for SP and LP urinary antigen testing in the IDSA/ATS CAP guidelines have poor sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients with positive tests; future CAP guidelines should consider other strategies for determining which patients should undergo urinary antigen testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Bellew
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuwei Zhu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Anna M Bramley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Seema Jain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Wesley H Self
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Viasus D, Calatayud L, McBrown MV, Ardanuy C, Carratalà J. Urinary antigen testing in community-acquired pneumonia in adults: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:107-115. [PMID: 30618315 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1565994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila remain the major etiological agents and are responsible for a significant proportion of CAP mortality. Among diagnostic tests for CAP, urine antigen detection of S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila is widely accepted due to the simplicity of collection and the rapidity of the test results. Areas covered: This comprehensive review outlines the urinary antigen tests available, discusses their sensitivity and specificity, and assesses the usefulness of their results as the basis for targeted therapy. Expert commentary: There have been advances in urine antigen detection tests for patients with CAP. New methodologies show greater sensitivity, detect S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila in a single test, and also detect pneumococcal serotypes. In addition, urine antigen detection tests have shown a high specificity, which means that a positive result practically indicates the causative pathogen of CAP. Therefore, a positive result can lead to a targeted therapy that is likely to improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of resistance and adverse events. However, well-designed studies are needed to evaluate the usefulness of urine antigen detection tests with regard to clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Viasus
- a Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Division , Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia
| | - Laura Calatayud
- b Department of Microbiology , Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,c Research Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
| | - María V McBrown
- a Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Division , Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia
| | - Carmen Ardanuy
- b Department of Microbiology , Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,c Research Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- d Department of Infectious Diseases , Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,e Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cao B, Huang Y, She DY, Cheng QJ, Fan H, Tian XL, Xu JF, Zhang J, Chen Y, Shen N, Wang H, Jiang M, Zhang XY, Shi Y, He B, He LX, Liu YN, Qu JM. Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2017; 12:1320-1360. [PMID: 28756639 PMCID: PMC7162259 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults is an infectious disease with high morbidity in China and the rest of the world. With the changing pattern in the etiological profile of CAP and advances in medical techniques in diagnosis and treatment over time, Chinese Thoracic Society of Chinese Medical Association updated its CAP guideline in 2016 to address the standard management of CAP in Chinese adults. Extensive and comprehensive literature search was made to collect the data and evidence for experts to review and evaluate the level of evidence. Corresponding recommendations are provided appropriately based on the level of evidence. This updated guideline covers comprehensive topics on CAP, including aetiology, antimicrobial resistance profile, diagnosis, empirical and targeted treatments, adjunctive and supportive therapies, as well as prophylaxis. The recommendations may help clinicians manage CAP patients more effectively and efficiently. CAP in pediatric patients and immunocompromised adults is beyond the scope of this guideline. This guideline is only applicable for the immunocompetent CAP patients aged 18 years and older. The recommendations on selection of antimicrobial agents and the dosing regimens are not mandatory. The clinicians are recommended to prescribe and adjust antimicrobial therapies primarily based on their local etiological profile and results of susceptibility testing, with reference to this guideline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Diseases, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan-Yang She
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi-Jian Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin-Lun Tian
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Bei He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-Xian He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - You-Ning Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jodra Sánchez S, Barrueco Ferrero M. Neumonía por Legionella , ¿cuándo solicitar la antigenuria en orina? Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 146:394-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Falguera M, Ramírez M. Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Rev Clin Esp 2015; 215:458-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Falguera M, Ramírez M. Community-acquired pneumonia. Rev Clin Esp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Kim SM, Jeong Y, Sohn JW, Kim MJ. Multiplex real-time PCR assay for Legionella species. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:414-419. [PMID: 26327358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg1) accounts for the majority of infections in humans, but other Legionella species are also associated with human disease. In this study, a new SYBR Green I-based multiplex real-time PCR assay in a single reaction was developed to allow the rapid detection and differentiation of Legionella species by targeting specific gene sequences. Candidate target genes were selected, and primer sets were designed by referring to comparative genomic hybridization data of Legionella species. The Legionella species-specific groES primer set successfully detected all 30 Legionella strains tested. The xcpX and rfbA primers specifically detected L. pneumophila sg1-15 and L. pneumophila sg1, respectively. In addition, this assay was validated by testing clinical samples and isolates. In conclusion, this novel multiplex real-time PCR assay might be a useful diagnostic tool for the rapid detection and differentiation of Legionella species in both clinical and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojung Jeong
- Institute of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Wook Sohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mercante JW, Winchell JM. Current and emerging Legionella diagnostics for laboratory and outbreak investigations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:95-133. [PMID: 25567224 PMCID: PMC4284297 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00029-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionnaires' disease (LD) is an often severe and potentially fatal form of bacterial pneumonia caused by an extensive list of Legionella species. These ubiquitous freshwater and soil inhabitants cause human respiratory disease when amplified in man-made water or cooling systems and their aerosols expose a susceptible population. Treatment of sporadic cases and rapid control of LD outbreaks benefit from swift diagnosis in concert with discriminatory bacterial typing for immediate epidemiological responses. Traditional culture and serology were instrumental in describing disease incidence early in its history; currently, diagnosis of LD relies almost solely on the urinary antigen test, which captures only the dominant species and serogroup, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1). This has created a diagnostic "blind spot" for LD caused by non-Lp1 strains. This review focuses on historic, current, and emerging technologies that hold promise for increasing LD diagnostic efficiency and detection rates as part of a coherent testing regimen. The importance of cooperation between epidemiologists and laboratorians for a rapid outbreak response is also illustrated in field investigations conducted by the CDC with state and local authorities. Finally, challenges facing health care professionals, building managers, and the public health community in combating LD are highlighted, and potential solutions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Mercante
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonas M Winchell
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|