1
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Liu Y, Zhou Y, Chen P. Lung cancer organoids: models for preclinical research and precision medicine. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1293441. [PMID: 37941550 PMCID: PMC10628480 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1293441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a malignancy with high incidence and mortality rates globally, and it has a 5-year survival rate of only 10%-20%. The significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation, histological features, multi-omics findings, and drug sensitivity among different lung cancer patients necessitate the development of personalized treatment strategies. The current precision medicine for lung cancer, primarily based on pathological and genomic multi-omics testing, fails to meet the needs of patients with clinically refractory lung cancer. Lung cancer organoids (LCOs) are derived from tumor cells within tumor tissues and are generated through three-dimensional tissue culture, enabling them to faithfully recapitulate in vivo tumor characteristics and heterogeneity. The establishment of a series of LCOs biobanks offers promising platforms for efficient screening and identification of novel targets for anti-tumor drug discovery. Moreover, LCOs provide supplementary decision-making factors to enhance the current precision medicine for lung cancer, thereby addressing the limitations associated with pathology-guided approaches in managing refractory lung cancer. This article presents a comprehensive review on the construction methods and potential applications of LCOs in both preclinical and clinical research. It highlights the significance of LCOs in biomarker exploration, drug resistance investigation, target identification, clinical precision drug screening, as well as microfluidic technology-based high-throughput drug screening strategies. Additionally, it discusses the current limitations and future prospects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Research and Development Department, NanoPeptide (Qingdao) Biotechnology Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Research and Development Department, NanoPeptide (Qingdao) Biotechnology Ltd., Qingdao, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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2
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Novel mutant KRAS addiction signature predicts response to the combination of ERBB and MEK inhibitors in lung and pancreatic cancers. iScience 2023; 26:106082. [PMID: 36852277 PMCID: PMC9958355 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are prevalent in pancreatic and lung cancers, but not all mutant (mt) KRAS tumors are addicted to mt KRAS. Here, we discovered a 30-gene transcriptome signature "KDS30" that encodes a novel EGFR/ERBB2-driven signaling network and predicts mt KRAS, but not NRAS or HRAS, oncogene addiction. High KDS30 tumors from mt KRAS lung and pancreatic cancer patients are enriched in genes upregulated by EGFR, ERBB2, mt KRAS or MEK. EGFR/ERBB2 (neratinib) and MEK (cobimetinib) inhibitor combination inhibits tumor growth and prolongs mouse survival in high, but not low, KDS30 mt KRAS lung and pancreatic xenografts, and is synergistic only in high KDS30 mt KRAS patient-derived organoids. Furthermore, mt KRAS high KDS30 lung and pancreatic cancer patients live significantly shorter lives than those with low KDS30. Thus, KDS30 can identify lung and pancreatic cancer patients whose tumors are addicted to mt KRAS, and predicts EGFR/ERBB2 and MEK inhibitor combination response.
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3
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Pangath M, Unnikrishnan L, Throwba PH, Vasudevan K, Jayaraman S, Li M, Iyaswamy A, Palaniyandi K, Gnanasampanthapandian D. The Epigenetic Correlation among Ovarian Cancer, Endometriosis and PCOS: A Review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 180:103852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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4
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Kazi A, Chen L, Xiang S, Vangipurapu R, Yang H, Beato F, Fang B, Williams TM, Husain K, Underwood P, Fleming JB, Malafa M, Welsh EA, Koomen J, Trevino J, Sebti SM. Global Phosphoproteomics Reveal CDK Suppression as a Vulnerability to KRas Addiction in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4012-4024. [PMID: 33879459 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Among human cancers that harbor mutant (mt) KRas, some, but not all, are dependent on mt KRas. However, little is known about what drives KRas dependency. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Global phosphoproteomics, screening of a chemical library of FDA drugs, and genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 viability database analysis were used to identify vulnerabilities of KRas dependency. RESULTS Global phosphoproteomics revealed that KRas dependency is driven by a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) network. CRISPR/Cas9 viability database analysis revealed that, in mt KRas-driven pancreatic cancer cells, knocking out the cell-cycle regulators CDK1 or CDK2 or the transcriptional regulators CDK7 or CDK9 was as effective as knocking out KRas. Furthermore, screening of a library of FDA drugs identified AT7519, a CDK1, 2, 7, and 9 inhibitor, as a potent inducer of apoptosis in mt KRas-dependent, but not in mt KRas-independent, human cancer cells. In vivo AT7519 inhibited the phosphorylation of CDK1, 2, 7, and 9 substrates and suppressed growth of xenografts from 5 patients with pancreatic cancer. AT7519 also abrogated mt KRas and mt p53 primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer in three-dimensional (3D) organoids from 2 patients, 3D cocultures from 8 patients, and mouse 3D organoids from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, primary, and metastatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS A link between CDK hyperactivation and mt KRas dependency was uncovered and pharmacologically exploited to abrogate mt KRas-driven pancreatic cancer in highly relevant models, warranting clinical investigations of AT7519 in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shengyan Xiang
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rajanikanth Vangipurapu
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Francisca Beato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Terence M Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kazim Husain
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mokenge Malafa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John Koomen
- Molecular Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - José Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Saïd M Sebti
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. .,Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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5
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Avval AJ, Majd A, Gholipour N, Noghabi KA, Ohradanova-Repic A, Ahangari G. An Inventive Report of Inducing Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cell Lines by Transfection of MiR-4301. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:1609-1617. [PMID: 31038078 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190416114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on recent studies, new therapeutic strategies have been developed for cancer treatment using microRNAs (miRNAs). With this view, miRNAs manipulating techniques can be considered as novel therapeutic prospects for cancer treatment. In this study, we evaluated the expression of miR-4301 in human lung cancer cell lines and investigated its potential role in cell proliferation and tumor suppression on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS We used quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) to examine the level of miR- 4301 expression in human lung cancer cell lines (A549, QU-DB) and non-malignant lung epithelial cells (HFLF-PI5). Then, we investigated the effect of miR-4301 by transfecting it into these cell lines and probing for cancer cell viability and apoptosis using the MTT assay, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Our results showed that the expression level of miR-4301 was significantly reduced in human lung cancer cell lines (P<0.001). When miR-4301 was transfected in lung cancer cells, their cell proliferation was suppressed and apoptosis induced. This decline in cell survival was confirmed by the MTT assay. Transfection of miR-4301 caused an increase in early and late apoptotic cells in all lung cancer cell lines tested. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that miR-4301 may act as a lung cancer suppressor through targeting of proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival. For this reason, targeting miR-4301 may provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this deadly disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas J Avval
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Majd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Gholipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz A Noghabi
- Department of Environmental sciences, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ghasem Ahangari
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Maeda H, Hazama S, Iwamoto S, Oba K, Tsunedomi R, Okayama N, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Nakagami Y, Suzuki N, Nagano H, Sakamoto J, Mishima H, Nagata N. Association between polymorphisms in EGFR and tumor response during cetuximab and oxaliplatin-based combination therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: Analysis of data from two clinical trials. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4555-4562. [PMID: 31611963 PMCID: PMC6781779 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting tumor response prior to starting anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody therapy would benefit patients with advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The present study investigated the association between efficacy of cetuximab treatment and gene polymorphisms of fragment C γ receptor (FcγR) 2A, FcγR3A and EGFR in patients with extended RAS/BRAF wild-type mCRC. Clinical data and specimens were obtained from 90 patients who participated in either of two clinical studies evaluating the first-line, cetuximab plus oxaliplatin-based treatment. It was hypothesized that polymorphisms H/H of FcγR2A, V/V of FcγR3A, K/K of EGFR and <36 CA repeats in the EGFR gene may be associated with a favorable tumor response. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients with the H/H polymorphism tended to have an improved tumor response compared with the non-H/H population, although the result was not significant [odds ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–5.66; P=0.09]. Univariate analysis revealed increased tumor shrinkage in patients with the K/K polymorphism of EGFR compared with the other polymorphisms (mean ± standard deviation, −55.3±28.4 vs. −39.6±40.8%; P=0.04). Subsequent multivariate analysis confirmed that the K/K polymorphism of EGFR predicted greater tumor shrinkage (multiple linear regression analysis estimate, −19.3; 95% CI, −35.5 to 3.0; P=0.02), with the tendency toward a preferable response in patients with <36 CA EGFR gene repeats (estimate, −16.9; 95% CI; −34.4 to 0.6; P=0.06). However, other polymorphisms and clinical variables did not predict tumor shrinkage. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that polymorphisms of EGFR, FcγR2A and FcγR3A may differentiate the patients that obtain the maximum benefit from cetuximab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Maeda
- Cancer Treatment Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Iwamoto
- Cancer Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Koji Oba
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Naoko Okayama
- Division of Laboratory, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakagami
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Mishima
- Cancer Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Naoki Nagata
- Kitakyushu General Hospital, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 802-8517, Japan
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7
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Kazi A, Xiang S, Yang H, Chen L, Kennedy P, Ayaz M, Fletcher S, Cummings C, Lawrence HR, Beato F, Kang Y, Kim MP, Delitto A, Underwood PW, Fleming JB, Trevino JG, Hamilton AD, Sebti SM. Dual Farnesyl and Geranylgeranyl Transferase Inhibitor Thwarts Mutant KRAS-Driven Patient-Derived Pancreatic Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5984-5996. [PMID: 31227505 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutant KRAS is a major driver of pancreatic oncogenesis and therapy resistance, yet KRAS inhibitors are lacking in the clinic. KRAS requires farnesylation for membrane localization and cancer-causing activity prompting the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) as anticancer agents. However, KRAS becomes geranylgeranylated and active when cancer cells are treated with FTIs. To overcome this geranylgeranylation-dependent resistance to FTIs, we designed FGTI-2734, a RAS C-terminal mimetic dual FT and geranylgeranyltransferase-1 inhibitor (GGTI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunofluorescence, cellular fractionation, and gel shift assays were used to assess RAS membrane association, Western blotting to evaluate FGTI-2734 effects on signaling, and mouse models to demonstrate its antitumor activity. RESULTS FGTI-2734, but not the selective FTI-2148 and GGTI-2418, inhibited membrane localization of KRAS in pancreatic, lung, and colon human cancer cells. FGTI-2734 induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth in mice of mutant KRAS-dependent but not mutant KRAS-independent human tumors. Importantly, FGTI-2734 inhibited the growth of xenografts derived from four patients with pancreatic cancer with mutant KRAS (2 G12D and 2 G12V) tumors. FGTI-2734 was also highly effective at inhibiting, in three-dimensional cocultures with resistance promoting pancreatic stellate cells, the viability of primary and metastatic mutant KRAS tumor cells derived from eight patients with pancreatic cancer. Finally, FGTI-2734 suppressed oncogenic pathways mediated by AKT, mTOR, and cMYC while upregulating p53 and inducing apoptosis in patient-derived xenografts in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The development of this novel dual FGTI overcomes a major hurdle in KRAS resistance, thwarting growth of patient-derived mutant KRAS-driven xenografts from patients with pancreatic cancer, and as such it warrants further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shengyan Xiang
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Hua Yang
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Liwei Chen
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Perry Kennedy
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | - Harshani R Lawrence
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Francisca Beato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael P Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrea Delitto
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Said M Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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8
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GSK3 suppression upregulates β-catenin and c-Myc to abrogate KRas-dependent tumors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5154. [PMID: 30514931 PMCID: PMC6279809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRas is a significant driver of human oncogenesis and confers resistance to therapy, underscoring the need to develop approaches that disable mutant KRas-driven tumors. Because targeting KRas directly has proven difficult, identifying vulnerabilities specific for mutant KRas tumors is an important alternative approach. Here we show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is required for the in vitro and in vivo growth and survival of human mutant KRas-dependent tumors but is dispensable for mutant KRas-independent tumors. Further, inhibiting phosphorylation of GSK3 substrates c-Myc on T58 and β-catenin on S33/S37/T41 and their subsequent upregulation contribute to the antitumor activity of GSK3 inhibition. Importantly, GSK3 blockade inhibits the in vivo growth of G12D, G12V, and G12C mutant KRas primary and metastatic patient-derived xenografts from pancreatic cancer patients who progressed on chemo- and radiation therapies. This discovery opens new avenues to target mutant KRas-dependent cancers. Direct targeting of mutant KRas is challenging and alternative approaches are needed. Here they show glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) to be required for the growth and survival of human mutant KRas-dependent tumors but dispensable for mutant KRas-independent tumors and show GSK3 inhibition to inhibit in vivo growth of Kras mutant patient-derived pancreatic tumors.
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9
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Distinguishing the progression of an endometrioma: Benign or malignant? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 230:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Fluorescent light-up acridine orange derivatives bind and stabilize KRAS-22RT G-quadruplex. Biochimie 2018; 144:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Tsirulnikov K, Duarte S, Ray A, Datta N, Zarrinpar A, Hwang L, Faull K, Pushkin A, Kurtz I. Aminoacylase 3 Is a New Potential Marker and Therapeutic Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:1-12. [PMID: 29290764 PMCID: PMC5743706 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins (HRas, KRas and NRas) are common oncogenes that require membrane association for activation. Previous approaches to block/inhibit Ras membrane association were unsuccessful for cancer treatment in human clinical studies. In the present study we utilized a new approach to decrease Ras membrane association in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines via inhibition of an enzyme aminoacylase 3 (AA3; EC 3.5.1.114). AA3 expression was significantly elevated in the livers of HCC patients and HCC cell lines. Treatment of HepG2 cells with AA3 inhibitors, and HepG2 and HuH7 with AA3 siRNA significantly decreased Ras membrane association and was toxic to these HCC cell lines. AA3 inhibitors also increased the levels of N-acetylfarnesylcysteine (NAFC) and N-acetylgeranylgeranylcysteine (NAGGC) in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines. We hypothesized that AA3 deacetylates NAFC and NAGGC, and generated farnesylcysteine (FC) and geranylgeranylcysteine (GGC) that are used in HCC cells for the regeneration of farnesylpyrophosphate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate providing the prenyl (farnesyl or geranylgeranyl) group for Ras prenylation required for Ras membrane association. This was confirmed experimentally where purified human AA3 was capable of efficiently deacetylating NAFC and NAGGC. Our findings suggest that AA3 inhibition may be an effective approach in the therapy of HCC and that elevated AA3 expression in HCC is potentially an important diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Tsirulnikov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, D. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergio Duarte
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, D. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anamika Ray
- Department of Surgery, D. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Current address: InnoSense LLC, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nakul Datta
- Department of Surgery, D. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, D. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Current address: Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lin Hwang
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kym Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Pushkin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, D. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ira Kurtz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, D. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Darvishi B, Farahmand L, Eslami-S Z, Majidzadeh-A K. NF-κB as the main node of resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317706919. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Darvishi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, 1517964311 Tehran, Iran
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13
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Martinez E, Crenon I, Silvy F, Del Grande J, Mougel A, Barea D, Fina F, Bernard JP, Ouaissi M, Lombardo D, Mas E. Expression of truncated bile salt-dependent lipase variant in pancreatic pre-neoplastic lesions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:536-551. [PMID: 27602750 PMCID: PMC5352176 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dismal disease. The lack of specific symptoms still leads to a delay in diagnosis followed by death within months for most patients. Exon 11 of the bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) gene encoding variable number of tandem repeated (VNTR) sequences has been involved in pancreatic pathologies. We hypothesized that BSDL VNTR sequences may be mutated in PDAC. The amplification of BSDL VNTR from RNA extracted from pancreatic SOJ-6 cells allowed us to identify a BSDL amplicon in which a cytosine residue is inserted in a VNTR sequence. This insertion gives rise to a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein and to a modification of the C-terminal amino-acid sequence; that is PRAAHG instead of PAVIRF. We produced antibodies directed against these sequences and examined pancreatic tissues from patients with PDAC and PanIN. Albeit all tissues were positive to anti-PAVIRF antibodies, 72.2% of patient tissues gave positive reaction with anti-PRAAHG antibodies, particularly in dysplastic areas of the tumor. Neoplastic cells with ductal differentiation were not reactive to anti-PRAAHG antibodies. Some 70% of PanIN tissues were also reactive to anti-PRAAHG antibodies, suggesting that the C insertion occurs early during pancreatic carcinogenesis. Data suggest that anti-PRAAHG antibodies were uniquely reactive with a short isoform of BSDL specifically expressed in pre-neoplastic lesions of the pancreas. The detection of truncated BSDL reactive to antibodies against the PRAAHG C-terminal sequence in pancreatic juice or in pancreatic biopsies may be a new tool in the early diagnosis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Crenon
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Del Grande
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Marseille, France
| | - Alice Mougel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Dolores Barea
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Fina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- LBM- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Service de transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Gastroentérologie 2, Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Viscérale, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Lombardo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
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14
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Papaioannou G, Mirzamohammadi F, Kobayashi T. Ras signaling regulates osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and bone formation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2405. [PMID: 27735946 PMCID: PMC5133981 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During endochondral bone development, osteoblasts are continuously differentiated from locally residing progenitor cells. However, the regulation of such endogenous osteoprogenitor cells is still poorly understood mainly due to the difficulty in identifying such cells in vivo. In this paper, we genetically labeled different cell populations of the osteoblast linage using stage-specific, tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgenic mice to investigate their responses to a proliferative stimulus. We have found that overactivation of Kras signaling in type II collagen-positive, immature osteoprogenitor cells, but not in mature osteoblasts, substantially increases the number of their descendant stromal cells and mature osteoblasts, and subsequently increases bone mass. This effect was mediated by both, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), pathways. Thus we demonstrate that Ras signaling stimulates proliferation of immature osteoprogenitor cells to increase the number of their osteoblastic descendants in a cell-autonomous fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Kita Y, Yonemori K, Osako Y, Baba K, Mori S, Maemura K, Natsugoe S. Noncoding RNA and colorectal cancer: its epigenetic role. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:41-47. [PMID: 27278790 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of novel sequencing and high-throughput techniques has become widespread, and are now readily available to obtain the comprehensive transcription profile of the human genome. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcripts that have no apparent protein-coding capacity, but they have important roles in human physiology. Most research in this area has focused on micro-RNAs. However, the role of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) as drivers of tumor suppression and oncogenic functions has recently been examined in numerous cancer types. Epigenetic alterations can reportedly deregulate the expression of any type of transcript. However, the exact mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of lncRNA are still unknown. In this review, the authors primarily focus on the epigenetic effects modulating ncRNA in colorectal cancer (CRC). The authors specifically discuss examples of oncogenic ncRNA in CRC pathobiology, as well as its extended diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yonemori
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yusaku Osako
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Baba
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Mori
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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16
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Ying M, Zhu XX, Zhao Y, Li DH, Chen LH. KRAS Mutation as a Biomarker for Survival in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, A Meta-Analysis of 12 Randomized Trials. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:4439-45. [PMID: 26028111 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.10.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because there is no clear consensus for the prognostic implication of KRAS mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we conducted a meta-analysis based on 12 randomized trials to draw a more accurate conclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic computer search of articles from inception to May 1, 2014 using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was conducted. The enrollment of articles and extraction of data were independently performed by two authors. RESULTS Our analysis was based on the endpoints overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Nine records (All for OS, 7 for PFS) comprising 12 randomized trials were identified with 3701 patients who underwent a test for KRAS mutations. In the analysis of the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for OS (HR: 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-1.56) and PFS (HR: 1.33; 95% CI 1.17-1.51), we found that KRAS mutations are related to poor survival benefit for NSCLC. According to a subgroup analysis stratified by disease stage and line of therapy, the combined HRs for OS and PFS coincided with the finding that the presence of a KRAS mutation is a dismal prognostic factor. However, the prognostic role of KRAS mutations are not statistically significant in a subgroup analysis of patients treated with chemotherapy in combination with cetuximab based on the endpoints OS (P=0.141) and PFS (P=0.643). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that KRAS mutations are associated with inferior survival benefits for NSCLC but not for those treated with chemotherapies integrating cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ying
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China E-mail :
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17
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Ragusa M, Barbagallo C, Statello L, Condorelli AG, Battaglia R, Tamburello L, Barbagallo D, Di Pietro C, Purrello M. Non-coding landscapes of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11709-11739. [PMID: 26556998 PMCID: PMC4631972 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For two decades Vogelstein’s model has been the paradigm for describing the sequence of molecular changes within protein-coding genes that would lead to overt colorectal cancer (CRC). This model is now too simplistic in the light of recent studies, which have shown that our genome is pervasively transcribed in RNAs other than mRNAs, denominated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The discovery that mutations in genes encoding these RNAs [i.e., microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs] are causally involved in cancer phenotypes has profoundly modified our vision of tumour molecular genetics and pathobiology. By exploiting a wide range of different mechanisms, ncRNAs control fundamental cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis: these data have also confirmed their role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in cancer development and progression. The existence of a sophisticated RNA-based regulatory system, which dictates the correct functioning of protein-coding networks, has relevant biological and biomedical consequences. Different miRNAs involved in neoplastic and degenerative diseases exhibit potential predictive and prognostic properties. Furthermore, the key roles of ncRNAs make them very attractive targets for innovative therapeutic approaches. Several recent reports have shown that ncRNAs can be secreted by cells into the extracellular environment (i.e., blood and other body fluids): this suggests the existence of extracellular signalling mechanisms, which may be exploited by cells in physiology and pathology. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant issues on the involvement of cellular and extracellular ncRNAs in disease. We will then specifically describe their involvement in CRC pathobiology and their translational applications to CRC diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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18
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Pavone ME, Lyttle BM. Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: links, risks, and challenges faced. Int J Womens Health 2015; 7:663-72. [PMID: 26170722 PMCID: PMC4494101 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s66824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by specific histological, molecular, and clinical findings. It affects 5%-10% of premenopausal women, is a cause of infertility, and has been implicated as a precursor for certain types of ovarian cancer. Advances in technology, primarily the ability for whole genome sequencing, have led to the discovery of new mutations and a better understanding of the function of previously identified genes and pathways associated with endometriosis associated ovarian cancers (EAOCs) that include PTEN, CTNNB1 (β-catenin), KRAS, microsatellite instability, ARID1A, and the unique role of inflammation in the development of EAOC. Clinically, EAOCs are associated with a younger age at diagnosis, lower stage and grade of tumor, and are more likely to occur in premenopausal women when compared with other ovarian cancers. A shift from screening strategies adopted to prevent EAOCs has resulted in new recommendations for clinical practice by national and international governing bodies. In this paper, we review the common histologic and molecular characteristics of endometriosis and ovarian cancer, risks associated with EAOCs, clinical challenges and give recommendations for providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Pavone
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brianna M Lyttle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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19
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Leiser D, Medová M, Mikami K, Nisa L, Stroka D, Blaukat A, Bladt F, Aebersold DM, Zimmer Y. KRAS and HRAS mutations confer resistance to MET targeting in preclinical models of MET-expressing tumor cells. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1434-46. [PMID: 25933688 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase is often deregulated in human cancers and several MET inhibitors are evaluated in clinical trials. Similarly to EGFR, MET signals through the RAS-RAF-ERK/MAPK pathway which plays key roles in cell proliferation and survival. Mutations of genes encoding for RAS proteins, particularly in KRAS, are commonly found in various tumors and are associated with constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. It was shown for EGFR, that KRAS mutations render upstream EGFR inhibition ineffective in EGFR-positive colorectal cancers. Currently, there are no clinical studies evaluating MET inhibition impairment due to RAS mutations. To test the impact of RAS mutations on MET targeting, we generated tumor cells responsive to the MET inhibitor EMD1214063 that express KRAS G12V, G12D, G13D and HRAS G12V variants. We demonstrate that these MAPK-activating RAS mutations differentially interfere with MET-mediated biological effects of MET inhibition. We report increased residual ERK1/2 phosphorylation indicating that the downstream pathway remains active in presence of MET inhibition. Consequently, RAS variants counteracted MET inhibition-induced morphological changes as well as anti-proliferative and anchorage-independent growth effects. The effect of RAS mutants was reversed when MET inhibition was combined with MEK inhibitors AZD6244 and UO126. In an in vivo mouse xenograft model, MET-driven tumors harboring mutated RAS displayed resistance to MET inhibition. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time in details the role of KRAS and HRAS mutations in resistance to MET inhibition and suggest targeting both MET and MEK as an effective strategy when both oncogenic drivers are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Leiser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Medová
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kei Mikami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lluís Nisa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andree Blaukat
- Merck Serono an Affiliate of Merck Serono Research & Development, Merck KGaA, 64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Bladt
- Merck Serono an Affiliate of Merck Serono Research & Development, Merck KGaA, 64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel M Aebersold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yitzhak Zimmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland.
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20
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The RAS-RAL axis in cancer: evidence for mutation-specific selectivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:291-7. [PMID: 25557115 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating RAS mutations are common in human tumors. These mutations are often markers for resistance to therapy and subsequent poor prognosis. So far, targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways downstream of RAS is the only promising approach in the treatment of cancer patients harboring RAS mutations. RAL GTPase, another downstream effector of RAS, is also considered as a therapeutic option for the treatment of RAS-mutant cancers. The RAL GTPase family comprises RALA and RALB, which can have either divergent or similar functions in different tumor models. Recent studies on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have showed that different RAS mutations selectively activate specific effector pathways. This observation requires broader validation in other tumor tissue types, but if true, will provide a new approach to the treatment of RAS-mutant cancer patients by targeting specific downstream RAS effectors according to the type of RAS mutation. It also suggests that RAL GTPase inhibition will be an important treatment strategy for tumors harboring RAS glycine to cysteine (G12C) or glycien to valine (G12V) mutations, which are commonly found in NSCLC and pancreatic cancer.
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21
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Morgensztern D, Campo MJ, Dahlberg SE, Doebele RC, Garon E, Gerber DE, Goldberg SB, Hammerman PS, Heist R, Hensing T, Horn L, Ramalingam SS, Rudin CM, Salgia R, Sequist L, Shaw AT, Simon GR, Somaiah N, Spigel DR, Wrangle J, Johnson D, Herbst RS, Bunn P, Govindan R. Molecularly targeted therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer annual update 2014. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:S1-63. [PMID: 25535693 PMCID: PMC4346098 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the understanding of the biology and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during the past few years. A number of molecularly targeted agents are in the clinic or in development for patients with advanced NSCLC. We are beginning to understand the mechanisms of acquired resistance after exposure to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with oncogene addicted NSCLC. The advent of next-generation sequencing has enabled to study comprehensively genomic alterations in lung cancer. Finally, early results from immune checkpoint inhibitors are very encouraging. This review summarizes recent advances in the area of cancer genomics, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morgensztern
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Meghan J. Campo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Suzanne E. Dahlberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Robert C. Doebele
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward Garon
- UCLA Santa Monica Hematology Oncology, Santa Monica, CA
| | - David E. Gerber
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sarah B. Goldberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Rebecca Heist
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Hensing
- Department of Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Leora Horn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lecia Sequist
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alice T. Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George R. Simon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - John Wrangle
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Roy S. Herbst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Paul Bunn
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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22
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Fiehn AMK, Grauslund M, Glenthøj A, Melchior LC, Vainer B, Willemoe GL. Medullary carcinoma of the colon: can the undifferentiated be differentiated? Virchows Arch 2014; 466:13-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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