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Nakamura M, Watanabe A, Yoshizawa A, Iwasaki S, Nomura A, Matsumura M, Murai T, Itaya K, Koike Y, Izumi T, Endo A, Kato S, Ono Y, Ohshima T, Okazaki N, Nakagawa S, Ishii Y, Fukasawa Y, Yokota I, Tsuji T, Nishikawa S. The risk of weekend biopsy: Impact of specimen source and fixation status on HER2 assessment in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer (The HER_WEEKEND study). Pathol Int 2023; 73:509-519. [PMID: 37589434 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) expression is crucial for determining chemotherapy regimens in gastric cancer. However, formalin fixation status has been identified as an important factor affecting HER2 assessment reliability. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the correlation between sample collection day (weekday vs. weekend) and source (biopsy vs. surgical specimens) in assessing HER2 expression in patients with unresectable advanced/recurrent gastric cancer. Data were collected from gastric cancer patients who received chemotherapy at a single public hospital in Japan from 2008 to 2021. The analysis included 177 patients (109 men, 68 women) with a median age of 68.0 (21-88) years, and the primary outcome was the HER2 positivity rate. The overall HER2 positivity rate was 18.1%, with higher rates on weekdays (20.0%) compared to weekends (12.8%). Biopsies had higher positivity rates on weekdays (23.9%) but lower rates on weekends (11.1%) than surgical specimens. Significant differences were observed in formalin fixation times between weekdays and weekends for both biopsies and surgical samples. The study findings suggest that longer formalin fixation times on weekends may lead to underestimating HER2 expression, particularly in biopsies. Therefore, it is crucial to be cautious of excessive formalin fixation when collecting samples, especially during weekend biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshizawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sari Iwasaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asako Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mariko Matsumura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taichi Murai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Itaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayana Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohshima
- Department of Surgery, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nanase Okazaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shimpei Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fukasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuji Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Same day estrogen, progesterone and HER2neu receptor assessment in breast cancer diagnosis using Core Wash Cytology. Surg Oncol 2023; 47:101919. [PMID: 36863065 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2023.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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3
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Abstract
Tissue processing is the technique by which fixed tissues are made suitable for embedding within a supportive medium such as paraffin, and consists of three sequential steps: dehydration, clearing, and infiltration. In most clinical and research settings, tissue processing is accomplished using an automated tissue processor, with or without microwave-assistance. To ensure high-quality results, processing protocols should be tailored to tissue size and composition by modifying variables such as reagents used and the timing of the various steps. Herein, we provide an overview of tissue processing theory and outline a basic tissue processing method for use with a conventional automated fluid transfer/enclosed processor. The principles described will assist readers in optimizing tissue processing for their own projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Aziz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University and London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cady E Zeman-Pocrnich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University and London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.
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4
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Voets MM, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CGM, Veneklaas LHJ, Manohar S, Brinkhuis M, Veltman J, de Munck L, de Geus-Oei LF, Broeders MJM, Siesling S. Diagnostics in Patients Suspect for Breast Cancer in The Netherlands. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4998-5008. [PMID: 34940058 PMCID: PMC8700505 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to describe the variation in hospital-based diagnostic care activities for patients with symptomatology suspect for breast cancer in The Netherlands. Two cohorts were included: the ‘benign’ cohort (30,334 women suspected of, but without breast cancer) and the ‘malignant’ cohort (2236 breast cancer patients). Hospital-based financial data was combined with tumor data (malignant cohort) from The Netherlands Cancer Registry. Patterns within diagnostic pathways were analyzed. Factors influencing the number of visits and number of diagnostic care activities until diagnosis were identified in the malignant cohort with multivariable Cox and Poisson regression models. Compared to patients with benign diagnosis, patients with malignant disease received their diagnosis less frequently in one day, after an equal average number of hospital visits and higher average number of diagnostic activities. Factors increasing the number of diagnostic care activities were the following: lower age and higher cM-and cN-stages. Factors increasing the number of days until (malignant) diagnosis were as follows: higher BIRADS-score, screen-detected and higher cN-and cT-stages. Hospital of diagnosis influenced both number of activities and days to diagnosis. The diagnostic care pathway of patients with malignant disease required more time and diagnostic activities than benign disease and depends on hospital, tumor and patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon M. Voets
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.M.V.); (C.G.M.G.-O.); (L.H.J.V.)
| | - Catharina G. M. Groothuis-Oudshoorn
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.M.V.); (C.G.M.G.-O.); (L.H.J.V.)
| | - Liset H. J. Veneklaas
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.M.V.); (C.G.M.G.-O.); (L.H.J.V.)
| | - Srirang Manohar
- Multi-Modality Imaging, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Mariël Brinkhuis
- Laboratory for Pathology East Netherlands, LabPON, Boerhaavelaan 59, P.O. Box 516, 7550 AM Hengelo, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeroen Veltman
- Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Zilvermeeuw 1, P.O. Box 7600, 7609 PP Almelo, The Netherlands;
| | - Linda de Munck
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, P.O. Box 19079, 3501 DB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille J. M. Broeders
- Dutch Expert Centre for Screening, P.O. Box 6873, 6503 GJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Siesling
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.M.V.); (C.G.M.G.-O.); (L.H.J.V.)
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, P.O. Box 19079, 3501 DB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)53-489-5638 (ext. 7475)
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Prognostic value of PSMA, c-MET and E-cadherin in salivary duct carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2020; 110:105018. [PMID: 33039794 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of salivary gland cancer. Androgen receptor (AR) (96%) and HER2 (29-46%) expression, and a high propensity for regional lymph node metastases are hallmarks of the disease. We hypothesized that c-MET, E-cadherin, PSMA tumor and PSMA neovascular expression may be prognostic factors in SDC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression levels of these proteins were established on tissue microarrays containing 165 primary SDC tumor specimens. Association with survival was studied with Kaplan-Meier curves, and univariable and multivariable Cox regression models. Furthermore, association with lymph node status, AR and HER2 expression, and gender was studied. RESULTS We found that patients with high PSMA tumor expression showed a significantly longer overall survival (OS) (median 83 vs. 43 months, P = 0.022), a trend towards a longer DFS (median 51 vs. 22 months, P = 0.094), and significantly reduced hazard ratio for death in the univariable Cox regression model (HR 0.46, P = 0.034). In the multivariable model only a high number of tumor-positive lymph nodes and high age (>80) at diagnosis were prognostic for poor OS. High PSMA tumor expression was also significantly associated with low N-stage (P = 0.001) and expression was higher in women versus men (P = 0.029). High PSMA tumor expression and E-cadherin loss were significantly associated with strong and weak AR-expression, respectively (P = 0.033 and P = 0.007). None of the factors were significantly associated with HER2 expression. CONCLUSION c-MET, E-cadherin, and tumor and neovascular PSMA expression are no independent prognostic factors in SDC.
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Bulte JP, Halilovic A, Burgers LJM, Diepenbroek CJM, de la Roij RAK, Mann RM, van der Leest M, van Cleef PHJ, Strobbe LJA, de Wilt JHW, Bult P. Accelerated Tissue Processing With Minimal Formalin Fixation Time for 9-Gauge Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy Specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 153:58-65. [PMID: 31415692 PMCID: PMC6910876 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) of the breast seems unsuitable for rapid processing due to large size. We tested microwave-based acceleration. Methods As a proof-of-principle study, 9-gauge VAB specimens were taken from eight mastectomy specimens. Forty-two biopsy specimens were processed. Quality of H&E was evaluated in 84 slides, and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), E-cadherin, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) stains were evaluated in six slides. Preoperative biopsy specimens were used as a control. Results Diagnostic quality of H&E slides was good in 87%, reasonable in 12%, and low in 1%. Quality of E-cadherin was good in 75% and reasonable in 25%. Quality of ER was good in 83% and reasonable in 17%. PR and both HER2 immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization were good in all slides. Quality of experimental slides was similar to control slides. Conclusions Nine-gauge VAB specimens can be processed within 4 hours. Slides are suitable for all routine pathologic stains. This enables a same-day diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris P Bulte
- Department of General Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Altuna Halilovic
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert J M Burgers
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coos J M Diepenbroek
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin A K de la Roij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ritse M Mann
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes van der Leest
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luc J A Strobbe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H W de Wilt
- Department of General Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bult
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Halilovic A, Verweij DI, Simons A, Stevens-Kroef MJPL, Vermeulen S, Elsink J, Tops BBJ, Otte-Höller I, van der Laak JAWM, van de Water C, Boelens OBA, Schlooz-Vries MS, Dijkstra JR, Nagtegaal ID, Tol J, van Cleef PHJ, Span PN, Bult P. HER2, chromosome 17 polysomy and DNA ploidy status in breast cancer; a translational study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11679. [PMID: 31406196 PMCID: PMC6690925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer treatment depends on human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status, which is often determined using dual probe fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Hereby, also loss and gain of the centromere of chromosome 17 (CEP17) can be observed (HER2 is located on chromosome 17). CEP17 gain can lead to difficulty in interpretation of HER2 status, since this might represent true polysomy. With this study we investigated whether isolated polysomy is present and how this effects HER2 status in six breast cancer cell lines and 97 breast cancer cases, using HER2 FISH and immunohistochemistry, DNA ploidy assessment and multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification. We observed no isolated polysomy of chromosome 17 in any cell line. However, FISH analysis did show CEP17 gain in five of six cell lines, which reflected gains of the whole chromosome in metaphase spreads and aneuploidy with gain of multiple chromosomes in all these cases. In patients' samples, gain of CEP17 indeed correlated with aneuploidy of the tumour (91.1%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate that CEP17 gain is not due to isolated polysomy, but rather due to widespread aneuploidy with gain of multiple chromosomes. As aneuploidy is associated with poor clinical outcome, irrespective of tumour grade, this could improve future therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altuna Halilovic
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dagmar I Verweij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annet Simons
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Susan Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janet Elsink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan B J Tops
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Otte-Höller
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carlijn van de Water
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen R Dijkstra
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Tol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia H J van Cleef
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bult
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Lim SD, Huang Q, Seibel EJ. Evaluation of Formalin Fixation for Tissue Biopsies Using Shear Wave Laser Speckle Imaging System. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2019; 7:1500110. [PMID: 31065465 PMCID: PMC6500782 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2019.2909914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chemical fixation is the slowest and often the most uncontrolled step in the multi-step process of preparing tissue for histopathology. In order to reduce the time from taking a core needle biopsy to making a diagnosis, a new approach is proposed that optically monitors the common formalin fixation process. A low-cost and highly-sensitive laser speckle imaging technique is developed to measure shear wave velocity in a biospecimen as small as 0.5 mm in thickness submerged in millifluidic channels. Shear wave velocity, which is the indicator of tissue mechanical property and induced by piezoelectric-actuation, was monitored using gelatin phantom and chicken breast during fixation, as well as post-fixed liver and colon tissues from human. Fixation levels in terms of shear wave velocity increased by approximately 271.0% and 130.8% in gelatin phantom and chicken breast, respectively, before reaching the plateaus at 10.91 m/s and 7.88 m/s. Within these small specimens, the plateaus levels and times varied with location of measurement, and between gelatin and chicken breast. This optical-based approach demonstrates the feasibility of fine-tuning preanalytical variables, such as fixation time, for a rapid and accurate histopathological evaluation; provides a quality metric during the tissue preparation protocol performed in most pathology labs; and introduces the millifluidic chamber that can be engineered to be a future disposable device that automates biopsy processing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniel D Lim
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA.,Human Photonics LabUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA.,University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Qixuan Huang
- Human Photonics LabUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA.,Computer Science DepartmentGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Eric J Seibel
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA.,Human Photonics LabUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA.,University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
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9
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Bulte JP, Halilovic A, Kalkman S, van Cleef PHJ, van Diest PJ, Strobbe LJA, de Wilt JHW, Bult P. Assessment of HER2 status in breast cancer biopsies is not affected by accelerated tissue processing. Histopathology 2018; 73:81-89. [PMID: 29495112 DOI: 10.1111/his.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish whether core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens processed with an accelerated processing method with short fixation time can be used to determine accurately the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status of breast cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS A consecutive case-series from two high-volume breast clinics was created. We compared routine HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessment between accelerated processing CNB specimens and routinely processed postoperative excision specimens. Additional amplification-based testing was performed in cases with equivocal results. The formalin fixation time was less than 2 h and between 6 and 72 h, respectively. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were used for amplification testing. One hundred and forty-four cases were included, 15 of which were HER2-positive on the routinely processed excision specimens. On the CNB specimens, 44 were equivocal on IHC and required an amplification-based test. Correlation between the CNB specimens and the corresponding excision specimens was high for final HER2 status, with an accuracy of 97% and a kappa of 0.85. CONCLUSIONS HER2 status can be determined reliably on CNB specimens with accelerated processing time using standard clinical testing methods. Using this accelerated technology the minimum 6 h of formalin fixation, which current guidelines consider necessary, can be decreased safely. This allows for a complete and expedited histology-based diagnosis of breast lesions in the setting of a one-stop-shop, same-day breast clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris P Bulte
- Department of General Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Altuna Halilovic
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shona Kalkman
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J A Strobbe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H W de Wilt
- Department of General Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Bult
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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