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Sharma M, Sarode SC, Sarode G, Radhakrishnan R. Areca nut-induced oral fibrosis - Reassessing the biology of oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:320-328. [PMID: 38395254 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a pathological condition characterized by excessive tissue healing resulting from physical, chemical, or mechanical trauma. Notably, areca nut consumption significantly contributes to the development of oral fibrosis. The current definition of OSF, recognizing its potential for malignant transformation, necessitates a more comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology and etiology. HIGHLIGHTS Areca nut induces fibrotic pathways by upregulating inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and expressing additional cytokines. Moreover, it triggers the conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, characterized by α-SMA and γSMA expression, resulting in accelerated collagen production. Arecoline, a component of areca nut, has been shown to elevate levels of reactive oxygen species, upregulate the expression of various cytokines, and activate specific signaling pathways (MEK, COX2, PI3K), all contributing to fibrosis. Therefore, we propose redefining OSF as "Areca nut-induced oral fibrosis" (AIOF) to align with current epistemology, emphasizing its distinctive association with areca nut consumption. The refined definition enhances our ability to develop targeted interventions, thus contributing to more effective prevention and treatment strategies for oral submucous fibrosis worldwide. CONCLUSION Arecoline plays a crucial role as a mediator in fibrosis development, contributing to extracellular matrix accumulation in OSF. The re-evaluation of OSF as AIOF offers a more accurate representation of the condition. This nuanced perspective is essential for distinguishing AIOF from other forms of oral fibrosis and advancing our understanding of the disease's pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 18, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Gargi Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 18, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India; Academic Unit of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK.
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Goel A, Bakshi SS, Soni N, Chhavi N. Iron deficiency anemia and Plummer-Vinson syndrome: current insights. J Blood Med 2017; 8:175-184. [PMID: 29089792 PMCID: PMC5655134 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s127801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plummer–Vinson syndrome (PVS), a rare clinical condition, is characterized by a triad of dysphagia, iron deficiency anemia and esophageal web in the post-cricoid region. It was first described over a century ago. However, literature on this condition remains scanty, and its prevalence appears to be declining worldwide, possibly due to improvements in nutrition over time. The condition has been reported most commonly in thin-built, middle-aged, white women. The esophageal webs in PVS are thin mucosal folds, which are best seen either in lateral views at barium swallow or at esophagoscopy. These are usually semilunar or crescentic, being located most often along the anterior esophageal wall, but can be concentric. The exact cause and pathogenesis of PVS remain unclear, though iron and other nutritional deficiencies, genetic predisposition and autoimmunity have all been implicated in formation of the webs. Treatment includes correction of iron deficiency and endoscopic dilation of the esophageal webs to relieve dysphagia. PVS is associated with an increased risk of hypopharyngeal and esophageal malignancies. Correction of iron deficiency may arrest and reverse the mucosal changes and possibly reduces this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Goel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Satvinder Singh Bakshi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Neetu Soni
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Nanda Chhavi
- Department of Pediatrics, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Stein FDC, Frutig MDA, Curiati JAÉ. Síndrome de plummer-vinson: relato de caso. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1809-98232011000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A síndrome de Plummer-Vinson ou Patterson-Kelly é doença rara caracterizada pela tríade disfagia intermitente, ferropenia e membrana esofágica. São poucos os dados na literatura sobre sua prevalência. Embora seja atualmente uma síndrome rara, seu reconhecimento é importante, pois identifica um fator de risco para câncer de trato gastrointestinal alto. Aqui descrevemos um caso desta síndrome com revisão de literatura.
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Noguchi T, Uchida Y, Hashimoto T, Wada S, Takeno S, Suzuki M. Reconstruction of the cervical esophagus using a free transverse colonic graft: report of a case with upper esophageal web and carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2003; 16:135-8. [PMID: 12823213 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2050.2003.00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of cervical esophagus and hypopharynx following cervical esophagectomy and laryngopharyngectomy is generally performed using jejunal autograft interposition. However, this method has some disadvantages and is not suitable for optimal swallowing function. In our institution, free transverse colonic graft has been successfully applied for reconstructive purposes in 12 cases since 1986. The present report describes a case of upper esophageal web accompanying superficial squamous cell carcinoma and details the operative techniques utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noguchi
- Department of Oncological Science, Surgery II, Oita Medical University, Hasamamachi, Oita, Japan.
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Abstract
Plummer-Vinson (Paterson, Brown-Kelly) syndrome refers to the association of iron-deficiency anaemia with dysphagia secondary to a post-cricoid web. Only seven cases of Plummer-Vinson syndrome in children and adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 have been reported in the world literature. We report a case of the syndrome occurring in a child of 14 years and provide a short review of the present knowledge concerning the symptom complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Mansell
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northampton General Hospital, UK
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Abstract
Rings, webs, and diverticula are among the most common anatomic anomalies of the esophagus. Although these structural lesions are often asymptomatic, patients can develop significant problems with dysphagia, regurgitation, and aspiration. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of esophageal rings, webs, and diverticula with emphasis on the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies involved in caring for patients with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Tobin
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Slater SD. The Brown Kelly-Paterson not Plummer-Vinson syndrome. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON 1992; 26:462-3. [PMID: 1432899 PMCID: PMC5375568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
We report an 18-year-old female found to have Plummer-Vinson syndrome on routine health evaluation. The nature of this condition, its relation to iron deficiency, and its potential for malignancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Seitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Nassau County Medical Center, East Meadow, New York 11554
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Abstract
Iron deficiency in the elderly almost always results from blood loss. The loss of iron can be viewed as occurring in four stages, which are reflected in the different tests used to diagnose iron deficiency. Tests used to diagnose iron deficiency have certain limitations regarding their ability to detect iron deficiency before the overt anaemia occurs. The tests which diagnose iron deficiency most accurately are low serum ferritin and reduced iron staining of a bone marrow aspirate. Because iron is present in many metabolic processes besides the production of haemoglobin, iron deficiency results in a variety of defects which are manifested at biochemical, tissue, and functional levels. Iron is a component of several enzymes in the respiratory electron transport chain. Adequate haem and iron levels are necessary to control cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis. Iron deficiency results in tissue defects, including those affecting the gastrointestinal tract, and defects of mitochondria and lymphocytes. Normal iron levels seem to be necessary for normal work capacity. A deficiency of iron, independent of the anaemia, results in reduced exercise capacity that can be measured in both physiological and economic terms. Elderly patients complaining of increased fatigue should therefore be screened for iron deficiency. There is evidence to suggest that iron deficiency may predispose individuals to certain infections. Other information points to the promotion of certain bacterial and parasitic infections after rapid correction of iron deficiency. Thus elderly patients having iron replacement therapy should be followed closely. A deficiency of iron has been shown to result in certain behavioural and learning abnormalities. Iron deficiency has been shown to result in impaired control of body temperature, resulting in an increase in catecholamine levels. The impairment in heat-generating ability was shown to result from reduced conversion of T4 to T3 in the peripheral tissues.
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Abstract
The past decade has occasioned the development and extensive use of flexible endoscopes for visualization of large areas of the alimentary tract. Numerous small grasp biopsies are now performed to determine the diagnosis and course of a large variety of inflammatory and neoplastic disorders. In this review, the authors have concentrated on the uses and interpretation of endoscopy and biopsy of the upper alimentary tract including the esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum. They have also commented on the limitations of endoscopic biopsy with respect to its size, superficial nature, and imperfect orientation in the evaluation of some disorders.
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Crespi M, Muñoz N, Grassi A, Aramesh B, Amiri G, Mojtabai A, Casale V. Oesophageal lesions in northern Iran: a premalignant condition? Lancet 1979; 2:217-21. [PMID: 89331 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An endoscopic survey was undertaken in northern Iran to identify and determine the prevalence of possible precancerous lesions of the oesophagus. 218 men and 212 women, aged between 15 and 70 years, were included in the study. Oesophagoscopies were done on all 430 subjects and biopsies on 418. A chronic oesophagitis, involving mainly the middle and lower thirds of the oesophagus, was found in 80% of the subjects, and the frequency was very high even in the younger age-groups. Clinically and histologically the oesophagitis in this rural population was different from that observed in the low-risk areas of Europe and the United States, where oesophagitis is often associated with reflux. Dysplasia was diagnosed in 16 subjects and invasive carcinoma in 11. The very high prevalence of chronic oesophagitis in northern Iran, where a high incidence of oesophageal cancer has also been reported, suggests that these two lesions are associated.
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Logan JS. A review of the Plummer-Vinson stricture of the cervical oesophagus. THE ULSTER MEDICAL JOURNAL 1978; 47 Suppl 2:1-14. [PMID: 675895 PMCID: PMC2385595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Adlington P, Leedham P, Smith P. The place of iron deficiency in the Paterson-Brown Kelly syndrome. J Laryngol Otol 1973; 87:845-59. [PMID: 4728299 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100077720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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The Paterson-Kelly lesion. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1969; 2:530. [PMID: 5769884 PMCID: PMC1983492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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