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Come J, Pereira JB, Pinto R, Carrilho C, Pereira L, Lara Santos L. The Upper Digestive Tract Microbiome and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Implications in Africa. Pathobiology 2020; 88:141-155. [PMID: 33291118 DOI: 10.1159/000511422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the microbiome has significantly contributed to our understanding of complex diseases including cancer, with a profound influence of the microbiota on clinical prognosis and the efficacy of cancer treatments. Oesophageal cancer is positioned amongst the most aggressive malignant diseases, resulting from a complex interaction between anthropometric, genetic, immune response, and environmental factors. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oesophageal cancer and is a serious burden in Eastern Africa, in the area known as the African oesophageal cancer corridor (AOCC). OSCC is often diagnosed at a late stage, with patients already suffering from severe malnutrition and dehydration due to swallowing difficulties, leading to high mortality rates. So far, aetiological factors have been individually analysed with an inappropriate contextualisation. The upper digestive tract microbiome has been proposed to contribute to the onset and progression of OSCC but with limited understanding of the mechanisms behind this interaction. Data on African populations are limited, and the aetiology of AOCC is still poorly understood. This review discusses the current knowledge of the aetiology of OSCC in Africa, with special focus on the probable influence of the upper digestive tract microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotamo Come
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Joana Barbosa Pereira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carrilho
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique.,Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luisa Pereira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental e Departamento de Oncologia do Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal, .,ONCOCIR - Education and Care in Oncology, PALOP - Lusophone Africa, Porto, Portugal,
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2
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Genetic variants association with cancers in African-based populations: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 67:101739. [PMID: 32554299 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the single leading cause of human deaths worldwide. The highest incidence and mortality are recorded from Africa. The last two decades have witnessed extensive research which has led to emerging prognosis and new gene therapy technologies. Cancer therapy in Africa is derived with little input from African population data. While a number of cancer studies on African populations have suggested varied susceptible variant, no comprehensive review of these studies has been undertaken to assess their coverage across Africa. METHODS This study aimed to undertake a review of all molecular genetic studies that interrogated the genetic variants of cancers in African-based populations. Our search methodology was modelled after the Cochrane systematic review protocol, which included MeSH terms and related keywords. RESULTS Ninety-seven articles studying 13 cancer types, were reviewed. 91 articles screened for polymorphisms using PCR-based techniques while three used SNP array, two used whole exome sequencing and one used pyrosequencing. North African (NA) countries undertook 51/97 (53 %) studies on 12/13 (92 %) cancer types while the Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) countries undertook 46/97 (47 %) studies on 7/13 (54 %) cancer types. Twelve out of these thirteen cancer type studies suggested susceptibility to their target polymorphism (p > 0.05). No study replicated or validated variants detected. CONCLUSION Research on genetic determinants in African-based population cancer offers translational benefits. We recommended large scale, multi-national genome association studies using high throughput techniques. SSA needs to receive more attention due to the shortage of this type of study and data in the region.
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Simba H, Kuivaniemi H, Lutje V, Tromp G, Sewram V. Systematic Review of Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in African Populations. Front Genet 2019; 10:642. [PMID: 31428123 PMCID: PMC6687768 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), one of the most aggressive cancers, is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, constituting a major health burden. It has the most divergence in cancer incidence globally, with high prevalence reported in East Asia, Southern Europe, and in East and Southern Africa. Its etiology is multifactorial, with lifestyle, environmental, and genetic risk factors. Very little is known about the role of genetic factors in ESCC development and progression among African populations. The study aimed to systematically assess the evidence on genetic variants associated with ESCC in African populations. Methods: We carried out a comprehensive search of all African published studies up to April 2019, using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and African Index Medicus databases. Quality assessment and data extraction were carried out by two investigators. The strength of the associations was measured by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Twenty-three genetic studies on ESCC in African populations were included in the systematic review. They were carried out on Black and admixed South African populations, as well as on Malawian, Sudanese, and Kenyan populations. Most studies were candidate gene studies and included DNA sequence variants in 58 different genes. Only one study carried out whole-exome sequencing of 59 ESCC patients. Sample sizes varied from 18 to 880 cases and 88 to 939 controls. Altogether, over 100 variants in 37 genes were part of 17 case-control genetic association studies to identify susceptibility loci for ESCC. In these studies, 25 variants in 20 genes were reported to have a statistically significant association. In addition, eight studies investigated changes in cancer tissues and identified somatic alterations in 17 genes and evidence of loss of heterozygosity, copy number variation, and microsatellite instability. Two genes were assessed for both genetic association and somatic mutation. Conclusions: Comprehensive large-scale studies on the genetic basis of ESCC are still lacking in Africa. Sample sizes in existing studies are too small to draw definitive conclusions about ESCC etiology. Only a small number of African populations have been analyzed, and replication and validation studies are missing. The genetic etiology of ESCC in Africa is, therefore, still poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Simba
- African Cancer Institute, Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vittoria Lutje
- Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Bioinformatics Unit, South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Vikash Sewram
- African Cancer Institute, Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Du J. Upregulation of sine oculis homeobox homolog 3 is associated with proliferation, invasion, migration, as well as poor prognosis of esophageal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:596-603. [PMID: 30672777 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common cancer worldwide. Sine oculis homeobox homolog (SIX3) is a human transcription factor that regulates the progression of vertebrate eye and fetal forebrain. However, studies on the function of SIX3 in human tumorigenesis remain rare. In this study, we aim to evaluate the role and the significance of SIX3 in EC. The TCGA database and clinical samples were used to assess the expression of SIX3 in EC patients. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox's proportional hazards model were performed to analyze the correlations between SIX3 expression and EC clinical outcomes. The expressions of SIX3 in EC cells were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis. The cell proliferation was detected using cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assay. The migration and invasion capacity of EC cells were evaluated using wound healing and Transwell methods. Western blot assay was used to measure the alterations in some important protein expression levels in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We found that SIX3 was highly expressed in the EC tissues and cells. In addition, high expression of SIX3 was related to poor survival. The knockdown of SIX3 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ECA109 cells. A similar pattern was also found in the proliferation and migration of SKGT-4 cell line. The expression levels of some key proteins in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were obviously decreased after cells were transfected with si-SIX3, possibly resulting in PI3K/AKT signaling inactivation. In addition, E-cadherin and N-cadherin showed some change. Collectively, the results shed light on a potentially promoting role of SIX3 in human EC. Thus, SIX3 might be considered a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Du
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive cancer with one of the highest mortality rates. The cancer is generally only diagnosed at the later stages and has a poor 5-year survival rate due to the limited treatment options. China and South Africa are two countries with a very high prevalence rate of EC. EC rates in South Africa have been on the increase, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant subtype and a primary cause of cancer-related deaths in the black and male mixed ancestry populations in South Africa. The incidence of EC is highest in the Eastern Cape Province, especially in the rural areas such as the Transkei, where the consumption of foods contaminated with Fusarium verticillioides is thought to play a major contributing role to the incidence of EC. China is responsible for almost half of all new cases of EC globally. In China, the prevalence of EC varies greatly. However, the two main areas of high prevalence are the southern Taihang Mountain area (Linxian, Henan Province) and the north Jiangsu area. In both countries, environmental toxins play a major role in increasing the chance that an individual will develop EC. These associative factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, nutritional deficiencies and exposure to environmental toxins. However, genetic polymorphisms also play a role in predisposing individuals to EC. These include single-nucleotide polymorphisms that can be found in both protein-coding genes and in non-coding sequences such as miRNAs. The aim of this review is to summarize the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to EC in South Africa and to compare and contrast this to the genetic polymorphisms observed in EC in the most comprehensively studied population group, the Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaouna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- Research, Innovation & Engagements Portfolio, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa,
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- Research, Innovation & Engagements Portfolio, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa,
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Hewitt LC, Inam IZ, Saito Y, Yoshikawa T, Quaas A, Hoelscher A, Bollschweiler E, Fazzi GE, Melotte V, Langley RE, Nankivell M, Cunningham D, Allum W, Hutchins GG, Grabsch HI. Epstein-Barr virus and mismatch repair deficiency status differ between oesophageal and gastric cancer: A large multi-centre study. Eur J Cancer 2018; 94:104-114. [PMID: 29550565 PMCID: PMC5914544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oesophageal (OeC) and gastric (GC) cancer patients are treated with similar multimodal therapy and have poor survival. There remains an urgent clinical need to identify biomarkers to individualise patient management and improve outcomes. Therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown promising results in other cancers. Proposed biomarkers to predict potential response to immune checkpoint inhibitors include DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status. The aim of this study was to establish and compare EBV status and MMR status in large multi-centre series of OeC and GC. METHODS EBV was assessed by EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridisation and MMR protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 988 OeC and 1213 GC from multiple centres. In a subset of OeC, microsatellite instability (MSI) was tested in parallel with MMR IHC. RESULTS Frequency of MMR deficiency (MMRdef) and MSI was low in OeC (0.8% and 0.6%, respectively) compared with GC (10.3%). None of the OeCs were EBER positive in contrast to 4.8% EBER positive GC. EBV positive GC patients were younger (p = 0.01), more often male (p = 0.001) and had a better overall survival (p = 0.012). MMRdef GC patients were older (p = 0.001) and showed more often intestinal-type histology (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study to date indicating that EBV and MMRdef do not play a role in OeC carcinogenesis in contrast to GC. The potential clinical usefulness of determining MMRdef/EBV status to screen patients for eligibility for immune-targeting therapy differs between OeC and GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hewitt
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - I Z Inam
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Y Saito
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - A Quaas
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Hoelscher
- German Center for Esophageal and Gastric Surgery, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - E Bollschweiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - G E Fazzi
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - V Melotte
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E Langley
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - M Nankivell
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - D Cunningham
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK
| | - W Allum
- Department of Surgery, Royal Marsden National Health Services Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G G Hutchins
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H I Grabsch
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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7
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Peng X, Xue H, Lü L, Shi P, Wang J, Wang J. Accumulated promoter methylation as a potential biomarker for esophageal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:679-691. [PMID: 27893424 PMCID: PMC5352188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a two-stage molecular epidemiological study to explore DNA methylation profiles for potential biomarkers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a Chinese population. Infinium Methylation 450K BeadChip was used to identify genes with differentially methylated CpG sites. Sixteen candidate genes were validated by sequencing 1160 CpG sites in their promoter regions using the Illumina MiSeq platform. When excluding sites with negative changes, 10 genes (BNIP3, BRCA1, CCND1, CDKN2A, HTATIP2, ITGAV, NFKB1, PIK3R1, PRDM16 and PTX3) showed significantly different methylation levels among cancer lesions, remote normal-appearing tissues, and healthy controls. PRDM16 had the highest diagnostic value with the AUC (95% CI) of 0.988 (0.965–1.000), followed by PIK3R1, with the AUC (95% CI) of 0.969 (0.928–1.000). In addition, the methylation status was higher in patients with advanced cancer stages. These results indicate that aberrant DNA methylation may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Hengchuan Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yangzhong, Yangzhong, 212200, China
| | - Lingshuang Lü
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Peiyi Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yangzhong, Yangzhong, 212200, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
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Repression of DOK7 mediated by DNMT3A promotes the proliferation and invasion of KYSE410 and TE-12 ESCC cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Jin Z, Yoon HH. The promise of PD-1 inhibitors in gastro-esophageal cancers: microsatellite instability vs. PD-L1. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:771-788. [PMID: 27747091 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary clinical studies of anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) therapy in gastro-esophageal cancers have suggested promising single-agent activity. In patients who received prior treatment for advanced disease, pembrolizumab has been associated with a response rate of 20% in programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive tumors, and nivolumab with a response rate of 12% in unselected tumors. Both agents yielded a median duration of response lasting ~6-7 months. PD-L1 expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) have emerged as potential predictive markers for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and in immune cells within the tumor microenvironment has been detected in 14-24% and ~35% of patients with gastro-esophageal cancer, respectively. PD-L1 tumor cell expression appears to be more common in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive gastric cancers (GCs) and has been associated with an increased density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). To date, data are too sparse to determine whether PD-L1 expression predicts efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in gastro-esophageal cancer, but data from other tumor types have not been consistent regarding its predictive value. MSI occurs in 10-20% of gastro-esophageal cancers and arises from deficient mismatch repair (MMR). MSI is highly correlated with non-synonymous mutation burden, as well as a dense accumulation of TILs. MSI has been associated with improved response to anti-PD-1 therapy in gastrointestinal cancers. Multiple studies are ongoing which examine therapeutic blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in unselected patients with gastro-esophageal cancer, as well as patients whose tumors express PD-L1 or exhibit MSI. These studies will clarify their activity in this disease and potentially can determine whether identify a strong predictive biomarker can be identified. Checkpoint inhibition is also being studied in combination with curative-intent chemo (radio) therapy and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Jin
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone & Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Harry H Yoon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Pandilla R, Kotapalli V, Gowrishankar S, Chigurupati M, Patnaik S, Uppin S, Rao S, Kalidindi N, Regulagadda S, Sundaram C, Srinivasulu M, Vasala A, Bashyam MD. Distinct genetic aberrations in oesophageal adeno and squamous carcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1233-9. [PMID: 24102414 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two main oesophageal cancer subtypes namely adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma exhibit interesting clinical, pathological and geographical variations with the former being more common in the West and the latter in Asia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated status of p53, EGFR, Wnt and HPV in addition to microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity of several chromosomal loci in the two oesophageal cancer subtypes from India. The comparative analysis was extended to two oesophageal adenosquamous mixed cancer samples. RESULTS Our results reveal a high frequency of EGFR overexpression in ESCC as against EAC, while Wnt activation was a significantly more common event in EAC as against ESCC. Frequencies of p53 perturbations were not significantly different in the two subtypes. Interestingly, the EGFR and Wnt status in adenocarcinoma and squamous components of the two oesophageal adenosquamous cancer samples were identical to primary tumours. In addition, no common molecular aberration (including instability and loss of heterozygosity) in several microsatellites was detected in DNA isolated from the two components in both adenosquamous cancer samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the presence of distinct aberrations in oesophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma which are replicated in the respective components of adenosquamous cancers. The study therefore suggests perhaps an independent origin of the two components of oesophageal adenosquamous mixed cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Pandilla
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
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Chen XY, He QY, Guo MZ. XAF1 is frequently methylated in human esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2844-9. [PMID: 22719195 PMCID: PMC3374990 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore epigenetic changes in the gene encoding X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1 (XAF1) during esophageal carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Methylation status of XAF1 was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in four esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE30, KYSE70, BIC1 and partially methylated in TE3 cell lines), nine cases of normal mucosa, 72 cases of primary esophageal cancer and matched adjacent tissue. XAF1 expression was examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting before and after treatment with 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dc), a demethylating agent. To investigate the correlation of XAF1 expression and methylation status in primary esophageal cancer, immunohistochemistry for XAF1 expression was performed in 32 cases of esophageal cancer and matched adjacent tissue. The association of methylation status and clinicopathological data was analyzed by logistic regression.
RESULTS: MSP results were as follows: loss of XAF1 expression was found in three of four esophageal cell lines with promoter region hypermethylation (completely methylated in KYSE30, KYSE70 and BIC1 cell lines and partially in TE3 cells); all nine cases of normal esophageal mucosa were unmethylated; and 54/72 (75.00%) samples from patients with esophageal cancer were methylated, and 25/72 (34.70%) matched adjacent tissues were methylated (75.00% vs 34.70%, χ2 = 23.5840, P = 0.000). mRNA level of XAF1 measured with semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was detectable only in TE3 cells, and no expression was detected in KYSE30, KYSE70 or BIC1 cells. Protein expression was not observed in KYSE30 cells by Western blotting before treatment with 5-aza-dc. After treatment, mRNA level of XAF1 was detectable in KYSE30, KYSE70 and BIC1 cells. Protein expression was detected in KYSE30 after treatment with 5-aza-dc. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 32 cases of esophageal cancer and adjacent tissue, and demonstrated XAF1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. XAF1 staining was found in 20/32 samples of adjacent normal tissue but was present in only 8/32 samples of esophageal cancer tissue (χ2= 9.143, P = 0.002). XAF1 expression was decreased in cancer samples compared with adjacent tissues. In 32 cases of esophageal cancer, 24/32 samples were methylated, and 8/32 esophageal cancer tissues were unmethylated. XAF1 staining was found in 6/8 samples of unmethylated esophageal cancer and 2/24 samples of methylated esophageal cancer tissue. XAF1 staining was inversely correlated with XAF1 promoter region methylation (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.004). Regarding methylation status and clinicopathological data, no significant differences were found in sex, age, tumor size, tumor stage, or metastasis with respect to methylation of XAF1 for the 72 tissue samples from patients with esophageal cancer.
CONCLUSION: XAF1 is frequently methylated in esophageal cancer, and XAF1 expression is regulated by promoter region hypermethylation.
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The cumulative effects of polymorphisms in the DNA mismatch repair genes and tobacco smoking in oesophageal cancer risk. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36962. [PMID: 22623965 PMCID: PMC3356375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes repair errors in DNA that occur during normal DNA metabolism or are induced by certain cancer-contributing exposures. We assessed the association between 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 MMR genes and oesophageal cancer risk in South Africans. Prior to genotyping, SNPs were selected from the HapMap database, based on their significantly different genotypic distributions between European ancestry populations and four HapMap populations of African origin. In the Mixed Ancestry group, the MSH3 rs26279 G/G versus A/A or A/G genotype was positively associated with cancer (OR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.34–5.50). Similar associations were observed for PMS1 rs5742938 (GG versus AA or AG: OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.07–2.79) and MLH3 rs28756991 (AA or GA versus GG: OR = 2.07; 95% IC: 1.04–4.12). In Black individuals, however, no association between MMR polymorhisms and cancer risk was observed in individual SNP analysis. The interactions between MMR genes were evaluated using the model-based multifactor-dimensionality reduction approach, which showed a significant genetic interaction between SNPs in MSH2, MSH3 and PMS1 genes in Black and Mixed Ancestry subjects, respectively. The data also implies that pathogenesis of common polymorphisms in MMR genes is influenced by exposure to tobacco smoke. In conclusion, our findings suggest that common polymorphisms in MMR genes and/or their combined effects might be involved in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer.
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Aberrant methylation of different DNA repair genes demonstrates distinct prognostic value for esophageal cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2992-3004. [PMID: 21674174 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency results in a strong mutator phenotype and high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H), which are the hallmarks of many tumors. AIM The objective of this study is to investigate the promoter CpG island methylation status of mismatch repair genes human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1), human mutS homolog 2 (hMSH2), and O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its roles in alkylating agents chemotherapy. METHODS Real-time methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (real-time MSP) was employed to detect promoter CpG island methylation of the hMLH1, hMSH2, as well as MGMT genes in 235 surgical tumor tissue samples from ESCC patients and their corresponding normal tissue samples. RESULTS Promoter CpG island methylation of hMLH1, hMSH2, and MGMT were detectable in 43.4, 28.9, and 40.4% of ESCC tumor DNA, respectively, and the loss rates of hMLH1, hMSH2, and MGMT protein expression were 48.6, 34.5, and 40.9% in tumor tissues, respectively. For the entire population of 235 ESCC patients who were enrolled in operating treatment combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy with alkylating agents, there was a significant difference in the overall survival between patients with methylated MGMT promoter and those with an unmethylated MGMT promoter (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Promoter CpG island methylation may be a frequent event in ESCC carcinogenesis. Detection of the methylated sequences of hMLH1, hMSH2, and MGMT appears to be promising as a predictive factor in primary ESCC.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Oesophageal cancer is the most common malignancy encountered in South African males, especially in the Eastern Cape and surrounding region of South Africa. There are a number of risk factors and predisposing conditions that have been implicated in the aetiology of the disease. The tylosis oesophageal cancer (TOC) gene, localised to a small region on chromosome 17q25, has been shown to be associated with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. AIM To investigate loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) in the region of the TOC locus. METHODS In 74 oesophagectomy specimens for squamous cell carcinoma, microsatellite PCR was performed using five fluorescently labelled TOC markers. The PCR products were analysed and the data correlated with clinicopathological findings. RESULTS LOH ranged from 25% to 60%. LOH for the individual markers was as follows: D17S1839, 25%; D17S1864, 36%; D17S1817, 38%; D17S785, 47.8%; and D17S579, 60%. MSI ranged from 4.1% to 6.8% for the five loci in the 17q region. MSI was 4.1% for the markers D17S579, D17S785 and D17S1817. Marker D17S1864 showed MSI to occur in 4 cases (5.4%) and marker D17S1839 in 5 cases (6.8%). CONCLUSION No significant relationship between genetic and clinical parameters was observed; however, aberrations in poorly differentiated tumours were high for markers D17S579 and D17S1864 (25% and 37%, respectively), indicating that these markers may have an underlying role in the molecular pathogenesis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, 63% of patients who died showed LOH for the markers D17S579, D17S1864 and D17S1817.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revendran Moodley
- Pfizer Molecular Biology Research Facility, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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