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Brindley PJ, Bachini M, Ilyas SI, Khan SA, Loukas A, Sirica AE, Teh BT, Wongkham S, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34504109 PMCID: PMC9246479 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system, which can be classified as intrahepatic, perihilar and distal. Each anatomic subtype has distinct genetic aberrations, clinical presentations and therapeutic approaches. In endemic regions, liver fluke infection is associated with CCA, owing to the oncogenic effect of the associated chronic biliary tract inflammation. In other regions, CCA can be associated with chronic biliary tract inflammation owing to choledocholithiasis, cholelithiasis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis, but most CCAs have no identifiable cause. Administration of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel decreases the risk of CCA from liver flukes, but reinfection is common and future vaccination strategies may be more effective. Some patients with CCA are eligible for potentially curative surgical options, such as resection or liver transplantation. Genetic studies have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of CCA, and two aberrations that drive the pathogenesis of non-fluke-associated intrahepatic CCA, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 fusions and isocitrate dehydrogenase gain-of-function mutations, can be therapeutically targeted. CCA is a highly desmoplastic cancer and targeting the tumour immune microenvironment might be a promising therapeutic approach. CCA remains a highly lethal disease and further scientific and clinical insights are needed to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sumera I. Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shahid A. Khan
- Liver Unit, Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alphonse E. Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
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Sun T, Susin M, Brody J, Dittmar K, Teichberg S, Weiner R, Lin JH, Felber N. Splenic lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Am J Hematol 1994; 45:39-50. [PMID: 8250010 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830450107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL) is a relatively new entity with only a few reports published. We report seven cases of SLVL with detailed clinicopathologic and comprehensive immunophenotypic studies to further characterize this lymphoma, which is frequently confused with hairy cell leukemia and other low-grade B-cell lymphoid neoplasms. The diagnostic criteria we used include 1) prominent splenomegaly, 2) insignificant or no lymphadenopathy, 3) lymphocytosis without leukopenia, 4) presence of circulating villous lymphocytes, 5) characteristic cytologic and histologic features, and 6) specific phenotypic and cytochemical findings. Our studies show that SLVL does not represent a pure entity but rather a morphologically heterogeneous group of low-grade lymphomas with various cytologic and histologic features. Although immunophenotyping is helpful in differential diagnosis, multiparameter studies are necessary to confirm the diagnosis. In our series, only two patients died of SLVL, who probably developed transformation to a higher-grade lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sun
- Department of Laboratories, North Shore University Hospital-Cornell University Medical College, Manhasset, NY 11030
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