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Wegscheider C, Ferincz V, Schöls K, Maieron A. Felty's syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1238405. [PMID: 37920595 PMCID: PMC10619942 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1238405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Felty's syndrome was first described in 1924 by the US-American physician Augustus Roi Felty as a triad of rheumatoid arthritis, splenomegaly and leucopenia. Even nearly 100 years later, this rare syndrome is still paralleled by diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Neutropenia with potentially life-threatening infections is the main problem and several pathomechanisms like Fas-mediated apoptosis, anti-neutrophil antibodies, anti-G-CSF antibodies, neutrophil consumption in the context of NETosis and suppression of granulopoiesis by T-LGLs have been suggested. Felty's syndrome has various differential diagnoses as splenomegaly and cytopenia are common features of different infectious diseases, malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Additionally, benign clonal T-/NK-LGL lymphocytosis is increasingly noticed in Felty's syndrome, which further complicates diagnosis. Today's treatment options are still sparse and are largely based on case reports and small case series. Methotrexate is the mainstay of therapy, followed by rituximab, but there is less evidence for alternatives in the case of adverse reactions or failure of these drugs. This article gives an updated review about Felty's syndrome including its pathogenesis and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wegscheider
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Vera Ferincz
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Karin Schöls
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Andreas Maieron
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
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2
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Mishra S, Padhi S, Adhya AK, DasMajumdar SK, Pattnaik A, Chhabra G. Peripheral blood T lymphocytosis in thymoma: an insight into immunobiology. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:295-301. [PMID: 33164149 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral blood T lymphocytosis (PBTL) is a rare, yet poorly understood manifestations of thymoma, which is postulated to be linked with autoimmune/paraneoplastic manifestations such as myasthenia gravis (MG), pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), etc.; more commonly encountered in this neoplasm. METHOD We aim to describe the flowcytometric immunophenotypic data of PBTL in a 43-year-old male; 6 months after successful completion of chemoradiotherapy (CT/RT) for a large, invasive, and metastatic type B1 thymoma; and present a comprehensive review of all such cases reported over last 42 years (N = 21) (1977-2019). RESULT A larger size of the tumors (≥ 10 cm), presence of local invasion and/or distant metastasis, and type B (cortical or lymphocyte rich) histology were more likely to be associated with PBTL. Tumors associated with MG/PRCA (N = 9/21) tend to have lower PBTL compared to those without such manifestations; and PBTL subsided following thymectomy with or without CT/RT. Immunophenotypic analysis of PB revealed a CD8 + > CD4 + mature (naïve) polyclonal T cells resembling late cortical thymocytes. CONCLUSION Thymic intratumoral microenvironment might influence occurrence PBTL that may have a pathophysiologic link to development of autoimmune manifestations. Immunophenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood lymphoid cells should be the clue for accurate characterization and to avoid a misdiagnosis of a lymphoproliferative neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India
| | - Somanath Padhi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Adhya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India
| | - Saroj Kumar DasMajumdar
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India
| | - Ashutosh Pattnaik
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India
| | - Gaurav Chhabra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India
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Zhang Y, Varnadoe C, Tandon A, Forsyth P, Komrokji R, Sokol L. Myasthenia Gravis and Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia: a rare association. Leuk Res Rep 2020; 14:100226. [PMID: 33094093 PMCID: PMC7568180 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2020.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder sometimes observed in hematologic malignancies as a paraneoplastic syndrome. T-cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-LGLL) is a rare lymphoproliferative clonal frequently associated with autoimmune disorders. Here we report two patients with T-LGLL who developed MG. In both patients the MG was bulbar without generalized weakness and did not involve the thymus. The treatment of T-LGLL led to the resolution of MG symptoms and decrease in acetylcholine receptor antibody titers in both patients suggesting a causative association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa Fl 33612
| | | | - Ankita Tandon
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa Fl 33612
| | | | | | - Lubomir Sokol
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Lubomir Sokol, Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa FL 33612
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Zhao J, Bhatnagar V, Ding L, Atay SM, David EA, McFadden PM, Stamnes S, Lechtholz-Zey E, Wightman SC, Detterbeck FC, Kim AW. A systematic review of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma: Treatment modalities, recurrence, and outcomes in resected cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 160:306-314.e14. [PMID: 31982129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymomas remain incompletely understood. The objective was to examine the association between surgically resected thymomas and paraneoplastic syndromes over the past half century. METHODS A primary PubMed/MEDLINE search was used to identify published articles describing paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymomas from 1960 to 2019. A secondary search identified additional articles referenced in the articles found in the primary search. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test were used for time-to-event data analyses. RESULTS From 407 articles describing 507 patients, 123 different paraneoplastic syndromes were associated with thymoma. The 5 most common paraneoplastic syndromes were myasthenia gravis, pure red cell aplasia, lichen planus, Good syndrome, and limbic encephalitis. Complete or partial resolution of paraneoplastic syndrome symptoms after surgery was noted in 76% of patients, of whom 21% had a relapse or new paraneoplastic syndrome onset after surgery. The most common adjunctive therapy associated with resolution of paraneoplastic syndrome was corticosteroids (30%). For all patients after surgery, thymoma recurrence was observed in 17% of cases, whereas recurrence of paraneoplastic syndrome was observed in 34% of cases, and both were observed in approximately 11% of cases. The 5- and 10-year overall survivals were 78% and 66%, respectively. Improved overall survival was associated with patients who had total resolution from paraneoplastic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive assessment of publications over the past half century suggests that a multimodal treatment approach that includes surgical resection of thymomas is able to achieve paraneoplastic syndrome resolution in a majority of patients. Onset of new paraneoplastic syndromes after surgery is associated with the recurrence of the first paraneoplastic syndrome, and resolution of paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with improved overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Zhao
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Vikrant Bhatnagar
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Scott M Atay
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Elizabeth A David
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - P Michael McFadden
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Stephanie Stamnes
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Sean C Wightman
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Anthony W Kim
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
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Qiu ZY, Qin R, Tian GY, Wang Y, Zhang YQ. Pathophysiologic Mechanisms And Management Of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia Associated Pure Red Cell Aplasia. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8229-8240. [PMID: 31632073 PMCID: PMC6781944 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s222378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL) is a chronic clonal lymphoproliferative disease of mature T or NK cells, and produces a variety of hematological abnormalities. Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare haematological disease and is one of the most common complications of LGLL. LGLL-associated PRCA may represent a relatively indolent type and may be more common than reported, but its natural history and clinical course have not been well described. The ethnic origin of the patients is an important consideration in determining the relationship between PRCA and LGLL. Guidelines and progresses for management of LGLL-associated PRCA rely on accumulation of empirical experiences, integrative analyses of several cases and clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to evaluate occurrence, possible mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical features, treatments and outcomes of LGLL-associated PRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yu Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Qing Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Tajima Y, Yaguchi H, Mito Y. Non-motor Comorbidity of Myasthenia Gravis: Myasthenia Gravis as a Systemic Immunological Disorder Involving Non-motor Systems. Intern Med 2019; 58:1341-1347. [PMID: 30568129 PMCID: PMC6543207 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1990-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore non-motor comorbidities of myasthenia gravis (MG), we present two cases of thymoma-associated MG patients. Alopecia, pure red cell aplasia, and thymoma- associated multiorgan autoimmunity were observed in Case 1, and alopecia, thrombocytopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia and nephrotic syndrome were observed in Case 2. In both cases, autoreactive T lymphocytes inappropriately stimulated by thymus tissue may have played key roles in generating the various autoimmune-associated symptoms. Consequently, systemic immunological involvement due to the thymoma-associated breakdown of immunoregulations in both motor and non-motor systems should be considered in MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Tajima
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Centre, Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Centre, Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasunori Mito
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Centre, Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan
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Wightman SC, Shrager JB. Non-Myasthenia Gravis Immune Syndromes and the Thymus: Is There a Role for Thymectomy? Thorac Surg Clin 2019; 29:215-225. [PMID: 30928003 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymectomy has long been considered, performed, and discussed for many different nonmyasthenic immune syndromes. Thymectomy is now an established treatment for MG, and has been performed for other immune syndromes with varying degrees of improvement. Although numerous reports document immune syndromes' association with thymoma, few address the role of thymectomy in symptom resolution. This review assesses thymectomy in the various nonmyasthenic immune syndromes for which it has been tried. Based on this review, it seems appropriate to revisit a more active role for thymectomy in pure red cell aplasia, pemphigus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Wightman
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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CK RAO A, NAYAL B, MANOHAR C. Pure red cell aplasia following thymothymectomy: a case report. Malays J Med Sci 2013; 20:83-85. [PMID: 24643295 PMCID: PMC3957357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymoma, a rare epithelial neoplasm, is the most common anterior-superior mediastinal tumour. Thymoma can occur sporadically or in association with other conditions, such as myasthenia gravis, pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), and hypogammaglobulinemia. Only 5% of thymoma cases develop PRCA; however, 10-50% of patients presenting with PRCA have an associated spindle cell type thymoma. Thymoma complicated by PRCA is associated with a poor outcome. We report the case of a 38-year-old female who presented with chest pain, and was diagnosed with an anterior mediastinal mass. A thymectomy was performed, and histopathological examination revealed mixed thymoma; two months later, the patient developed PRCA. The present case reinforces the need for clinicians to be vigilant with thymoma patients, even following thymectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha CK RAO
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhavna NAYAL
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Chethan MANOHAR
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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9
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Maamar M, Tazi-Mezalek Z, Harmouche H, Charradi H, Adnaoui M, Aouni M. Myasthénie associée à une maladie de Biermer. Presse Med 2013; 42:230-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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10
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Fraser CR, Rios C, Kaya B. Composite Lymphocyte-Rich Thymoma and Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Not Otherwise Specified: Case Report and Literature Review. Lab Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1309/lmnzi133obtxqewq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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11
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Herko A, Pophali P, Wallace PK, Sharma P, Loud P, Khoury T, Battiwalla M. T-cell large granular lymphocytosis associated with malignant thymoma. Leuk Res 2012; 36:e187-9. [PMID: 22475364 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Chang CS, Yan SL, Lin HY, Yu FL, Tsai CY. Pure red cell aplasia caused by pegylated interferon-α-2a plus ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2155-8. [PMID: 21547138 PMCID: PMC3084404 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i16.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare hematological disorder which is characterized by severe anemia, reticulocytopenia and almost complete absence of erythroid precursors in bone marrow. The pathophysiology of PRCA may be congenital or acquired. To our knowledge, there is only one case report in the English literature of PRCA after pegylated interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. We report a second case of PRCA after pegylated interferon combination treatment for chronic hepatitis C. The diagnosis of PRCA was confirmed by the typical findings of bone marrow biopsy. The possible etiologies of our case are also discussed in this paper.
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13
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Chang KH, Lyu RK, Ro LS, Wu YR, Chen CM. Coexistence of pernicious anemia and myasthenia gravis--a rare combination of autoimmune diseases in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 105:946-9. [PMID: 17098697 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
About 5-10% of patients with myasthenia gravis concomitantly have other autoimmune diseases. However, the coexistence of myasthenia gravis and pernicious anemia is rare. Here, we report a 73-year-old Taiwanese woman who developed myasthenia gravis 5 months after the onset of pernicious anemia. Her myasthenic and pernicious anemia symptoms markedly improved after pyridostigmine, prednisolone and hydroxocobalamine treatment. It is important to recognize concurrence of myasthenia gravis and pernicious anemia in the same patient because the therapeutic results for both diseases are rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Section of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Abstract
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare haematological condition that is characterized by severe aregenerative anaemia due to an almost complete cessation of red blood cell production. While antibody-mediated PRCA was extremely rare before 1998, the incidence of this disorder increased sharply after 1998 in patients receiving subcutaneous epoetin alfa produced by Ortho-Biotech and marketed outside the USA. The diagnosis of antibody-mediated PRCA relies mostly on the results of bone marrow biopsy or aspirate, which shows an absence of erythroid precursors and/or red cell maturation arrest while counts of white cell and platelet precursors are normal, and on the identification of circulating anti-erythropoietin antibodies. Retrospective analysis of PRCA cases has shown that immunosuppressive therapy can induce a disappearance of anti-erythropoietin antibodies in most patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35 (Suppl. 3): 95-99.
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15
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Kochenderfer JN, Kobayashi S, Wieder ED, Su C, Molldrem JJ. Loss of T-lymphocyte clonal dominance in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome responsive to immunosuppression. Blood 2002; 100:3639-45. [PMID: 12393644 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that T lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) contributes to cytopenia in some patients and can be reversed by treatment with immunosuppression. We examined the T-cell repertoires of 12 patients with MDS before and after antithymocyte globulin (ATG)-based treatment by T-cell receptor Vbeta (TCR-Vbeta) spectratype analysis. The average number of TCR-Vbeta families with skewed spectratypes, representative of clonal or oligoclonal T-cell populations, was 7.6 in MDS patients before treatment and 3.2 in healthy controls (P =.02). Four patients who recovered effective hematopoiesis after treatment lost prominent, skewed peaks on their spectratypes, suggesting loss or diminution of overrepresented clonal T-cell populations. In contrast, patients who did not recover effective hematopoiesis showed persistently skewed repertoires 3 to 6 months after treatment. In 3 patients with skewed repertoires, cDNA from the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of 4 TCR-Vbeta families was cloned and repetitively sequenced, confirming clonal T-cell dominance in each family. In one nonresponder, 16 of 19 CDR3 sequences were identical, demonstrating that 9.3% of the total T-cell population was made up of a single clone. By 6 months after treatment, this clone persisted on both spectratype and DNA sequence complementarity and when analyzed by flow cytometry was shown to be CD8(+)/CD45RA(+)/HLA-DR(-). T-cell clones were not anergic because they could be expanded 4-fold in vitro. Our results demonstrate that predominant clonal T cells that appear to be antigen-driven persist in patients with MDS unresponsive to immunosuppression, but predominant clones regress in responders to immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Kochenderfer
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Murakawa T, Nakajima J, Sato H, Tanaka M, Takamoto S, Fukayama M. Thymoma associated with pure red-cell aplasia: clinical features and prognosis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2002; 10:150-4. [PMID: 12079940 DOI: 10.1177/021849230201000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As information on the clinical features and prognosis of thymoma complicated by pure red-cell aplasia is limited, follow-up data on thymoma patients who had a thymectomy between 1954 and 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. Six of 166 cases were complicated by pure red-cell aplasia. In 3 of these, the pure red-cell aplasia appeared after surgical intervention. Remission was observed in 2 patients who underwent extended thymectomy. The other 4 patients subsequently died from pure red-cell aplasia. The outcome in patients with pure red-cell aplasia was poorer than that in the entire group of patients with thymoma and in those with thymoma complicated by myasthenia gravis. The possible onset of pure red-cell aplasia after thymectomy should be kept in mind during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Murakawa
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The therapy of myasthenia gravis and inflammatory myopathy are discussed in detail in this article. The discussion of these two disorders illustrates the extraordinary progress that has been achieved in the therapy of neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Younger
- Department of Neurology, New York University Medical Center and Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, USA
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18
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Handgretinger R, Geiselhart A, Moris A, Grau R, Teuffel O, Bethge W, Kanz L, Fisch P. Pure red-cell aplasia associated with clonal expansion of granular lymphocytes expressing killer-cell inhibitory receptors. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:278-84. [PMID: 9920952 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199901283400405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
MESH Headings
- Clone Cells
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, KIR
- Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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19
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Mizobuchi S, Yamashiro T, Nonami Y, Yamamoto A, Kume M, Nakaya H, Sawada T, Taguchi H, Moriki T, Ogoshi S. Pure red cell aplasia and myasthenia gravis with thymoma: a case report and review of the literature. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998; 28:696-701. [PMID: 9861237 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/28.11.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), myasthenia gravis (MG) and thymoma is reported. A 70-year-old woman presented with severe anemia. She had been diagnosed as having MG 8 years earlier and her symptoms were adequately controlled with ambenonium chloride. When she visited our hospital, her hematocrit was 13.7% with a hemoglobin concentration of 4.7 g/dl and her reticulocyte counts were persistently abnormal at 0.1%. Although both direct and indirect Coombs' tests were positive, there was no evidence of hemolysis. Routine screening tests for other etiologies of anemia were negative. Serological tests for anti-DNA and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies gave positive results. A bone marrow examination revealed severe erythroid hypoplasia. PRCA was diagnosed and the patient was treated with periodic transfusions. A lateral view chest roentgenogram and a computed tomography scan of the thorax showed the presence of an anterior mediastinal mass which was suspected to be thymoma. The patient underwent thymothymectomy and the tumor was diagnosed as a thymoma. Although the patient received no treatment for MG and PRCA after surgery, her hematological test results rapidly improved and she was discharged from the hospital on the 29th postoperative day. At that time, her hematocrit was 33.2%, her hemoglobin concentration was 10.0 g/dl, her peripheral reticulocyte level was 1.8% and her left partial ptosis had improved. She is doing well, 9 months after surgery. For a patient to remain in remission without treatment for PRCA and MG after thymothymectomy is extremely rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mizobuchi
- Department of Surgery II, Kochi Medical School, Japan.
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Levy Y, Afek A, Sherer Y, Bar-Dayan Y, Shibi R, Kopolovic J, Shoenfeld Y. Malignant thymoma associated with autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 28:73-9. [PMID: 9806367 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(98)80039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether malignant thymoma is associated with high rates of concomitantly occurring autoimmune diseases. METHODS Sheba Medical Center computer records from 1966 to 1995 were reviewed to identify patients with malignant thymoma, either type I (invasive thymoma) or type II (thymic carcinoma). All patients who had malignant thymoma and autoimmune phenomena were analyzed. The diagnosis of thymic neoplasm was confirmed by two independent pathologists. The diagnosis of autoimmune diseases was based on both clinical and serological findings. RESULTS Six of 22 (27%) cases of malignant thymoma had an autoimmune disease. Five patients had type I malignant thymoma and either myasthenia gravis (four patients) or Graves' disease (one patient). Only one patient had type II malignant thymoma with Sjögren's syndrome. The diagnosis of autoimmune disease preceded the diagnosis of thymic neoplasm in four cases, and was diagnosed simultaneously in two. CONCLUSIONS Malignant thymomas are highly associated with autoimmune diseases, as are benign thymomas. To our knowledge, we report the first documented cases of a patient with thymic carcinoma and Sjögren's syndrome, and another with invasive thymoma and Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Levy
- Department of Medicine B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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de Jong D, Richel DJ, Schenkeveld C, Boerrigter L, van 't Veer LJ. Oligoclonal peripheral T-cell lymphocytosis as a result of aberrant T-cell development in a cortical thymoma. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 1997; 6:244-8. [PMID: 9360846 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199708000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A 42-year-old man presented with a locally invasive cortical thymoma. Before chemotherapy was commenced 36 months after presentation, an unusual peripheral lymphocytosis of 19 x 10(9)/l had slowly developed over time. After the first course of chemotherapy, the lymphocytosis showed a sharp decline to normal absolute cell numbers and subsequently remained at normal levels. Currently, the patient is in stable partial remission and doing well. Immunophenotypic analysis showed a mature T-cell phenotype with 78% TcR-a beta and 16% TcR-gamma delta in the absence of an immature component. Pretreatment Southern blot analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed an oligoclonal pattern with 13-20 rearranged fragments of different intensity for the TcR beta-gene. TcR gamma also showed a pattern compatible with an oligoclonal proliferation. After treatment, after normalization of absolute blood counts, the distribution of T-cell subsets still showed a slightly aberrant pattern. Immunophenotypic analysis of a blood sample taken 6 months later, also at normal absolute cell counts, showed an increase of thymocytes as well as of mature T cells with a polyclonal pattern on Southern blot analysis. These findings may be interpreted as the result of aberrant positive and negative selection and development of thymocytes in the microenvironment of neoplastic thymic epithelial cells and clonal selection through continuous peripheral stimulation. Moreover, this case stresses the importance of integrated interpretation of clinical, morphological, immunophenotypical, and molecular data to gain insight in unusual clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoekziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) sometimes accompanies thymoma. Herein, we report a PRCA patient with thymoma with a clonal disorder of T cells. A 55-year-old man presented with anemia and anterior mediastinum tumor. The laboratory study revealed hemoglobin 8.2 g/dl; leukocytes 15.8 x 10(9)/L with 76.5% neutrophils, 20.0% lymphocytes, and reticulocytes 0.0%. Bone marrow aspirate smears and biopsy sections revealed normal myeloid and megakaryocyte differentiation and contained no erythroid precursors. We made the diagnosis of PRCA. The size of the lymphocytes was small without any granules in the cytoplasm. The surface marker of peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated increased CD2+, CD3+, CD4-, and CD8+ populations. The mediastinal tumor was resected and a thymoma diagnosed. A monoclonal rearrangement of T-cell receptor (TCR)-beta-chain gene was found using Southern blot analysis of the mononuclear cells in both peripheral blood and thymoma. Treatment with prednisolone, thymectomy, and cyclophosphamide exerted no beneficial effect. After initiation of the Cyclosporin A therapy, the patient developed reticulocytosis. This PRCA case seems to present a neoplastic proliferation of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and thymus with a monoclonal rearrangement of the TCR-beta-chain gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masuda
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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