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Silva BAKD, Aydos RD, Silva IS, Pereira DM, Carvalho PDTCD, Dourado DM, Reis FAD, Nacer RS. Lung apoptosis after intra-pulmonary instillation of Benzo(a)pyrene in Wistar rats. Acta Cir Bras 2010; 25:117-20. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502010000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of pulmonary instillation of Benzo[a]pyrene in lung apoptosis of Wistar rats. METHODS: Male Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar lineage was carried through an intra-pulmonary instillation of the Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) dilution in alcohol 70%. Three experimental groups had been formed with 08 animals each: Control Group (Alcohol 70%); B[a]P Group 40 mg/kg; e B[a]P Group 80mg/kg, submitted to euthanasia 16 and 18 weeks after the experimental procedure. The pulmonary sections had been processed by TUNEL method and submitted to the histomorphometric analysis to quantify the apoptotic cell number. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, mean of apoptotic cells number in control group (19,3±3,2) was greater than 40mg/Kg group (11,8±1,9; p<0,01) and 80mg/Kg group (7,0±1,4; p<0,01). Significant difference also observed between 40mg/Kg and 80mg/Kg (p<0,05). After 18 weeks, mean of apoptotic cells number in control group (18,0±2,2) was greater than 40mg/Kg group (8,8±1,7; p<0,01) and 80mg/Kg group (5,5±1,3; p<0,01). Significant difference wasn't observed between 40mg/Kg and 80mg/Kg (ns). CONCLUSION: Intra-pulmonary instillation of Benzo[a]pyrene induces significant decrease of apoptotic activity in lung tissue.
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Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of autoimmune processes in the thyroid gland. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 143:757-61. [PMID: 18239821 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and function of TG were studied in residents of an East Kazakhstan region with unfavorable ecology. One-third of the population developed autoimmune processes in this organ. The morphogenesis and regenerative processes in the thyroid gland against the background cellular infiltration were studied. Irrespective of the morphogenesis stage, the autoimmune processes in the thyroid gland were paralleled by dysregulatory disorders in the follicular epithelium which in many cases acquired immunohistochemical characteristics of the main cells of the parathyroid glands. Structural reorganization was paralleled by changes in the cell composition of the stroma, focal hyperplasia of oncocytes and C-cells, and enhanced angiogenesis.
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Allina J, Hu B, Sullivan DM, Fiel MI, Thung SN, Bronk SF, Huebert RC, van de Water J, LaRusso NF, Gershwin ME, Gores GJ, Odin JA. T cell targeting and phagocytosis of apoptotic biliary epithelial cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 2007; 27:232-41. [PMID: 17222534 PMCID: PMC6200357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by loss of tolerance against ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial autoantigens followed by biliary and salivary gland epithelial cell (BEC and SGEC) destruction by autoreactive T cells. It is unclear why BECs and SGECs are targeted. Previous work demonstrated that the reduced form of the major PBC autoantigen predominated in apoptotic BECs and SGECs as opposed to an oxidized form in other apoptotic cells. This led to the hypothesis that presentation of novel self-peptides from phagocytosed apoptotic BECs might contribute to BEC targeting by autoreactive T cells. The effect of autoantigen redox status on self-peptide formation was examined along with the phagocytic ability of BECs. Oxidation of PBC autoantigens first was shown to be due to protein S-glutathionylation of lipoyllysine residues. Absence of protein S-glutathionylation generated novel self-peptides and affected T cell recognition of a lipoyllysine containing peptide. Liver biopsy staining revealed BEC phagocytosis of apoptotic BECs (3.74+/-2.90% of BEC) was present in PBC (7 of 7 cases) but not in normal livers (0 of 3). BECs have the ability to present novel mitochondrial self-peptides derived from phagocytosed apoptotic BECs. Apoptotic cell phagocytosis by non-professional phagocytes may influence the tissue specificity of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Allina
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swan N. Thung
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert C. Huebert
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Judy van de Water
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - M. E. Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph A. Odin
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Kundurovic Z, Sofic E. The effects of exogenous melatonin on the morphology of thyrocytes in pinealectomized and irradiated rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:49-58. [PMID: 16372145 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of exogenous melatonin on the thyrocytes morphology in gamma-irradiated rats under condition where the pineal gland, as a main physiological source of endogenous melatonin, was removed. Three months after pinealectomy animals were divided into two groups: one group of animals was treated with 0.5 ml of vehicle (ethanol diluted in water) and other group was injected intraperitoneally 2 mg/kg of melatonin dissolved in 0.5 ml of vehicle daily during the period of fourteen days. After this treatment all the animals were irradiated with a single dose of 8 Gy gamma rays. Ionising radiation induced apoptosis, hydropic swelling or/and necrosis in both groups of animals, however these changes were less discerned in the thyrocytes of melatonin-treated animals. Our findings demonstrate that administration of exogenous melatonin prior to irradiation reduces radiation-induced thyrocytes damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kundurovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Schmelz HU, Meiswinkel J, Port M, Hauck EW, Schwerer MJ, Weidner W, Sparwasser C, Abend M. Apoptosis in Non-Tumorous Adult Human Testis Tissue. Urol Int 2005; 74:349-54. [PMID: 15897703 DOI: 10.1159/000084437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis seems to play an important role in tumorigenesis, prognosis and therapy of testicular tumors. To understand its biological significance, it is important to quantify the amount of apoptosis and to compare the rate of apoptosis to that of a normal, unaffected reference tissue. Usually tissue from the unaffected site of the testis in patients with testicular cancer or testis tissue from patients who underwent surgical castration due to prostate cancer is used as the reference tissue. However it is not known, if both tissues are equivocal with respect to their apoptotic index. The purpose of the study was to compare the two most often used reference tissues for the quantification of apoptosis in testicular tissues with regard to their apoptotic index. MATERIALS AND METHODS The apoptotic indices of both tissues were compared, using two standard apoptosis detection methods, i.e. in situ end labeling and a morphological approach. RESULTS The apoptotic index in testis tissue from patients who were surgically castrated for anti-hormonal treatment of prostate cancer was shown to be significantly higher than the apoptotic index of tumor free but tumor-associated testicular tissue of testis cancer patients. There was a strong relationship between the apoptotic index and the age of the patients. CONCLUSION Although there might be genetic changes in the tumor-associated testicular tissue influencing the apoptotic index, it seems advisable to use tumor-associated tissue rather than testis tissue of patients with prostate cancer as the reference tissue, due to the significant age dependence of the apoptotic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Schmelz
- Department of Urology, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
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Gaffney EF. Apoptosis in cancer: archaeology, functional relevance and exploitation in novel treatment strategies. Ir J Med Sci 2005; 173:40-7. [PMID: 15736305 DOI: 10.1007/bf02914524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E F Gaffney
- Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin.
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Trejo-Becerril C, Pérez-Cárdenas E, Treviño-Cuevas H, Taja-Chayeb L, García-López P, Segura-Pacheco B, Chávez-Blanco A, Lizano-Soberon M, González-Fierro A, Mariscal I, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Dueñas-González A. Circulating nucleosomes and response to chemotherapy: an in vitro, in vivo and clinical study on cervical cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2003; 104:663-8. [PMID: 12640671 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is known that cell-free DNA circulates in plasma/serum of patients with cancer and that part of this DNA circulates as nucleosomes that can be quantified by ELISA. We analyzed the effect of tumor and chemotherapy upon the levels of nucleosomes in vitro, in vivo and in cervical cancer patients. The levels of nucleosomes pre- and post-treatment were correlated with response in 11 patients receiving chemotherapy. Nucleosomes were determined in nude mice treated with or without cisplatin and carrying tumors generated with HeLa cells, and in the cell lysate and supernatant of HeLa cells exposed to cisplatin in culture. In addition, nucleosomes were determined at different time points in patients and in rats receiving chemotherapy. Nucleosomes were higher in patients that controls (1,760 vs. 601, p = 0.0001). After 24 hr of treatment with oxaliplatin and gemcitabine, the levels decreased in 6 patients of whom 5 had response. Nucleosome levels differed between mice xenografted and not xenografted (765 vs. 378, p = 0.001) and between xenografted treated with or without cisplatin (650 vs. 765, p = 0.010), but not in tumor-free animals treated and untreated with cisplatin (378 vs. 379, p = 0.99). In vitro, nucleosomes reached at peak 8 hr in cell lysates to decrease thereafter, whereas in supernatant, levels continued to increase up to 24 hr. Serial determination of nucleosomes in patients showed a rise within 6-12 hr and then a reduction to below the basal at 24 hr. In rats, nucleosomes had no major changes in those receiving oxaliplatin or the triple combination of cisplatin, gemcitabine and paclitaxel as compared to untreated controls. An overdose of this triple combination produced a transient elevation of almost 1,000 AU over the basal. Our results demonstrate that most of circulating nucleosomes originate from the tumor and that chemotherapy produces an early rise most likely due to tumor apoptosis and that nucleosomes are rapidly cleared from circulation. On the contrary, chemotherapy within the therapeutic range of doses has no effect on nucleosome levels in healthy mice and rats. This data suggests that the determination of circulating nucleosomes pre- and post-treatment could be a useful test to predict response to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Trejo-Becerril
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, México City, Mexico
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Soini Y, Pääkkö P, Lehto VP. Histopathological evaluation of apoptosis in cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1041-53. [PMID: 9777936 PMCID: PMC1853067 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Soini
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
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Kubo M, Uchiyama H, Ueno A, Terada N, Fujii Y, Baba T, Ohno S. Three-dimensional ultrastructure of apoptotic nuclei in rat prostatic epithelial cells revealed by a quick-freezing and deep-etching method. Prostate 1998; 35:193-202. [PMID: 9582088 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19980515)35:3<193::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify intranuclear apoptotic changes, we have investigated chromatin organization in apoptotic nuclei of castrated rat prostatic cells by a quick-freezing and deep-etching (QF-DE) method. METHODS The ventral prostates taken from intact and castrated adult male rats were investigated by light microscopy, in situ end-labeling (ISEL) technique, conventional electron microscopy, and the QF-DE method. RESULTS In control nuclei, the chromatin fibers were uniformly distributed and formed a network structure. In apoptotic nuclei, destruction of such chromatin networks was detected, which was clearly seen by the QF-DE method. Although it first appeared spotty in the apoptotic nucleus, definite destruction of the intranuclear network occurred in the nuclear center at later stages, and broken fibrous structures were condensed along the nuclear margin. The ISEL technique was applied to the QF-DE method. Localization of damaged DNA fragments could three-dimensionally be detected on replica membranes. CONCLUSIONS Intranuclear chromatin organization in apoptotic cell death of rat prostates was observed by the QF-DE method. We could examine early-stage apoptotic nuclei at an electron microscopic level, which would not be clarified by other conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kubo
- Department of Urology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Japan
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McMenamin ME, O'Neill AJ, Gaffney EF. Extent of apoptosis in ovarian serous carcinoma: relation to mitotic and proliferative indices, p53 expression, and survival. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:242-6. [PMID: 9497913 PMCID: PMC379639 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.5.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the extent of apoptosis in ovarian serous carcinoma and to examine possible relations between apoptosis, cell proliferation, p53 overexpression, and patient survival. METHODS Apoptotic and mitotic indices were obtained by examining haematoxylin and eosin stained sections from 30 patients with ovarian serous carcinoma. Apoptosis was also evaluated semiquantitatively by in situ end labelling of fragmented DNA. Expression of p53 and determination of Ki-67 labelling indices were based on immunohistochemical staining. Clinical details were obtained from patients' clinical records. For statistical analysis, Fisher's exact test, parametric (Pearson) linear correlations, and the Kaplan-Meier method were used. RESULTS The mean apoptotic index was 1.3% (range 0.02-3.9%), the mean mitotic index was 0.4% (range 0.02-1.1%), and the mean Ki-67 labelling index was 16% (range 4-32%). There were significant correlations between the apoptotic and mitotic indices (p < 0.0205) and between the mitotic and Ki-67 labelling indices (p < 0.024). There was a significant correlation between a high apoptotic index and poor prognosis (p < 0.02). p53 was overexpressed in 16 cases but the extent of apoptosis and outcome were both independent of p53 status. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that regulation of apoptosis is an integral component of tumour cell kinetics in ovarian serous carcinoma, and that increased apoptosis is indicative of aggressive tumour growth. p53 expression did not correlate with altered apoptosis, but the possibility of an attenuated apoptotic response to subsequent DNA damage by anticancer agents is not excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McMenamin
- Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique by which specific nucleotide sequences are identified in cells or tissue sections. These may be endogenous, bacterial or viral, DNA or RNA. On the basis of research applications, the technique is now being translated into diagnostic practice, mainly in the areas of gene expression, infection and interphase cytogenetics. Diagnostic applications are most often based on short nucleotide sequences (oligomers) labelled with non-isotopic reporter molecules, and sites of binding may be localized by histochemical or immunohistochemical methods. The technique can be applied to routinely fixed and processed tissues; with some targets, it is even possible to obtain hybridization in autopsy material. ISH has been used to detect messenger RNA (mRNA) as a marker of gene expression, where levels of protein storage are low; for example, to confirm an endocrine tumour as the source of excess hormone production. Its application in infectious diseases has to date been mainly in viral infections, such as the typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) or the detection of Epstein-Barr virus by the presence of small nuclear RNAs (EBERs). The expression of mRNAs for histone proteins has been used to detect cells in S phase, and related methods may be applied to detect apoptotic cells. Using probes to chromosome-specific sequences, it is possible to detect aneuploidy, and to document changes in specific chromosomes, which may have prognostic significance in some tumours, such as B-cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Using sequence-specific probes, translocations can be identified, such as the t(11;12) of Ewing's sarcoma. This review presents an outline of the technique of in situ hybridization and discusses areas of current and potential diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M McNicol
- University Department of Pathology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary University NHS Trust, U.K
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Carr NJ, Talbot IC. In situ end labelling: effect of proteolytic enzyme pretreatment and hydrochloric acid. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:160-3. [PMID: 9292152 PMCID: PMC379612 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of dilute hydrochloric acid on the in situ end labelling (ISEL) reaction, with and without a variety of different proteolytic enzymes. METHODS Sections of tissue fixed in buffered formalin were pretreated with trypsin, protease XIV (at two different concentrations), or protease XXIV (for two different incubation times), with and without subsequent 1 M hydrochloric acid treatment. The results were compared with those obtained using hydrochloric acid alone, with proteinase K, and pepsin pretreatment, and with no pretreatment. RESULTS When hydrochloric acid was added to the sections in addition to trypsin, protease XIV, and protease XXIV, there was a significant increase in ISEL reactivity in both apoptotic nuclei and morphologically normal nuclei. Hydrochloric acid alone had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS Hydrochloric acid has a distinctive effect on the ISEL reaction that is dependent on prior proteolytic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Carr
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Hospital Haslar, Gosport, United Kingdom
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