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Abstract
The substantial literature on interactions between places/spaces and well-being/health often differentiate between physical and social aspects of geographical location. This paper sidesteps this dualism, instead considering places as sociomaterial assemblages of human and non-human materialities. It uses this posthuman and 'new materialist' perspective to explore how place-assemblages affect human capacities, in terms of both health and social dis/advantage. Based on secondary analysis of interview data on human/place interactions, it analyses the physical, sociocultural, psychological and emotional effects of place-assemblages, assessing how these produce opportunities for, and constraints upon human bodies. It than assesses how these emergent capacities affect both social dis/advantage and well-being. This analysis of how place-assemblages contribute positively or negatively to health and dis/advantage offers possibilities for further research and for social and public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J. Fox
- Nick J. Fox, University of
Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
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2
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Popay J, Kaloudis H, Heaton L, Barr B, Halliday E, Holt V, Khan K, Porroche-Escudero A, Ring A, Sadler G, Simpson G, Ward F, Wheeler P. System resilience and neighbourhood action on social determinants of health inequalities: an English Case Study. Perspect Public Health 2022; 142:213-223. [PMID: 35801904 PMCID: PMC9284076 DOI: 10.1177/17579139221106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This article seeks to make the case for a new approach to understanding and nurturing resilience as a foundation for effective place-based co-produced local action on social and health inequalities. METHODS A narrative review of literature on community resilience from a public health perspective was conducted and a new concept of neighbourhood system resilience was developed. This then shaped the development of a practical programme of action research implemented in nine socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods in North West England between 2014 and 2019. This Neighbourhood Resilience Programme (NRP) was evaluated using a mixed-method design comprising: (1) a longitudinal household survey, conducted in each of the Neighbourhoods For Learning (NFLs) and in nine comparator areas in two waves (2015/2016 and 2018/2019) and completed in each phase by approximately 3000 households; (2) reflexive journals kept by the academic team; and (3) semi-structured interviews on perceptions about the impacts of the programme with 41 participants in 2019. RESULTS A difference-in-difference analysis of household survey data showed a statistically significant increase of 7.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6 to 13.5) in the percentage of residents reporting that they felt able to influence local decision-making in the NFLs relative to the residents in comparator areas, but no effect attributable to the NRP in other evaluative measures. The analysis of participant interviews identified beneficial impacts of the NRP in five resilience domains: social connectivity, cultural coherence, local decision-making, economic activity, and the local environment. CONCLUSION Our findings support the need for a shift away from interventions that seek solely to enhance the resilience of lay communities to interventions that recognise resilience as a whole systems phenomenon. Systemic approaches to resilience can provide the underpinning foundation for effective co-produced local action on social and health inequalities, but they require intensive relational work by all participating system players.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Popay
- Professor, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - H Kaloudis
- Senior Research Associate, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YE, UK
| | - L Heaton
- Senior Manager CLAHRC Legacy Project, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - B Barr
- Professor, Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E Halliday
- Senior Research Fellow, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - V Holt
- Senior Research Associate, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - K Khan
- Senior Research Associate, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - A Porroche-Escudero
- Senior Research Associate, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - A Ring
- Research Associate, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Sadler
- Senior Research Associate, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - G Simpson
- Research Fellow, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - F Ward
- Senior Research Associate, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - P Wheeler
- EPBHC Theme Manager, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Polling C, Woodhead C, Harwood H, Hotopf M, Hatch SL. "There Is So Much More for Us to Lose If We Were to Kill Ourselves": Understanding Paradoxically Low Rates of Self-Harm in a Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Community in London. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:122-136. [PMID: 32930046 PMCID: PMC7750675 DOI: 10.1177/1049732320957628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
London has unexpectedly low overall rates of self-harm in public health data and contains highly deprived areas with these paradoxically low rates. Qualitative data were collected via interviews and focus groups with 26 individuals living and working in one such area. Using the Stress Process Model, we explore why this ethnically diverse community, which is exposed to multiple, chronic stressors, might nonetheless appear to have low rates of self-harm. Participants described significant impacts of stressors on the mental health of people locally. These were partly buffered by social resources related to community solidarity and a culture of self-reliance. However, identifying oneself as mentally ill through being known to have self-harmed was seen as highly risky, diminishing a person's social status and exposing them to additional stressors from the community and services. Consequently, people tended to hide distress, respond with behaviors less linked to mental illness, and avoid mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Polling
- Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United
Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS
Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Woodhead
- Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Hannah Harwood
- Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United
Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS
Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephani L. Hatch
- Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United
Kingdom
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McRae DN, Muhajarine N, Janus M, Duku E, Brownell M, Forer B, Guhn M. Immigrant and ethnic neighbourhood concentration and reduced child developmental vulnerability: A Canadian cohort study. Int J Popul Data Sci 2020; 5:1147. [PMID: 32935054 PMCID: PMC7473291 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i1.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have consistently demonstrated a gradient between median neighbourhood income and child developmental outcomes. By investigating statistical outliers-neighbourhoods with children exhibiting less or more developmental vulnerability than that predicted by median neighbourhood income-there is an opportunity to identify other neighbourhood characteristics that may be enhancing or impeding early childhood development. OBJECTIVE Testing a variety of neighbourhood factors, including immigrant or ethnic concentration and characteristics of structural disadvantage (proportion of social assistance recipients, homes in need of major repair, residents with high school education only, lone parent families, and residents moving in the last year) we sought to identify factors associated with more or less developmental vulnerability than that predicted by median neighbourhood income, for young children. METHODS For this cross-sectional study we used validated Early Development Instrument (EDI) data (2003-2013) linked to demographic and socioeconomic Census and Tax Filer data for 98.3% of Canadian neighbourhoods (n=2,023). The purpose of the instrument is to report, at a population-level, children's school readiness. Children's developmental vulnerability was assessed in five domains (physical health and well-being, emotional maturity, social competence, language and cognitive development, and communication and general knowledge) in relation to the 10th percentile from a national normative sample. Levels of children's neighbourhood vulnerability were determined per domain, as percent of children vulnerable at a given domain. Neighbourhoods were grouped into three cohorts, those having lower than predicted, as predicted, or higher than predicted children's vulnerability according to neighbourhood median income. Using multivariable binary logistic regression we modelled the association between select neighbourhood characteristics and neighbourhoods with lower or higher than predicted vulnerability per domain, compared to neighbourhoods with predicted vulnerability. This allowed us to determine neighbourhood characteristics associated with better or worse child developmental outcomes, at a neighbourhood-level, than that predicted by income. RESULTS In neighbourhoods with less child developmental vulnerability than that predicted by income, high or low immigrant concentration and ethnic homogeneity was associated with less vulnerability in physical (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.66, 95% CI: 1.43, 1.94), social (aOR 1.30, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.51), and communication domains (aOR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.47) compared to neighbourhoods with vulnerability concordant with income. Neighbourhood ethnic homogeneity was consistently associated with less developmental vulnerability than predicted by income across all developmental domains. Neighbourhood-level structural disadvantage was strongly associated with child developmental vulnerability beyond that predicted by median neighbourhood income. CONCLUSION Canadian neighbourhoods demonstrating less child developmental vulnerability than that predicted by income have greater ethnic and ethnic-immigrant homogeneity than neighbourhoods with child developmental vulnerability concordant with income. Neighbourhood social cohesion and cultural identity may be contributing factors. Neighbourhood structural disadvantage is associated with poorer early childhood development, over and above that predicted by neighbourhood income. Neighbourhood-level policy and programming should address income and non-income related barriers to healthy child development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - B Forer
- University of British Columbia
| | - M Guhn
- University of British Columbia
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5
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Prattley J, Buffel T, Marshall A, Nazroo J. Area effects on the level and development of social exclusion in later life. Soc Sci Med 2019; 246:112722. [PMID: 31972379 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion in later life is associated with decreased quality of life and poorer health outcomes. Reducing the number of people at risk of exclusion is a key theme in European social policy, but there is limited understanding of the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics, personal attributes and the level and development of social exclusion in later life. In this paper, cross-classified multilevel growth curve models for predicting exclusion are fitted to seven waves of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, collected between 2002 and 2015, allowing for the investigation of causal mechanisms linking area characteristics and exclusion in later life, including access to services and amenities, participation in civic, cultural and leisure activities and relationships with friends and family. Results show that living in a deprived area is associated with increased levels of exclusion, and this explained the higher levels of exclusion found for urban compared with rural areas. Population turnover among local residents did not impact on exclusion levels, but length of residence and the degree to which a person feels attached to their neighbourhood did, with ageing in place and stronger attachments predicting lower levels of social exclusion. In terms of individual characteristics, men, those in poor health, people with low levels of wealth or education, and those aged 80 or older, were more likely to experience increased levels of exclusion, while retirement and marriage provided a protective effect. The paper contributes new insights into the pathways through which characteristics of both individuals and neighbourhoods predict social exclusion in later life, and concludes by discussing the policy implications raised by the research.
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Kim JH, Lewis TT, Topel ML, Mubasher M, Li C, Vaccarino V, Mujahid MS, Sims M, Quyyumi AA, Taylor HA, Baltrus PT. Identification of Resilient and At-Risk Neighborhoods for Cardiovascular Disease Among Black Residents: the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity Study. Prev Chronic Dis 2019; 16:E57. [PMID: 31074715 PMCID: PMC6513475 DOI: 10.5888/pcd16.180505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the growing interest in place as a determinant of health, areas that promote rather than reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) in blacks are understudied. We performed an ecologic analysis to identify areas with high levels of CVD resilience and risk among blacks from a large southern, US metropolitan area. METHODS We obtained census tract-level rates of cardiovascular deaths, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations for black adults aged 35 to 64 from 2010 through 2014 for the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area. Census tracts with substantially lower rates of cardiovascular events on the basis of neighborhood socioeconomic status were identified as resilient and those with higher rates were identified as at risk. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of being classified as an at-risk versus resilient tract for differences in census-derived measures. RESULTS We identified 106 resilient and 121 at-risk census tracts, which differed in the rates per 5,000 person years of cardiovascular outcomes (mortality, 8.13 vs 13.81; ED visits, 32.25 vs 146.3; hospitalizations, 26.69 vs 130.0), despite similarities in their median black income ($46,123 vs $45,306). Tracts with a higher percentage of residents aged 65 or older (odds ratio [OR], 2.29; 95% CI, 1.41-3.85 per 5% increment) and those with incomes less than 200% of the federal poverty level (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39 per 5% increment) and greater Gini index (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.19- 2.07 per 0.05 increment) were more likely to be classified as at risk than resilient neighborhoods. DISCUSSION Despite matching on median income level, at-risk neighborhoods for CVD among black populations were associated with a higher prevalence of socioeconomic indicators of inequality than resilient neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew L Topel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mohamed Mubasher
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chaohua Li
- National Center for Primary Care, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mahasin S Mujahid
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Herman A Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter T Baltrus
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,National Center for Primary Care, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Morehouse School of Medicine, National Center for Primary Care, Room 310, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA 30310.
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Phillips RL, Liaw W, Crampton P, Exeter DJ, Bazemore A, Vickery KD, Petterson S, Carrozza M. How Other Countries Use Deprivation Indices-And Why The United States Desperately Needs One. Health Aff (Millwood) 2018; 35:1991-1998. [PMID: 27834238 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Integrating public health and medicine to address social determinants of health is essential to achieving the Triple Aim of lower costs, improved care, and population health. There is intense interest in the United States in using social determinants of health to direct clinical and community health interventions, and to adjust quality measures and payments. The United Kingdom and New Zealand use data representing aspects of material and social deprivation from their censuses or from administrative data sets to construct indices designed to measure socioeconomic variation across communities, assess community needs, inform research, adjust clinical funding, allocate community resources, and determine policy impact. Indices provide these countries with comparable data and serve as a universal language and tool set to define organizing principles for population health. In this article we examine how these countries develop, validate, and operationalize their indices; explore their use in policy; and propose the development of a similar deprivation index for the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Phillips
- Robert L. Phillips is vice president for research and policy at the American Board of Family Medicine, in Washington, D.C
| | - Winston Liaw
- Winston Liaw is medical director at the Washington, D.C., office of the American Academy of Family Physicians
| | - Peter Crampton
- Peter Crampton is pro-vice-chancellor of the Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, in Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Exeter
- Daniel J. Exeter is a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - Andrew Bazemore
- Andrew Bazemore is director of the Robert Graham Center at the American Academy of Family Physicians
| | - Katherine Diaz Vickery
- Katherine Diaz Vickery is a clinician investigator at Hennepin County Medical Center, in Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen Petterson
- Stephen Petterson is research director at the American Academy of Family Physicians
| | - Mark Carrozza
- Mark Carrozza is director of HealthLandscape, in Cincinnati, Ohio
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Allmark P, Bhanbhro S, Chrisp T. An argument against the focus on community resilience in public health. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:62. [PMID: 24447588 PMCID: PMC3905650 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that Public Health professionals focus on community resilience in tackling chronic problems, such as poverty and deprivation; is this approach useful? Discussion Resilience is always i) of something ii) to something iii) to an endpoint, as in i) a rubber ball, ii) to a blunt force, iii) to its original shape. “Community resilience” might be: of a neighbourhood, to a flu pandemic, with the endpoint, to return to normality. In these two examples, the endpoint is as-you-were. This is unsuitable for some examples of resilience. A child that is resilient to an abusive upbringing has an endpoint of living a happy life despite that upbringing: this is an as-you-should-be endpoint. Similarly, a chronically deprived community cannot have the endpoint of returning to chronic deprivation: so what is its endpoint? Roughly, it is an as-you-should-be endpoint: to provide an environment for inhabitants to live well. Thus resilient communities will be those that do this in the face of challenges. How can they be identified? One method uses statistical outliers, neighbourhoods that do better than would be expected on a range of outcomes given a range of stressors. This method tells us that a neighbourhood is resilient but not why it is. In response, a number of researchers have attributed characteristics to resilient communities; however, these generally fail to distinguish characteristics of a good community from those of a resilient one. Making this distinction is difficult and we have not seen it successfully done; more importantly, it is arguably unnecessary. There already exist approaches in Public Health to assessing and developing communities faced with chronic problems, typically tied to notions such as Social Capital. Community resilience to chronic problems, if it makes sense at all, is likely to be a property that emerges from the various assets in a community such as human capital, built capital and natural capital. Summary Public Health professionals working with deprived neighbourhoods would be better to focus on what neighbourhoods have or could develop as social capital for living well, rather than on the vague and tangential notion of community resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Allmark
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Sheffield Hallam University, 32 Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield S10 2BP, England.
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Deprived yet healthy: Neighbourhood-level resilience in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med 2013; 91:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cairns-Nagi JM, Bambra C. Defying the odds: a mixed-methods study of health resilience in deprived areas of England. Soc Sci Med 2013; 91:229-37. [PMID: 23566672 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified an area-level association between socio-economic deprivation and poorer population health. However, some recent studies have suggested that some areas exhibit better health outcomes than would be expected given their level of deprivation. This has been conceptualised in terms of 'health resilience'. This study is the first to explore area-level 'health resilience' at different geographical scales and by using mixed-methods. Regression Tree Classification was used to identify local areas (Local Authority Districts and Census Area Statistical Wards) in England that performed relatively well in terms of mortality (premature mortality 1998-2003) or morbidity (2001 Census measures of self-reported general and limiting long-term illness) despite experiencing long term deprivation (Townsend scores 1971-2001). Five Local Authority Districts (LADs) and 90 Census Area Statistical Wards (CASWARDS) exhibited 'health resilience' in terms of self-reported health, three LADs and 88 CASWARDS for limiting long-term illness, and three LADs and 62 CASWARDS for premature mortality. Potential mechanisms underpinning this resilience were explored using focus groups and in-depth interviews in one case study area in the North East of England. This suggested that for this case study area, place attachment, the natural environment and social capital may have played a role in mediating the detrimental health effects of long term deprivation. The study concludes by exploring the implications of these findings within the context of the study limitations and by outlining future avenues for research and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Marie Cairns-Nagi
- Durham University, Wolfson Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Queen's Campus, University Boulevard, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK.
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Ghosn W, Kassié D, Jougla E, Salem G, Rey G, Rican S. Trends in geographic mortality inequalities and their association with population changes in France, 1975–2006. Eur J Public Health 2012; 23:834-40. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cks078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Community resilience and health: The role of bonding, bridging, and linking aspects of social capital. Health Place 2012; 18:286-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Popham F, Boyle PJ, O'Reilly D, Leyland AH. Selective internal migration. Does it explain Glasgow's worsening mortality record? Health Place 2011; 17:1212-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tunstall H, Mitchell R, Gibbs J, Platt S, Dorling D. Socio-demographic diversity and unexplained variation in death rates among the most deprived parliamentary constituencies in Britain. J Public Health (Oxf) 2011; 34:296-304. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdr078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Emmel N, Hughes K. ‘Recession, it's all the same to us son’: the longitudinal experience (1999–2010) of deprivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17450141003783413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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