Exosome as a target for cancer treatment

Exosomal MALAT1 promotes the proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through glyoxalase 1-dependent methylglyoxal removal

In previous study we characterized the oncogenic role of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the detailed mechanism remains obscure. Here we identified glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) as the most possible executor of MALAT1 by microarray screening. GLO1 is responsible for degradation of cytotoxic methylglyoxal (MGO), which is by-product of tumor glycolysis. Accumulated MGO may lead to glycation of DNA and protein, resulting in elevated advanced glycation end products (AGEs), while glyoxalase 1 detoxify MGO to alleviate its cytotoxic effect to tumor cells. GLO1 interfering led to accumulation of AGEs and following activation of DNA injury biomarkers, which lead to cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition. In silico analysis based on online database revealed abundant enrichment of histone acetylation marker H3K27ac in GLO1 promotor, and acetyltransferase inhibitor C646 declined GLO1 expression. Acetyltransferase KAT2B, which was also identified as a target of MALAT, mediated histone lysine acetylation of GLO1 promotor, which was confirmed by ChIP-qPCR experiment. Shared binding sites of miR-206 were found on MALAT1 and KAT2B mRNA. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed interaction within MALAT1-miR-206-GLO1. Finally, we identified MALAT1 encapsuled by exosome from donor cells, and transferred malignant behaviors to recipient cells. The secreted exosomes may enter circulation, and serum MALAT1 level combined with traditional tumor markers showed potential power for ESCC diagnosis.

A vivid outline demonstrating the benefits of exosome-mediated drug delivery in CNS-associated disease environments

The efficacy of drug delivery mechanisms has been improvised with time for different therapeutic purposes. In most cases, nano-sized delivery systems have been modeled over decades for the on-target applicability of the drugs. The use of synthetic drug delivery materials has been a common practice, although research has now focussed more on using natural vehicles, to avoid the side effects of synthetic delivery systems and easy acceptance by the body. Exosome is such a natural nano-sized vehicle that exceeds the efficiency of many natural vehicles, for being immune-friendly, due to its origin. Unlike, other natural drug delivery systems, exosomes are originated within the body's cells, and from there, they happen to travel through the extracellular matrices into neighboring cells. This capacity of exosomes has made them an efficient drug delivery system over recent years and now a large number of researches have been carried out to develop exosomes as natural drug delivery vehicles. Several experimental strategies have been practiced in this regard which have shown that exosomes are exclusively capable of carrying drugs and they can also be used in targeted delivery, for which they efficiently can reach and release the drug at their target cells for consecutive effects. One of the most interesting features of exosomes is they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the body and hence, for the disease where other delivery vehicles are incapable of reaching the destination of the drug, exosomes can overcome the hurdle. This review particularly, focuses on the different aspects of using exosomes as a potential nano-sized drug delivery system for some of the severe diseases associated with the central nervous system of the human body.

Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary tumor found in the central nervous system, accounting for 70% of all adult brain tumors. The median overall survival rate is one year post-diagnosis with treatment, and only four months without treatment. Current GBM diagnostic methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), surgery, and brain biopsies, have limitations. These include difficulty distinguishing between tumor recurrence and post-surgical necrotic regions, and operative risks associated with obtaining histological samples through direct surgery or biopsies. Consequently, there is a need for rapid, inexpensive, and minimally invasive techniques for early diagnosis and improved subsequent treatment. Research has shown that tumor-derived exosomes containing various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in immunomodulation, cancer metastasis, cancer development, and drug resistance in GBM. They regulate genes that enhance cancer growth and progression and alter the expression of several key signaling pathways. Due to the specificity and sensitivity of exosomal lncRNAs, they have the potential to be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis, as well as to monitor a patient's response to chemotherapy for GBM. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of GBM and their potential clinical applications for early diagnosis.

Advances in the regulation of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism by exosomal ncRNAs and their role in related metabolic diseases

Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released following the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cell membrane. Exosomes transport diverse molecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA and RNA, and regulate distant intercellular communication. Noncoding RNA (ncRNAs) carried by exosomes regulate cell-cell communication in tissues, including adipose tissue. This review summarizes the action mechanisms of ncRNAs carried by exosomes on adipocyte differentiation and modulation of adipogenesis by exosomal ncRNAs. This study aims to provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutics.

Biogenesis and function of exosome lncRNAs and their role in female pathological pregnancy

Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and recurrent spontaneous abortion are common maternal pregnancy complications that seriously endanger women's lives and health, and their occurrence is increasing year after year with a rejuvenation trend. In contrast to biomarkers found freely in tissues or body fluids, exosomes exist in a relatively independent environment and provide a higher level of stability. As backbone molecules, guidance molecules, and signaling molecules in the nucleus, lncRNAs can regulate gene expression. In the cytoplasm, lncRNAs can influence gene expression levels by modifying mRNA stability, acting as competitive endogenous RNAs to bind miRNAs, and so on. Exosomal lncRNAs can exist indefinitely and are important in intercellular communication and signal transduction. Changes in maternal serum exosome lncRNA expression can accurately and timely reflect the progression and regression of pregnancy-related diseases. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for clinical research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment methods of pregnancy-related diseases by reviewing the role of exosome lncRNAs in female pathological pregnancy and related molecular mechanisms.

Clinical Significance of Non-Coding RNA Regulation of Programmed Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a widely prevalent and malignantly progressive tumor. Most patients are typically diagnosed with HCC at an advanced stage, posing significant challenges in the execution of curative surgical interventions. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent a distinct category of RNA molecules not directly involved in protein synthesis. However, they possess the remarkable ability to regulate gene expression, thereby exerting significant regulatory control over cellular processes. Notably, ncRNAs have been implicated in the modulation of programmed cell death (PCD), a crucial mechanism that various therapeutic agents target in the fight against HCC. This review summarizes the clinical significance of ncRNA regulation of PCD in HCC, including patient diagnosis, prognosis, drug resistance, and side effects. The aim of this study is to provide new insights and directions for the diagnosis and drug treatment strategies of HCC.

A comprehensive overview of exosome lncRNAs: emerging biomarkers and potential therapeutics in endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological condition that significantly impacting women's daily lives. In recent years, the incidence of endometriosis has been rising yearly and is now an essential contributor to female infertility. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and shield lncRNA from the outside environment thanks to their vesicle-like structure. The role of exosome-derived lncRNAs in endometriosis is also receiving more study as high-throughput sequencing technology develops. Several lncRNAs with variable expression may be crucial to the emergence and growth of endometriosis. The early diagnosis of endometriosis will be considerably improved by further high specificity and sensitivity Exosome lncRNA screening. Exosomes assist lncRNAs in carrying out their roles, offering a new target for creating endometriosis-specific medications. In order to serve as a reference for clinical research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options of endometriosis, this paper covers the role of exosome lncRNAs in endometriosis and related molecular mechanisms.

Potential Roles of Exosomes in the Development and Detection of Malignant Mesothelioma: An Update

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a devastating cancer of mesothelial cells, caused by asbestos exposure. Limited knowledge regarding the detection of asbestos exposure and the early diagnosis of MM, as well as a lack of successful treatment options for this deadly cancer, project an immediate need to understand the mechanism(s) of MM development. With the recent discovery of nano-vesicles, namely exosomes, and their enormous potential to contain signature molecules representative of different diseases, as well as to communicate with distant targets, we were encouraged to explore their role(s) in MM biology. In this review, we summarize what we know so far about exosomes and MM based on our own studies and on published literature from other groups in the field. We expect that the information contained in this review will help advance the field of MM forward by revealing the mechanisms of MM development and survival. Based on this knowledge, future therapeutic strategies for MM can potentially be developed. We also hope that the outcome of our studies presented here may help in the detection of MM.

Nucleic acids and proteins carried by exosomes from various sources: Potential role in liver diseases

Exosomes are extracellular membrane-encapsulated vesicles that are released into the extracellular space or biological fluids by many cell types through exocytosis. As a newly identified form of intercellular signal communication, exosomes mediate various pathological and physiological processes by exchanging various active substances between cells. The incidence and mortality of liver diseases is increasing worldwide. Therefore, we reviewed recent studies evaluating the role of exosomes from various sources in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.

Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis and Support Vector Machine Learning in the Proteomic Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Extraventricular Drainage in Child Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric malignant central nervous system tumor. Overall survival in MB depends on treatment tuning. There is aneed for biomarkers of residual disease and recurrence. We analyzed the proteome of waste cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from extraventricular drainage (EVD) from six children bearing various subtypes of MB and six controls needing EVD insertion for unrelated causes. Samples included total CSF, microvesicles, exosomes, and proteins captured by combinatorial peptide ligand library (CPLL). Liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry proteomics identified 3560 proteins in CSF from control and MB patients, 2412 (67.7%) of which were overlapping, and 346 (9.7%) and 805 (22.6%) were exclusive. Multidimensional scaling analysis discriminated samples. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified those modules functionally associated with the samples. A ranked core of 192 proteins allowed distinguishing between control and MB samples. Machine learning highlighted long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 (SLC27A4) and laminin B-type (LMNB1) as proteins that maximized the discrimination between control and MB samples. Machine learning WGCNA and support vector machine learning were able to distinguish between MB versus non-tumor/hemorrhagic controls. The two potential protein biomarkers for the discrimination between control and MB may guide therapy and predict recurrences, improving the MB patients' quality of life.