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Huang Z, Xie T, Xie W, Chen Z, Wen Z, Yang L. Research trends in lung cancer and the tumor microenvironment: a bibliometric analysis of studies published from 2014 to 2023. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1428018. [PMID: 39144829 PMCID: PMC11322073 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1428018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, which seriously threatens human life and health as well as brings a heavy burden to the society. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has become an emerging research field and hotspot affecting tumor pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. However, to date, there has been no bibliometric analysis of lung cancer and the tumor microenvironment from 2014 to 2023.This study aims to comprehensively summarize the current situation and development trends in the field from a bibliometric perspective. Methods The publications about lung cancer and the tumor microenvironment from 2014 to 2023 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). The Microsoft Excel, Origin, R-bibliometrix, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software are comprehensively used to scientifically analyze the data. Results Totally, 763 publications were identified in this study. A rapid increase in the number of publications was observed after 2018. More than 400 organizations published these publications in 36 countries or regions. China and the United States have significant influence in this field. Zhou, CC and Frontiers in Immunology are the most productive authors and journals respectively. Besides, the most frequently cited references were those on lung cancer pathogenesis, clinical trials, and treatment modalities. It suggests that novel lung cancer treatment models mainly based on the TME components, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may lead to future research trends. Conclusions The field of lung cancer and the tumor microenvironment research is still in the beginning stages. Gene expression, molecular pathways, therapeutic modalities, and novel detection technologies in this field have been widely studied by researchers. This is the first bibliometric study to comprehensively summarize the research trend and development regarding lung cancer and tumor microenvironment over the last decade. The result of our research provides the updated perspective for scholars to understand the key information and cutting-edge hotspots in this field, as well as to identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Huang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingyi Xie
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuni Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Yang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Xiao Z, Wang S, Chen J, Li Y, Jiang Y, Tin VP, Liu J, Hu H, Wong MP, Pan Y, Yam JWP. The Dual Role of the NFATc2/galectin-9 Axis in Modulating Tumor-Initiating Cell Phenotypes and Immune Suppression in Lung Adenocarcinoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306059. [PMID: 38528665 PMCID: PMC11132051 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) resilience and an immunosuppressive microenvironment are aggressive oncogenic phenotypes that contribute to unsatisfactory long-term outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. The molecular mechanisms mediating the interaction between TICs and immune tolerance have not been elucidated. The role of Galectin-9 in oncogenesis and immunosuppressive microenvironment is still unknown. This study explored the potential role of galectin-9 in TIC regulation and immune modulation in LUAD. The results show that galectin-9 supports TIC properties in LUAD. Co-culture of patient-derived organoids and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed that tumor-secreted galectin-9 suppressed T cell cytotoxicity and induced regulatory T cells (Tregs). Clinically, galectin-9 is upregulated in human LUAD. High expression of galectin-9 predicted poor recurrence-free survival and correlated with high levels of Treg infiltration. LGALS9, the gene encoding galectin-9, is found to be transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATc2), a previously reported TIC regulator, via in silico prediction and luciferase reporter assays. Overall, the results suggest that the NFATc2/galectin-9 axis plays a dual role in TIC regulation and immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Jie Xiao
- Scientific Research CentreThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518000China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bone Tissue Repair and Translational ResearchThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518000China
- Department of PathologySchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077Hong Kong
| | - Si‐Qi Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and ReconstructionChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijing100101China
| | - Jun‐Jiang Chen
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhou510000China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- Scientific Research CentreThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518000China
| | - Vicky Pui‐Chi Tin
- Department of PathologySchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077Hong Kong
| | - Jia Liu
- Scientific Research CentreThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518000China
| | - Huiyi Hu
- Scientific Research CentreThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518000China
| | - Maria Pik Wong
- Department of PathologySchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077Hong Kong
| | - Yihang Pan
- Scientific Research CentreThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518000China
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of PathologySchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077Hong Kong
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3
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Zhang M, Liu C, Li Y, Li H, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang L, Sun C. Galectin-9 in cancer therapy: from immune checkpoint ligand to promising therapeutic target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1332205. [PMID: 38264357 PMCID: PMC10803597 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1332205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a vital member of the galectin family, functioning as a multi-subtype galactose lectin with diverse biological roles. Recent research has revealed that Gal-9's interaction with tumors is an independent factor that influences tumor progression. Furthermore, Gal-9 in the immune microenvironment cross-talks with tumor-associated immune cells, informing the clarification of Gal-9's identity as an immune checkpoint. A thorough investigation into Gal-9's role in various cancer types and its interaction with the immune microenvironment could yield novel strategies for subsequent targeted immunotherapy. This review focuses on the latest advances in understanding the direct and indirect cross-talk between Gal-9 and hematologic malignancies, in addition to solid tumors. In addition, we discuss the prospects of Gal-9 in tumor immunotherapy, including its cross-talk with the ligand TIM-3 and its potential in immune-combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minpu Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ye Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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4
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Lv Y, Ma X, Ma Y, Du Y, Feng J. A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9). Genes Dis 2023; 10:2366-2382. [PMID: 37554219 PMCID: PMC10404877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, advances in immunological knowledge have led to the identification of novel immune checkpoints, reinvigorating cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors, has become the leader in the precision treatment of cancer, bringing a new dawn to the treatment of most cancer patients. Galectin-9 (LGALS9), a member of the galectin family, is a widely expressed protein involved in immune regulation and tumor pathogenesis, and affects the prognosis of various types of cancer. Galectin-9 regulates immune homeostasis and tumor cell survival through its interaction with its receptor Tim-3. In the review, based on a brief description of the signaling mechanisms and immunomodulatory activities of galectin-9 and Tim-3, we summarize the targeted expression patterns of galectin-9 in a variety of malignancies and the promising mechanisms of anti-galectin-9 therapy in stimulating anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Du
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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5
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Liu X, Huang X, Zhao J, Su Y, Shen L, Duan Y, Gong J, Zhang Z, Piao S, Zhu Q, Rong X, Guo J. Application of machine learning in Chinese medicine differentiation of dampness-heat pattern in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13289. [PMID: 36873141 PMCID: PMC9975099 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background China has become the country with the largest number of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Chinese medicine (CM) has unique advantages in preventing and treating T2DM, while accurate pattern differentiation is the guarantee for proper treatment. Objective The establishment of the CM pattern differentiation model of T2DM is helpful to the pattern diagnosis of the disease. At present, there are few studies on dampness-heat pattern differentiation models of T2DM. Therefore, we establish a machine learning model, hoping to provide an efficient tool for the pattern diagnosis of CM for T2DM in the future. Methods A total of 1021 effective samples of T2DM patients from ten CM hospitals or clinics were collected by a questionnaire including patients' demographic and dampness-heat-related symptoms and signs. All information and the diagnosis of the dampness-heat pattern of patients were completed by experienced CM physicians at each visit. We applied six machine learning algorithms (Artificial Neural Network [ANN], K-Nearest Neighbor [KNN], Naïve Bayes [NB], Support Vector Machine [SVM], Extreme Gradient Boosting [XGBoost] and Random Forest [RF]) and compared their performance. And then we also utilized Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) method to explain the best performance model. Results The XGBoost model had the highest AUC (0.951, 95% CI 0.925-0.978) among the six models, with the best sensitivity, accuracy, F1 score, negative predictive value, and excellent specificity, precision, and positive predictive value. The SHAP method based on XGBoost showed that slimy yellow tongue fur was the most important sign in dampness-heat pattern diagnosis. The slippery pulse or rapid-slippery pulse, sticky stool with ungratifying defecation also performed an important role in this diagnostic model. Furthermore, the red tongue acted as an important tongue sign for the dampness-heat pattern. Conclusion This study constructed a dampness-heat pattern differentiation model of T2DM based on machine learning. The XGBoost model is a tool with the potential to help CM practitioners make quick diagnosis decisions and contribute to the standardization and international application of CM patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jindong Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yanjin Su
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Yuhong Duan
- Affiliated Hospital of Shannxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Shenghua Piao
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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6
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The Importance of the Immune System and Molecular Cell Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021506. [PMID: 36675020 PMCID: PMC9861992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a disease that in recent years has become one of the greatest threats to modern society. Every year there are more and more new cases and the percentage of deaths caused by this type of cancer increases. Despite many studies, scientists are still looking for answers regarding the mechanisms of lung cancer development and progression, with particular emphasis on the role of the immune system. The aim of this literature review was to present the importance of disorders of the immune system and the accompanying changes at the level of cell signaling in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The collected results showed that in the process of immunopathogenesis of almost all subtypes of lung cancer, changes in the tumor microenvironment, deregulation of immune checkpoints and abnormalities in cell signaling pathways are involved, which contribute to the multistage and multifaceted carcinogenesis of this type of cancer. We, therefore, suggest that in future studies, researchers should focus on a detailed analysis of tumor microenvironmental immune checkpoints, and to validate their validity, perform genetic polymorphism analyses in a wide range of patients and healthy individuals to determine the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer development. In addition, further research related to the analysis of the tumor microenvironment; immune system disorders, with a particular emphasis on immunological checkpoints and genetic differences may contribute to the development of new personalized therapies that improve the prognosis of patients.
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7
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Yeung ST, Premeaux TA, Du L, Niki T, Pillai SK, Khanna KM, Ndhlovu LC. Galectin-9 protects humanized-ACE2 immunocompetent mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011185. [PMID: 36325323 PMCID: PMC9621319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 remains a global health crisis even with effective vaccines and the availability of FDA approved therapies. Efforts to understand the complex disease pathology and develop effective strategies to limit mortality and morbidity are needed. Recent studies reveal circulating Galectin-9 (gal-9), a soluble beta-galactoside binding lectin with immunoregulatory properties, are elevated in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with moderate to severe disease. Moreover, in silico studies demonstrate gal-9 can potentially competitively bind the ACE2 receptor on susceptible host cells. Here, we determined whether early introduction of exogenous gal-9 following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humanized ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) may reduce disease severity. Mice were infected and treated with a single dose of a human recombinant form of gal-9 (rh-gal-9) and monitored for morbidity. Subgroups of mice were humanely euthanized at 2- and 5- days post infection (dpi) for viral levels by plaque assay, immune changes measures by flow cytometry, and soluble mediators by protein analysis from lung tissue and bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid (BALF). Mice treated with rh-gal-9 during acute infection had improved survival compared to PBS treated controls. At 5 dpi, rh-gal-9 treated mice had enhanced viral clearance in the BALF, but not in the lung parenchyma. Increased T and dendritic cells and decreased neutrophil frequencies in the lung at 5 dpi were observed, whereas BALF had elevated levels of type-I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest a role for rh-gal-9 in limiting acute COVID-19. Further studies are required to determine the optimal design of gal-9 treatment to effectively ameliorate COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Yeung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Departments of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kamal M. Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, ; Kamal M. Khanna,
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, ; Kamal M. Khanna,
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8
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Development and characterization of anti-galectin-9 antibodies that protect T cells from galectin-9-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101821. [PMID: 35283189 PMCID: PMC9006662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target immune checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 in human cancers have achieved impressive clinical success; however, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond to these treatments. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a β-galactoside-binding protein, has been shown to induce T-cell death and facilitate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by binding to immunomodulatory receptors such as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain–containing molecule 3 and the innate immune receptor dectin-1, suggesting that it may have potential as a target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report the development of two novel Gal-9-neutralizing antibodies that specifically react with the N-carbohydrate-recognition domain of human Gal-9 with high affinity. We also show using cell-based functional assays that these antibodies efficiently protected human T cells from Gal-9-induced cell death. Notably, in a T-cell/tumor cell coculture assay of cytotoxicity, these antibodies significantly promoted T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate potent inhibition of human Gal-9 by neutralizing antibodies, which may open new avenues for cancer immunotherapy.
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9
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Xia C, Huang W, Chen YL, Fu HB, Tang M, Zhang TL, Li J, Lv GH, Yan YG, Ouyang ZH, Yao N, Wang C, Zou MX. Coexpression of HHLA2 and PD-L1 on Tumor Cells Independently Predicts the Survival of Spinal Chordoma Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 12:797407. [PMID: 35145510 PMCID: PMC8824251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy only achieves efficacy in some cancer patients, and less is known about other immune checkpoint molecules in chordoma. Here, we aimed to determine the expression of PD-L1, HHLA2, B7H3, IDO-1 and Galectin-9 in spinal chordoma and evaluated their association with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients. Methods Using multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), we simultaneously measured the levels of five different immune checkpoint molecules and major TIL subsets in 92 human spinal chordoma samples. Results Tumor HHLA2 and PD-L1 were positive in 80.0% and 86.0% of cases, respectively. However, B7H3, IDO-1 and Galectin-9 positivity on tumor cells were only seen in 21.0% of cases, despite all showing predominantly stromal expression. Coexpression of these QIF markers in the tumor compartment was scarcely detected except for PD-L1 and HHLA2, which was observed in 69.6% of cases. While tumoral HHLA2 and stromal B7H3 expressions were associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype, suppressive immune response (specifically including elevated PD-1+ TILs level and decreased CD8+ TIL density) and poor prognosis, stromal levels of PD-L1 and Galectin-9 predicted the opposite outcomes. Importantly, HHLA2 and PD-L1 coexpression on tumor cells independently predicted both worse local recurrence-free survival and overall survival. Conclusion These data provide a better understanding of the immunosuppressive mechanism in chordoma and may be useful for the development of combination or novel immunotherapy approaches aiming to improve therapeutic efficacy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Health Management Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Health Management Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yun-Liang Chen
- Shenzhen Audaque Data Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Hai-Bin Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Tao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ouyang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nvzhao Yao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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10
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Jiao J, Jiao D, Yang F, Zhang J, Li Y, Han D, Zhang K, Wang Y, Zhang R, Yang AG, Wang A, Wen W, Qin W. Galectin-9 expression predicts poor prognosis in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1879-1890. [PMID: 35202002 PMCID: PMC8908941 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the expression of Galectin-9 in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), evaluate its clinicopathological significance, and investigate whether Galecin-9 expression has prognostic value in HBV-associated HCC. Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to examine the expression of Galectin-9 in paraffin-embedded tissues from 140 cases of HBV-associated HCC specimens. The association between Gal-9 expression, clinicopathological features and prognosis was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. Dual immunofluorescence (IF) staining was performed to identify the cell types that have positive Gal-9 expression. Results: Among the 140 cases of HBV-associated HCC, 39 (27.9%) cases showed high Gal-9 expression (score≥6), 21 (15%) cases showed moderate Gal-9 expression (6>score≥3), 33 (23.6%) cases showed weak Gal-9 expression (3>score>0), and 47 (33.6%) cases had no detectable Gal-9 expression (score=0). Positive Gal-9 expression (score>0) was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.029), Ki-67 proliferation index (P=0.009) and poor prognosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that Gal-9 expression could be used as an independent prognostic marker for HBV-associated HCC. Dual IF staining indicated that Gal-9 was mainly expressed in CD68+CD163+ Kupffer cells (KCs) in HBV-associated HCC. Conclusions: Gal-9 was specifically expressed in certain HBV-associated HCC. Positive Gal-9 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis, and Gal-9 could be used as a prognostic marker in HBV-associated HCC. Specific expression of Gal-9 on KCs indicated it may have immunosuppressive function in HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Jiao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fa Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jingliang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,Department of Health Services, Health Service Training Base, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Donghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Anhui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Weihong Wen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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11
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Chen Y, Jin Y, Hu X, Chen M. Infiltrating T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment of small cell lung cancer: a state of knowledge review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:881-895. [PMID: 34997864 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have brought new hope for the treatment of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) over the past decades. However, the overall response rate is limited, and is lower than that in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This is in part because of the lack of pre-existing tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TITLs), especially cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), in the SCLC tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in insufficient anti-tumor immune response. To unleash the full potential of ICIs, the trafficking and infiltration of TITLs to the tumor is necessary and tightly regulated, the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment blunts the infiltration and function of TITLs that reach the tumor in SCLC. Here, we review the characteristics of TITLs, the effects of various factors on T cell infiltration, and possible strategies to restore or promote T cell infiltration in the TME of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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12
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Guo H, Xu K, Duan G, Wen L, He Y. Progress and future prospective of FDG-PET/CT imaging combined with optimized procedures in lung cancer: toward precision medicine. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:1-14. [PMID: 34727331 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With a 5-year overall survival of approximately 20%, lung cancer has always been the number one cancer-specific killer all over the world. As a fusion of positron emission computed tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT), PET/CT has revolutionized cancer imaging over the past 20 years. In this review, we focused on the optimization of the function of 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT in diagnosis, prognostic prediction and therapy management of lung cancers by computer programs. FDG-PET/CT has demonstrated a surprising role in development of therapeutic biomarkers, prediction of therapeutic responses and long-term survival, which could be conducive to solving existing dilemmas. Meanwhile, novel tracers and optimized procedures are also developed to control the quality and improve the effect of PET/CT. With the continuous development of some new imaging agents and their clinical applications, application value of PET/CT has broad prospects in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kandi Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guangxin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ling Wen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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13
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Chen P, Wang H, Zhao L, Guo H, Zhang L, Zhang W, Sun C, Zhao S, Li W, Zhu J, Yu J, Wu C, He Y. Immune Checkpoints OX40 and OX40L in Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Predict Prognosis and Modulate Immune Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:713853. [PMID: 34900670 PMCID: PMC8652148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.713853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background OX40 and OX40 ligand (OX40L), as essential immune checkpoint (IC) modulators, are highly correlated with cancer immunity regulation as well as tumor microenvironment (TME). Immunotherapy showed outstanding advantages in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy. However, functions and clinical significance of OX40 and OX40L in SCLC were not clear yet. Materials and Methods SCLC samples of 143 patients were collected for immunohistochemistry (IHC) or whole-exome sequencing (WES). We comprehensively explored the expression and mutation of OX40/OX40L in SCLC, and systematically linked OX40/OX40L with TME. Results The expression of OX40/OX40L on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was found in the IHC cohort and verified in other cohorts with SCLC tissues and cell lines. The results showed co-expression patterns among OX40/OX40L, other ICs, and T-cell markers. The WES data suggested that OX40/OX40L mutation is rare in SCLC (<5%). Patients with positive OX40 protein expression on TILs showed substantially higher recurrence-free survival than those with negative expression (p=0.009). The external dataset also indicated that high OX40/OX40L expression was correlated with better prognosis [overall survival: OX40, p<0.001; OX40L, p=0.019]. Importantly, activation of immunity and high infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were observed in the high OX40/OX40L expression group. Conclusions Collectively, this work highlighted the significance of OX40 and OX40L in prognosis and TME cell infiltration characterization of SCLC. Evaluating the OX40/OX40L-expression levels of individual patients with SCLC might contribute to guiding more precise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Chen
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lishu Zhao
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyue Guo
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi He
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Sun H, Dai J, Zhao L, Zhu J, Wang H, Chen P, Lu H, Chen Q, Zhang Z. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 is associated with programmed death-ligand 1 and programmed cell death protein 1 in small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1468. [PMID: 34734020 PMCID: PMC8506769 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background In recent years, immunotherapy has achieved notable success in cancer treatment. Indeed, the novel immune checkpoint lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer. However, it is unclear about the role of LAG3 in immunotherapy and survival in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Methods The expression of LAG3 in SCLC was evaluated in four public datasets. The association of LAG3 with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and overall survival (OS) was investigated. The LAG3-related biological processes and pathways were identified by functional analyses. Results LAG3 expression was detected in SCLC tumor tissues. In the cBioPortal dataset with 81 clinical SCLC samples, LAG3 expression was markedly associated with PD-1 and PD-L1 expression (both P<0.050). In addition, Patients with high LAG3 expression had a trend toward a better OS (P=0.073). A similar survival trend was also observed in the GSE60052 dataset. Significantly, LAG3 expression was related to immune-related biological processes, such as immune response, antigen processing and presentation, and T cell co-stimulation (all P<0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrated that LAG3 is an important immune checkpoint that is closely associated with PD-1/PD-L1. LAG3 may be a promising novel immunotherapy target for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Dai
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lishu Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Lu
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiankun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhemin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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15
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What Are the Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in SCLC? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011123. [PMID: 34681779 PMCID: PMC8538776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy that exhibits a rapid doubling time, a high growth fraction, and the early development of widespread metastases. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors to first-line chemotherapy represents the first significant improvement of systemic therapy in several decades. However, in contrast to its effects on non-SCLC, the advantageous effects of immunotherapy addition are modest in SCLC. In particular, only a small number of SCLC patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, biomarkers selection is lacking for SCLC, with clinical trials largely focusing on unselected populations. Here, we review the data concerning the major biomarkers for immunotherapy, namely, programmed death ligand 1 expression and tumour mutational burden. Furthermore, we explore other potential biomarkers, including the role of the immune microenvironment in SCLC, the role of genetic alterations, and the potential links between neurological paraneoplastic syndromes, serum anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies, and outcomes in SCLC patients treated with immunotherapy.
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16
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Zhang C, Zhao C, Wang H. Genetic alternations and immune characteristics in patients with small cell lung cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:1075-1078. [PMID: 34427988 PMCID: PMC8504138 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, P. R. China
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17
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Guo H, Li B, Diao L, Wang H, Chen P, Jiang M, Zhao L, He Y, Zhou C. An immune-based risk-stratification system for predicting prognosis in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC). Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1947665. [PMID: 34290908 PMCID: PMC8279095 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1947665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is an uncommon subtype of lung cancer, and immune checkpoint blockade promises in clinical benefit. However, virtually nothing is known about the expression of common immune checkpoints in PSC. Here, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect nine immune-related proteins in 97 PSC patients. Based on the univariable Cox regression, random forests were used to establish risk models for OS and DFS. Moreover, we used the GSEA, CIBERSORT, and ImmuCellAI to analyze the enriched pathways and microenvironment. Univariable analysis revealed that CD4 (P = 0.008), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; P = 0.003), galectin-9 (Gal-9) on tumor cells (TCs; P = 0.021) were independent for DFS, while CD4 (P = 0.020), PD-1 (P = 0.004), Gal-9 (P = 0.033), and HLA on TILs (P = 0.031) were significant for OS. Meanwhile, the expression level of CD8 played a marginable role in DFS (P = 0.061), limited by the number of patients. The combination of Gal-9 on TC with CD4 and PD-1 on TILs demonstrated the most accurate prediction for DFS (AUC: 0.636-0.791, F1-score: 0.635–0.799), and a dramatic improvement to TNM-stage (P < 0.001 for F1-score of 1-y, 3-y, and 5-yDFS). A similar finding was also observed in the predictive ability of CD4 for OS (AUC: 0.602-0.678, F1-score: 0.635–0.679). CD4 was negatively associated with the infiltration of neutrophils (P = 0.015). PDCD1 (coding gene of PD-1) was positively correlated to the number of exhausted T cells (Texs; P = 0.020) and induced regulatory T cells (iTregs; P = 0.021), and LGALS9 (coding gene of Gal-9) was positively related to the level of dendritic cells (DCs; P = 0.021). Further, a higher combinational level of CD4, PDCD1 on TILs, and LAGLS9 on TCs were proved to be infiltrated with more M1-type macrophages (P < 0.05). We confirmed the expression status of nine immune-related proteins and established a TNM-Immune system for OS and DFS in PSC to assist clinical risk-stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binglei Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Diao
- Department of Automation, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minlin Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lishu Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Lee J, Jung YY, Lee JH, Hong M, Hwang HW, Hong SA, Hong SH. The Prognostic Value of Sex-Determining Region Y-Box 2 and CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Oncology 2021; 99:528-538. [PMID: 34107469 DOI: 10.1159/000516444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a transcriptional factor that drives embryonic stem cells to neuroendocrine cells in lung development and is highly expressed in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, the prognostic role of SOX2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has not been determined in SCLC. Herein, we assessed the expression of SOX2 and CD8+ TILs to obtain insights into the prognostic role of SOX2 and CD8+ TILs in limited-stage (LS)-SCLC. METHODS A total of 75 patients with LS-SCLC was enrolled. The SOX2 expression and CD8+ TILs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS High SOX2 and CD8+ TIL levels were identified in 52 (69.3%) and 40 (53.3%) patients, respectively. High SOX2 expression was correlated with increased density of CD8+ TILs (p = 0.041). Unlike SOX2, high CD8+ TIL numbers were associated with significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS; 13.9 vs. 8.0 months, p = 0.014). Patients with both high SOX2 expression and CD8+ TIL numbers (n = 29, 38.7%) had significantly longer PFS and overall survival (OS) compared to those from the other groups (median PFS 19.3 vs. 8.4 months; p = 0.002 and median OS 35.7 vs. 17.4 months; p = 0.004, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the combination of high SOX2 expression and CD8+ TIL levels was an independent good prognostic factor for OS (HR = 0.471, 95% CI, 0.250-0.887, p = 0.02) and PFS (HR = 0.447, 95% CI, 0.250-0.801, p = 0.007) in SCLC. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the combination of SOX2 and CD8+ TIL levels may be of a prognostic value in LS-SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Good Morning Hospital, Pyeontaek-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Yang Jung
- Department of Pathology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Mineui Hong
- Department of Pathology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Won Hwang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Hee Hong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Lim JU, Kang HS. A narrative review of current and potential prognostic biomarkers for immunotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:809. [PMID: 34268422 PMCID: PMC8246157 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly invasive and rapidly proliferating pathologic subtype that accounts for 13-15% of all lung cancer cases. Recently in extensive-stage SCLC, treatments that combine immunotherapy and chemotherapy showed increased efficacy compared to chemotherapy alone in several trials. However, the combination of immunotherapy and conventional chemotherapy regimens was introduced only recently for extensive-stage SCLC, with relatively little real-world data. The demand for reliable biomarkers that can predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in SCLC is high. Several studies evaluated various parameters including programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor mutation burden (TMB), gene expression profiling, autoantibody, and blood cytokines for predictive value for response to immunotherapy in SCLC. Despite some observed correlations, there is a lack of concrete support for the use of PD-L1 expression levels for readily available biomarker. High TMB in combination with smoking history is predictive of a better response to immunotherapy, but validation of cutoffs and testing methods is necessary before it can be widely applied in clinical settings. Other candidate biomarkers such as immune cell distribution among tumor microenvironment, and systemic inflammatory markers can also be evaluated, after an accumulation of real-life data from SCLC patients under immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Uk Lim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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