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Gu J, Yu Z, Tang X, Chen W, Deng X, Zhu X. Cryoablation combined with dual immune checkpoint blockade enhances antitumor efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma model mice. Int J Hyperthermia 2024; 41:2373319. [PMID: 38955354 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2024.2373319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryoablation (Cryo) is a minimally invasive treatment for tumors. Cryo can activate the body's immune response, although it is typically weak. The immune response induced by Cryo in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly understood. PD-1 and CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies are immune checkpoint inhibitors used in immunotherapy for tumors. The combined use of these antibodies with Cryo may enhance the immune effect. METHODS A Balb/c mouse model of HCC was established and treated with Cryo, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), or Cryo + ICB (combination therapy). The growth trend of right untreated tumors and survival time of mice were determined. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot (WB) assay. The percentages of immune cells and immunosuppressive cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The numbers of infiltrating T lymphocytes were checked by immunohistochemistry, and the levels of T-cell-associated cytokines were detected by Quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assays and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) assays. RESULTS Cryo + ICB inhibited the growth of right untreated tumors, promoted tumor cell apoptosis, and prolonged the survival time of mice. Local T-cell infiltration in right tumor tissues increased after the combination therapy, while the number of immunosuppressive cells was significantly reduced. In addition, the combination therapy may induce the production of multiple Th1-type cytokines but reduce the production of Th2-type cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Cryo can activate CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell immune responses. Cryo + ICB can relieve the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and shift the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 dominance, further enhancing the Cryo-induced T-cell immune response and resulting in a stronger antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zepeng Yu
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangxiang Tang
- School of Nursing, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenying Chen
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuedong Deng
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Mei N, Gong S, Wang L, Wang L, Wang J, Li J, Bao Y, Zhang H, Wang H. Identification of a Prognostic Model Based on NK Cell-Related Genes in Multiple Myeloma Using Single-Cell and Transcriptomic Data Analysis. Blood Lymphat Cancer 2024; 14:31-48. [PMID: 38854627 PMCID: PMC11162243 DOI: 10.2147/blctt.s461529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable plasma cell malignancy. The significance of the relationship between natural killer (NK) cell-related genes and clinical factors in MM remains unclear. Methods Initially, we extracted NK cell-related genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors and MM samples by employing single-cell transcriptome data analysis in TISCH2. Subsequently, we screened NK cell-related genes with prognostic significance through univariate Cox regression analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Following the initial analyses, we developed potential subtypes and prognostic models for MM using consensus clustering and lasso regression analysis. Additionally, we conducted a correlation analysis to explore the relationship between clinical features and risk scores. Finally, we constructed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within the MM cohort. Results We discovered that 153 NK cell-related genes were significantly associated with the prognosisof MM patients (P <0.05). Patients in NK cluster A exhibited poorer survival outcomes compared to those in cluster B. Furthermore, our NK cell-related genes risk model revealed that patients with a high risk score had significantly worse prognoses (P <0.05). Patients with a high risk score were more likely to exhibit adverse clinical markers. Additionally, the nomogram based on NK cell-related genes demonstrated strong prognostic performance. The enrichment analysis indicated that immune-related pathways were significantly correlated with both the NK subtypes and the NK cell-related genes risk model. Ultimately, through the combined use of WGCNA and DEGs analysis, and by employing Venn diagrams, we determined that ITM2C is an independent prognostic marker for MM patients. Conclusion In this study, we developed a novel model based on NK cell-related genes to stratify the prognosis of MM patients. Notably, higher expression levels of ITM2C were associated with more favorable survival outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mei
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha Gong
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Bao
- Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanming Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
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Park HY, Ashayeripanah M, Chopin M. Harnessing dendritic cell diversity in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102341. [PMID: 37236040 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are ubiquitous immune cells endowed with a unique capacity to initiate antigen-specific immunity and tolerance. Owing to their unique functional attributes, DCs have long been considered ideal candidates for the induction of effective antitumour responses. At the forefront of the cancer-immunity cycle, attempts to harness DC natural adjuvant properties in the clinic have resulted so far in suboptimal antitumour responses. A better understanding of the heterogeneity of the DC network and its dynamics within the tumour microenvironment will provide a blueprint to fully capitalise on their functional properties to achieve more effective antitumour responses. In this review, we will briefly summarise the origin and heterogeneity of the DC network, their roles in shaping antitumour immunity and in modulating the response to immune checkpoint blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Young Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mitra Ashayeripanah
- Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michaël Chopin
- Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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4
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Sun S, Fulati W, Shen L, Wu M, Huang Z, Qian W, Chen P, Hu Y, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhang H, Ma J, Xie Y. Maintenance regimen of GM-CSF with rituximab and lenalidomide improves survival in high-risk B-cell lymphoma by modulating natural killer cells. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37081754 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of high-risk B-cell lymphoma (BCL) remains a challenge, especially in the elderly. METHODS A total of 83 patients (median age 65 years), who have achieved a complete response after induction therapy, were divided into two groups: R2 + GM-CSF regimen (lenalidomide, rituximab, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) as maintenance therapy (n = 39) and observation (n = 44). The efficacy of the R2 + GM-CSF regimen as maintenance in patient with high-risk BCL was analyzed and compared with observation. RESULTS The number of natural killer cells in patients increased after R2 + GM-CSF regimen administration (0.131 × 109 /L vs. 0.061 × 109 /L, p = 0.0244). Patients receiving the R2 + GM-CSF regimen as maintenance therapy had longer remission (duration of response: 18.9 vs. 11.3 months, p = 0.001), and longer progression-free survival (not reached (NR) vs. 31.7 months, p = 0.037), and overall survival (OS) (NR vs. NR, p = 0.015). The R2 + GM-CSF regimen was safe and well tolerated. High international prognostic index score (p = 0.012), and high tumor burden (p = 0.005) appeared to be independent prognostic factors for worse PFS. CONCLUSIONS The maintenance therapy of R2 + GM-CSF regimen may improve survival in high-risk BCL patients, which might be modulated by amplification of natural killer cells. The efficacy of the R2 + GM-CSF maintenance regimen has to be further validated in prospective random clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunrong Sun
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wulipan Fulati
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensi Qian
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongdi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiexian Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhui Xie
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang C, Wang L, Xu C, Xu H, Wu Y. Resistance mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibition in lymphoma: Focusing on the tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1079924. [PMID: 36959853 PMCID: PMC10027765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1079924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic strategies of multiple types of malignancies including lymphoma. However, efficiency of ICIs varies dramatically among different lymphoma subtypes, and durable response can only be achieved in a minority of patients, thus requiring unveiling the underlying mechanisms of ICI resistance to optimize the individualized regimens and improve the treatment outcomes. Recently, accumulating evidence has identified potential prognostic factors for ICI therapy, including tumor mutation burden and tumor microenvironment (TME). Given the distinction between solid tumors and hematological malignancies in terms of TME, we here review the clinical updates of ICIs for lymphoma, and focus on the underlying mechanisms for resistance induced by TME, which play important roles in lymphoma and remarkably influence its sensitivity to ICIs. Particularly, we highlight the value of multiple cell populations (e.g., tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, M2 tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and metabolites (e.g., indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and adenosine) in the TME as prognostic biomarkers for ICI response, and also underline additional potential targets in immunotherapy, such as EZH2, LAG-3, TIM-3, adenosine, and PI3Kδ/γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leiming Wang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Center for transnational medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caigang Xu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Xu, ; Yu Wu,
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Xu, ; Yu Wu,
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Cellular Senescence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Passenger or the Driver? Cells 2022; 12:cells12010132. [PMID: 36611926 PMCID: PMC9818733 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the high morbidity and mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major yet growing burden for our global community. The relapse-prone nature and drug resistance of HCC are regarded as the consequence of varying intracellular processes and extracellular interplay, which actively participate in tumor microenvironment remodeling. Amongst them, cellular senescence is regarded as a fail-safe program, leading to double-sword effects of both cell growth inhibition and tissue repair promotion. Particularly, cellular senescence serves a pivotal role in the progression of chronic inflammatory liver diseases, ultimately leading to carcinogenesis. Given the current challenges in improving the clinical management and outcome of HCC, senescence may exert striking potential in affecting anti-cancer strategies. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have emerged to investigate senescence-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and its derived therapies. In this review, we intend to provide an up-to-date understanding of liver cell senescence and its impacts on treatment modalities of HCC.
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7
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Zhang Y, Li J, Yang F, Zhang X, Ren X, Wei F. Relationship and prognostic significance of IL-33, PD-1/PD-L1, and tertiary lymphoid structures in cervical cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1591-1603. [PMID: 35501298 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0322-746r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-33, an epithelial-derived cytokine, functions as an alarmin for the immune system in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the expression and role of IL-33 on cervical cancer remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IL-33 and its relationship with clinicopathologic features, tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1) immune checkpoints by immunohistochemistry in 93 cervical cancer patient specimens. Down-regulation of IL-33 expression was observed in tumor tissues compared with adjacent tissues. More importantly, IL-33 was detected in the cytoplasm of tumor fraction. IL-33 expression in tumor cytoplasm was associated with tumor size and the invasive depth of tumors (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, IL-33 expression in tumor cytoplasm was positively correlated with infiltration of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and PD-L1 expression in tumor tissues (p < 0.05). The number of TLS strongly correlated with the depth of tumor invasion, preoperative chemotherapy, human papillomavirus infection, and high level of PD-1 (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant relationship between IL-33 and TLS. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the formation of TLS was associated with a better prognosis (p = 0.008). In multivariable Cox regression modeling, high expression of PD-L1 in tumor tissues was correlated with poor prognosis (HR = 0.128; 95% CI: 0.026-0.646; p = 0.013), whereas the high expression of IL-33 in tumor tissues was associated with better prognosis (HR = 5.097; 95% CI:1.050-24.755; p = 0.043). These results indicate that IL-33, TLS, and PD-L1 are potentially valuable prognostic predictor for cervical cancer. IL-33 has potential for combination with PD-L1-related antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
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IL-2 Combined with IL-15 Enhanced the Expression of NKG2D Receptor on Patient Autologous NK Cells to Inhibit Wilms’ Tumor via MAPK Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4544773. [PMID: 36213822 PMCID: PMC9546681 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4544773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The dysfunction of immune surveillance, a hot spot in cancer research, could lead to the occurrence and development in multicancers. However, the potential mechanisms of immunity in Wilms' tumor (WT) remain unclear on Wilms' tumor (WT). In this study, we aim to investigate the immune cell in WT and explore the underlying treatment strategy. Method We quantified stromal and immune scores by using ESTIMATE algorithm based on gene expression matrix of WT patients in TCGA and GEO databases. Different expression genes (DEGs) and functional enrichments were analyzed by R studio and DAVID tools. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, ELISA assay, and qRT-PCR were used for detecting the NK cells, cytotoxic cytokines (INF-γ, PRF, and GZMB), and NK cell receptor expression, respectively. WT patient autologous NK cells were stimulated by IL-2 and IL-15, and the cytotoxicity of NK cells against WT cell lines was detected by LDH assay. Western blot experiment was used for measuring the MAPK signaling pathway protein maker in NK cells. Results ESTIMATE indicated that WT tissue had a lower immune score than adjacent kidney tissue. Meanwhile, the low immune score group was associated with poorly outcomes. DEG functional enrichment analysis showed that NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly different in low and high immune score groups. Although few of proportion of NK cells in WT patients were increased, most of that were significantly lower than normal children. Moreover, the proportion of NK cells and the expression level of INF-γ, PRF, and GZMB in WT tissue were lower than adjacent kidney tissue. Importantly, the NKG2D expression level of NK cells was significantly lower in WT tissue. Furthermore, in vitro, compared with uncultured NK cells, IL-2 and IL-15 could effectively enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells on killing the WT cell lines. The FACS and WB results showed that the NKG2D and p-PI3K ratio PI3K, MEK1/2, and p-ERK1/2 ratio ERK1/2 were significantly increased in IL-2 and IL15 group compared with uncultured groups. Conclusion The abnormal NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity may cause the occurrence of WT. Costimulation of WT patients autologous NK cells could effectively enhance the antitumor reaction which involved in activation of NKG2D-mediated MAPK signaling pathway.
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Paschen A, Melero I, Ribas A. Central Role of the Antigen-Presentation and Interferon-γ Pathways in Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070220-111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to immunotherapy is due in some instances to the acquired stealth mechanisms of tumor cells that lose expression of MHC class I antigen–presenting molecules or downregulate their class I antigen–presentation pathways. Most dramatically, biallelic β2-microglobulin (B2M) loss leads to complete loss of MHC class I expression and to invisibility to CD8+ T cells. MHC class I expression and antigen presentation are potently upregulated by interferon-γ (IFNγ) in a manner that depends on IFNγ receptor (IFNGR) signaling via JAK1 and JAK2. Mutations in these molecules lead to IFNγ unresponsiveness and mediate loss of recognition and killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Loss of MHC class I augments sensitivity of tumor cells to be killed by natural killer (NK) lymphocytes, and this mechanism could be exploited to revert resistance, for instance, with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-based agents. Moreover, in some experimental models,potent local type I interferon responses, such as those following intratumoral injection of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) or TLR3 agonists, revert resistance due to mutations of JAKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Essen, Germany
| | - Ignacio Melero
- University Clinic of Navarre (CUN) and Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC (Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Risso V, Lafont E, Le Gallo M. Therapeutic approaches targeting CD95L/CD95 signaling in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:248. [PMID: 35301281 PMCID: PMC8931059 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell death plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Key players in the controlled induction of cell death are the Death Receptors (DR). CD95 is a prototypic DR activated by its cognate ligand CD95L triggering programmed cell death. As a consequence, alterations in the CD95/CD95L pathway have been involved in several disease conditions ranging from autoimmune diseases to inflammation and cancer. CD95L-induced cell death has multiple roles in the immune response since it constitutes one of the mechanisms by which cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets, but it is also involved in the process of turning off the immune response. Furthermore, beyond the canonical pro-death signals, CD95L, which can be membrane-bound or soluble, also induces non-apoptotic signaling that contributes to its tumor-promoting and pro-inflammatory roles. The intent of this review is to describe the role of CD95/CD95L in the pathophysiology of cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation and to discuss recently patented and emerging therapeutic strategies that exploit/block the CD95/CD95L system in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Risso
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Lafont
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Matthieu Le Gallo
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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Cytokine-Induced Senescence in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Effects on Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061364. [PMID: 35326515 PMCID: PMC8946098 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to surgical excision, chemotherapy or radiation therapy, immune checkpoint blockade therapies primarily influence cells in the tumor microenvironment, especially the tumor-associated lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Besides complete remission of tumor lesions, in some patients, early tumor regression is followed by a consolidation phase where residing tumors remain dormant. Whereas the cytotoxic mechanisms of the regression phase (i.e., apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and immune cell-mediated cell death) have been extensively described, the mechanisms underlying the dormant state are still a matter of debate. Here, we propose immune-mediated induction of senescence in cancers as one important player. Senescence can be achieved by tumor-associated antigen-specific T helper 1 cells, cytokines or antibodies targeting immune checkpoints. This concept differs from cytotoxic treatment, which often targets the genetic makeup of cancer cells. The immune system's ability to establish "defensive walls" around tumors also places the tumor microenvironment into the fight against cancer. Those "defensive walls" isolate the tumor cells instead of increasing the selective pressure. They also keep the tumor cells in a non-proliferating state, thereby correcting the derailed tissue homeostasis. In conclusion, strengthening the senescence surveillance of tumors by the immune cells of the microenvironment is a future goal to dampen this life-threatening disease.
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Bauer V, Ahmetlić F, Hömberg N, Geishauser A, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Immune checkpoint blockade impairs immunosuppressive mechanisms of regulatory T cells in B-cell lymphoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101170. [PMID: 34229208 PMCID: PMC8264214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During lymphoma growth, Tregs evolve an increasingly suppressive phenotype. Lymphoma-infiltrating Tregs show an enhanced immunosuppressive function. Cell contacts and IL-10 are required for Treg-mediated immunosuppression. Alterations of intratumoral Tregs are partly abrogated by immune checkpoint blockade.
In malignant disease, CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) hamper antitumor immune responses and may provide a target for immunotherapy. Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become an established therapy for several cancer entities including lymphoma, its mechanisms have not been entirely uncovered. Using endogenously arising λ-MYC-transgenic mouse B-cell lymphomas, which can effectively be suppressed by either Treg ablation or ICB, we investigated which mechanisms are used by Tregs to suppress antitumor responses and how ICB affects these pathways. During tumor development, Tregs up-regulated Foxp3, CD25, CTLA-4 and IL-10, which correlated with enhanced immunosuppressive functions. Thus, in contrast to other tumors, Tregs did not become dysfunctional despite chronic stimulation in the tumor microenvironment and progressive up-regulation of PD-1. Immunosuppression was mediated by direct contacts between Tregs and effector T cells and by IL-10. When λ-MYC mice were treated with ICB antibodies, Tregs revealed a less profound up-regulation of Foxp3, CD25 and IL-10 and a decreased suppressive capacity. This may be due to the shift towards a pro-inflammatory milieu fostered by ICB. In summary, an ICB-induced interference with Treg-dependent immunosuppression may contribute to the success of ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Fatima Ahmetlić
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany
| | - Nadine Hömberg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany
| | - Albert Geishauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Klinik für Dermatologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany.
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