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Huang WC, Eberle K, Colon JR, Lovell JF, Xin H. Liposomal Fba and Met6 peptide vaccination protects mice from disseminated candidiasis. mSphere 2024:e0018924. [PMID: 38904363 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00189-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Epitopes from the Candida cell surface proteins Fba and Met6 are putative vaccine targets for invasive candidiasis. Here, we describe a Candida vaccine approach in which short peptides derived from Fba and Met6 are used in spontaneous nanoliposome antigen particle (SNAP) format. SNAP was enabled by the interaction of cobalt porphyrin phospholipid in liposomes with three histidine residues on the N-terminus of synthetic short peptide immunogens from Fba (F-SNAP), Met6 (M-SNAP), or bivalent Fba and Met6 (FM-SNAP). Liposomes were adjuvanted with synthetic monophosphoryl lipid and QS-21. In mice, immunization with F-SNAP, M-SNAP, or FM-SNAP induced antigen-specific IgG responses and mixed Th1/Th2 immunity. The duplex FM-SNAP vaccine elicited stronger antibody responses against each peptide, even at order-of-magnitude lower peptide dosing than a comparable adjuvanted, conjugate vaccine. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analysis revealed the induction of antigen-specific, cytokine-producing T cells. Compared to F-SNAP or M-SNAP, higher production of TNFα, IL-2, and IFNγ was observed with re-stimulation of splenocytes from bivalent FM-SNAP-immunized mice. When vaccinated BALB/c mice were challenged with Candida auris, analysis of the fungal burden in the kidneys showed that SNAP vaccination protected from disseminated candidiasis. In a lethal fungal exposure model in A/J mice, F-SNAP, M-SNAP, and FM-SNAP vaccination protected mice from candidiasis challenge. Together, these results show that further investigation into the SNAP adjuvant platform is warranted using Fba and Met6 epitopes for a pan-Candida peptide vaccine that provides multifaceted protective immune responses. IMPORTANCE This study introduces a promising vaccine strategy against invasive candidiasis, a severe fungal infection, by targeting specific peptides on the surface of Candida. Using a novel approach called spontaneous nanoliposome antigen particle (SNAP), we combined peptides from two key Candida proteins, Fba and Met6, into a vaccine. This vaccine induced robust immune responses in mice, including the production of protective antibodies and the activation of immune cells. Importantly, mice vaccinated with SNAP were shielded from disseminated candidiasis in experiments. These findings highlight a potential avenue for developing a broad-spectrum vaccine against Candida infections, which could significantly improve outcomes for patients at risk of these often deadly fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Karen Eberle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jonothan Rosario Colon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hong Xin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Desai N, Chavda V, Singh TRR, Thorat ND, Vora LK. Cancer Nanovaccines: Nanomaterials and Clinical Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401631. [PMID: 38693099 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer nanovaccines represent a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy, utilizing nanotechnology to augment traditional vaccine efficacy. This review comprehensively examines the current state-of-the-art in cancer nanovaccine development, elucidating innovative strategies and technologies employed in their design. It explores both preclinical and clinical advancements, emphasizing key studies demonstrating their potential to elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses. The study encompasses various facets, including integrating biomaterial-based nanocarriers for antigen delivery, adjuvant selection, and the impact of nanoscale properties on vaccine performance. Detailed insights into the complex interplay between the tumor microenvironment and nanovaccine responses are provided, highlighting challenges and opportunities in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the study presents a thorough analysis of ongoing clinical trials, presenting a snapshot of the current clinical landscape. By curating the latest scientific findings and clinical developments, this study aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians engaged in advancing cancer immunotherapy. Integrating nanotechnology into vaccine design holds immense promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, and this review provides a timely update on the evolving landscape of cancer nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | | | - Nanasaheb D Thorat
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre (LDCRC), University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Medical Science Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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Zhou S, Song Y, Luo Y, Quinn B, Jiao Y, Long MD, Abrams SI, Lovell JF. Identification of Enhanced Vaccine Mimotopes for the p15E Murine Cancer Antigen. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:958-969. [PMID: 38506662 PMCID: PMC10986479 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Mimotopes of short CD8+ T-cell epitopes generally comprise one or more mutated residues, and can increase the immunogenicity and function of peptide cancer vaccines. We recently developed a two-step approach to generate enhanced mimotopes using positional peptide microlibraries and herein applied this strategy to the broadly used H-2Kb-restricted murine leukemia p15E tumor rejection epitope. The wild-type p15E epitope (sequence: KSPWFTTL) was poorly immunogenic in mice, even when combined with a potent peptide nanoparticle vaccine system and did not delay p15E-expressing MC38 tumor growth. Following positional microlibrary functional screening of over 150 mimotope candidates, two were identified, both with mutations at residue 3 (p15E-P3C; "3C," and p15E-P3M; "3M") that better induced p15E-specific CD8+ T cells and led to tumor rejection. Although 3M was more immunogenic, 3C effectively delayed tumor growth in a therapeutic setting relative to the wild-type p15E. As 3C had less H-2Kb affinity relative to both p15E and 3M, 15 additional mimotope candidates (all that incorporated the 3C mutation) were assessed that maintained or improved predicted MHC-I affinity. Valine substitution at position 2 (3C2V, sequence: KVCWFTTL) led to improved p15E-specific immunogenicity, tumor rejection, and subsequent long-term antitumor immunity. 3C, 3M, and 3C2V mimotopes were more effective than p15E in controlling MC38 and B16-F10 tumors. T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing revealed unique TCR transcripts for mimotopes, but there were no major differences in clonality. These results provide new p15E mimotopes for further vaccine use and illustrate considerations for MHC-I affinity, immunogenicity, and functional efficacy in mimotope design. SIGNIFICANCE The MHC-I-restricted p15E tumor rejection epitope is expressed in multiple murine cancer lines and is used as a marker of antitumor cellular immunity, but has seen limited success as a vaccine immunogen. An in vivo screening approach based on a positional peptide microlibraries is used to identify enhanced p15E mimotopes bearing amino acid mutations that induce significantly improved functional immunogenicity relative to vaccination with the wild-type epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Breandan Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark D. Long
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Scott I. Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Srivastava PK. Cancer neoepitopes viewed through negative selection and peripheral tolerance: a new path to cancer vaccines. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176740. [PMID: 38426497 PMCID: PMC10904052 DOI: 10.1172/jci176740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A proportion of somatic mutations in tumors create neoepitopes that can prime T cell responses that target the MHC I-neoepitope complexes on tumor cells, mediating tumor control or rejection. Despite the compelling centrality of neoepitopes to cancer immunity, we know remarkably little about what constitutes a neoepitope that can mediate tumor control in vivo and what distinguishes such a neoepitope from the vast majority of similar candidate neoepitopes that are inefficacious in vivo. Studies in mice as well as clinical trials have begun to reveal the unexpected paradoxes in this area. Because cancer neoepitopes straddle that ambiguous ground between self and non-self, some rules that are fundamental to immunology of frankly non-self antigens, such as viral or model antigens, do not appear to apply to neoepitopes. Because neoepitopes are so similar to self-epitopes, with only small changes that render them non-self, immune response to them is regulated at least partially the way immune response to self is regulated. Therefore, neoepitopes are viewed and understood here through the clarifying lens of negative thymic selection. Here, the emergent questions in the biology and clinical applications of neoepitopes are discussed critically and a mechanistic and testable framework that explains the complexity and translational potential of these wonderful antigens is proposed.
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Lekshmy M, Dhanya CR, Smrithi JS, Sindhurani JA, Vandanamthadathil JJ, Veettil JT, Anila L, Lathakumari VS, Nayar AM, Madhavan M. Peptide Vaccines as Therapeutic and Prophylactic Agents for Female-Specific Cancers: The Current Landscape. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1054. [PMID: 37513965 PMCID: PMC10383774 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast and gynecologic cancers are significant global threats to women's health and those living with the disease require lifelong physical, financial, and social support from their families, healthcare providers, and society as a whole. Cancer vaccines offer a promising means of inducing long-lasting immune response against the disease. Among various types of cancer vaccines available, peptide vaccines offer an effective strategy to elicit specific anti-tumor immune responses. Peptide vaccines have been developed based on tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor specific neoantigens which can also be of viral origin. Molecular alterations in HER2 and non-HER2 genes are established to be involved in the pathogenesis of female-specific cancers and hence were exploited for the development of peptide vaccines against these diseases, most of which are in the latter stages of clinical trials. However, prophylactic vaccines for viral induced cancers, especially those against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection are well established. This review discusses therapeutic and prophylactic approaches for various types of female-specific cancers such as breast cancer and gynecologic cancers with special emphasis on peptide vaccines. We also present a pipeline for the design and evaluation of a multiepitope peptide vaccine that can be active against female-specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Lekshmy
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram 695586, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leelamma Anila
- Department of Biochemistry, NSS College, Nilamel, Kollam 691535, Kerala, India
| | - Vishnu Sasidharan Lathakumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Industrial Microbiology, Sree Narayana College for Women, Kollam 691001, Kerala, India
| | - Adhira M Nayar
- Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi College, Thiruvananthapuram 695004, Kerala, India
| | - Maya Madhavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
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Sun C, Nagaoka K, Kobayashi Y, Maejima K, Nakagawa H, Nakajima J, Kakimi K. Immunotherapies targeting neoantigens are effective in PD-1 blockade-resistant tumors. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1463-1475. [PMID: 36451303 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Only a small fraction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can specifically recognize and attack cancer cells in PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. Here, we investigate approaches to expand the neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells to overcome the difficulties in treating PD-1/PD-L1 blockade-resistant tumors. Mutation-associated neoepitopes of murine nonsmall cell lung cancer ASB-XIV were estimated by whole-exome and RNA sequencing and predicted by MHC-I binding affinity (FPKM >1) in silico. Using ASB-XIV-specific CD8+ T cells, we screened a panel of 257 neoepitope peptides derived from ASB-XIV missense and indel mutations. Mutated Phf3 peptide (mPhf3) was successfully identified as an immunogenic neoepitope. Prophylactic mPhf3-DC vaccination inhibited ASB-XIV tumor growth through CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Combining the mPhf3-DC vaccine and anti-PD-1 treatment elicited robust antitumor activity through the induction of mPhf3-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of mPhf3-specific CD8+ T cells eradicated ASB-XIV tumors. Likewise, the combination of mutated Cdt1 peptide (mCdt1)-DC vaccine and anti-PD-1 treatment or adoptive transfer of mCdt1-specific CD8+ T cells also led to significant regression of PD-1 blockade-resistant murine gastric YTN16 tumors. In conclusion, a novel immunogenic neoepitope of ASB-XIV was identified for immunotherapy targeting neoantigens. Identification of immunogenic neoantigens can extend the therapeutic strategies by increasing the frequency of neoantigen-specific T cells, even for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Sun
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Koji Nagaoka
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Kobayashi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maejima
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Wu R, Wang K, Gai Y, Li M, Wang J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Jiang D, Gao Z, Xia X. Nanomedicine for renal cell carcinoma: imaging, treatment and beyond. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:3. [PMID: 36597108 PMCID: PMC9809106 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a vital organ responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the human body. However, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy of the urinary system and represents a serious threat to human health. Although the overall survival of RCC has improved substantially with the development of cancer diagnosis and management, there are various reasons for treatment failure. Firstly, without any readily available biomarkers, timely diagnosis has been greatly hampered. Secondly, the imaging appearance also varies greatly, and its early detection often remains difficult. Thirdly, chemotherapy has been validated as unavailable for treating renal cancer in the clinic due to its intrinsic drug resistance. Concomitant with the progress of nanotechnological methods in pharmaceuticals, the management of kidney cancer has undergone a transformation in the recent decade. Nanotechnology has shown many advantages over widely used traditional methods, leading to broad biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery, prevention, diagnosis to treatment. This review focuses on nanotechnologies in RCC management and further discusses their biomedical translation with the aim of identifying the most promising nanomedicines for clinical needs. As our understanding of nanotechnologies continues to grow, more opportunities to improve the management of renal cancer are expected to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Wu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Keshan Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zairong Gao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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Balagopal S, Sasaki K, Kaur P, Nikolaidi M, Ishihara J. Emerging approaches for preventing cytokine release syndrome in CAR-T cell therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7491-7511. [PMID: 35912720 PMCID: PMC9518648 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated remarkable anti-tumor efficacy against hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma. However, patients treated with CAR-T cells frequently experience cytokine release syndrome (CRS), one of the most life-threatening adverse events of the therapy induced by systemic concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines throughout the body. Immunosuppressants such as tocilizumab are currently administered to treat the onset and progression of CRS symptoms. In order to reduce the risk of CRS, newly designed next-generation CAR-T treatments are being developed for both hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we discuss six classes of interesting approaches that control cytokine production of CAR-T cell therapy: adaptor-based strategies, orthogonal cytokine-receptor pairs, regulation of macrophage cytokine activity, autonomous neutralization of key cytokines, kill switches and methods of reversible suppression of CARs. With these strategies, future CAR-T cell therapies will be designed to preemptively inhibit CRS, minimize the patients' suffering, and maximize the number of benefiting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Balagopal
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Koichi Sasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Pooja Kaur
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Maria Nikolaidi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Malekos E, Carpenter S. Short open reading frame genes in innate immunity: from discovery to characterization. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:741-756. [PMID: 35965152 PMCID: PMC10118063 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have greatly expanded the size of the known transcriptome. Many newly discovered transcripts are classified as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are assumed to affect phenotype through sequence and structure and not via translated protein products despite the vast majority of them harboring short open reading frames (sORFs). Recent advances have demonstrated that the noncoding designation is incorrect in many cases and that sORF-encoded peptides (SEPs) translated from these transcripts are important contributors to diverse biological processes. Interest in SEPs is at an early stage and there is evidence for the existence of thousands of SEPs that are yet unstudied. We hope to pique interest in investigating this unexplored proteome by providing a discussion of SEP characterization generally and describing specific discoveries in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Malekos
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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