1
|
Pascual-Pasto G, McIntyre B, Hines MG, Giudice AM, Garcia-Gerique L, Hoffmann J, Mishra P, Matlaga S, Lombardi S, Shraim R, Schürch PM, Yarmarkovich M, Hofmann TJ, Alikarami F, Martinez D, Tsang M, Gil-de-Gómez L, Spear TT, Bernt KM, Wolpaw AJ, Dimitrov DS, Li W, Bosse KR. CAR T-cell-mediated delivery of bispecific innate immune cell engagers for neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7141. [PMID: 39164224 PMCID: PMC11336212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell approaches are needed to improve therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors. High-risk neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric solid tumor that expresses cell-surface GPC2 and GD2 with a tumor microenvironment infiltrated by CD16a-expressing innate immune cells. Here we engineer T-cells to express a GPC2-directed CAR and simultaneously secrete a bispecific innate immune cell engager (BiCE) targeting both GD2 and CD16a. In vitro, GPC2.CAR-GD2.BiCE T-cells induce GPC2-dependent cytotoxicity and secrete GD2.BiCE that promotes GD2-dependent activation of antitumor innate immunity. In vivo, GPC2.CAR-GD2.BiCE T-cells locally deliver GD2.BiCE and increase intratumor retention of NK-cells. In mice bearing neuroblastoma patient-derived xenografts and reconstituted with human CD16a-expressing immune cells, GD2.BiCEs enhance GPC2.CAR antitumor efficacy. A CAR.BiCE strategy should be considered for tumor histologies where antigen escape limits CAR efficacy, especially for solid tumors like neuroblastoma that are infiltrated by innate immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Pascual-Pasto
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brendan McIntyre
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Margaret G Hines
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Anna M Giudice
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laura Garcia-Gerique
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Hoffmann
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pamela Mishra
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie Matlaga
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Simona Lombardi
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rawan Shraim
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick M Schürch
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark Yarmarkovich
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- New York University, Perlmutter Cancer Center, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ted J Hofmann
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fatemeh Alikarami
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Tsang
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Luis Gil-de-Gómez
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria School of Medicine, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
| | - Timothy T Spear
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kathrin M Bernt
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Adam J Wolpaw
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kristopher R Bosse
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pascual-Pasto G, McIntyre B, Giudice AM, Alikarami F, Morrissey A, Matlaga S, Hofmann TJ, Burgueño V, Harvey K, Martinez D, Shah AC, Foster JB, Pogoriler J, Eagle RC, Carcaboso AM, Shields CL, Leahey AM, Bosse KR. Targeting GPC2 on Intraocular and CNS Metastatic Retinoblastomas with Local and Systemic Delivery of CAR T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:3578-3591. [PMID: 38864848 PMCID: PMC11326963 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. Although new chemotherapeutic approaches have improved ocular salvage rates, novel therapies are required for patients with refractory intraocular and metastatic disease. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting glypican-2 (GPC2) are a potential new therapeutic strategy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN GPC2 expression and its regulation by the E2F1 transcription factor were studied in retinoblastoma patient samples and cellular models. In vitro, we performed functional studies comparing GPC2 CAR T cells with different costimulatory domains (4-1BB and CD28). In vivo, the efficacy of local and systemic administration of GPC2 CAR T cells was evaluated in intraocular and leptomeningeal human retinoblastoma xenograft models. RESULTS Retinoblastoma tumors, but not healthy retinal tissues, expressed cell surface GPC2, and this tumor-specific expression was driven by E2F1. GPC2-directed CARs with 4-1BB costimulation (GPC2.BBz) were superior to CARs with CD28 stimulatory domains (GPC2.28z), efficiently inducing retinoblastoma cell cytotoxicity and enhancing T-cell proliferation and polyfunctionality. In vivo, GPC2.BBz CARs had enhanced persistence, which led to significant tumor regression compared with either control CD19 or GPC2.28z CARs. In intraocular models, GPC2.BBz CAR T cells efficiently trafficked to tumor-bearing eyes after intravitreal or systemic infusions, significantly prolonging ocular survival. In central nervous system (CNS) retinoblastoma models, intraventricular or systemically administered GPC2.BBz CAR T cells were activated in retinoblastoma-involved CNS tissues, resulting in robust tumor regression with substantially extended overall mouse survival. CONCLUSIONS GPC2-directed CAR T cells are effective against intraocular and CNS metastatic retinoblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Pascual-Pasto
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan McIntyre
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna M. Giudice
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Alikarami
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Morrissey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Matlaga
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ted J. Hofmann
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victor Burgueño
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kyra Harvey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amish C. Shah
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica B. Foster
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pogoriler
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ralph C. Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol L. Shields
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Leahey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristopher R. Bosse
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin S, Zhang Y, Yao J, Yang J, Qiu Y, Zhu Z, Hua H. DB-1314, a novel DLL3-targeting ADC with DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, exhibits promising safety profile and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical small cell lung cancer models. J Transl Med 2024; 22:766. [PMID: 39143619 PMCID: PMC11323672 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) is highly expressed on the cell surface of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), one of the most lethal malignancies, but minimally or not in normal tissues, making it an attractive target for SCLC. However, none of the DLL3-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been approved for SCLC therapy yet. We developed DB-1314, the new anti-DLL3 ADC composed of a novel humanized anti-DLL3 monoclonal antibody (DB131401) conjugated with eight molecules of P1021 (topoisomerase I inhibitor), and described its preclinical profiles. METHODS The binding epitope for DB131401 and Rovalpituzumab was tested by biolayer interferometry. The binding affinity and specificity of DB-1314 to DLL3 and other homologous proteins were respectively measured by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Internalization, bystander effects, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were assessed by respective assay. DLL3 was quantified by antibodies bound per cell assay and immunohistochemistry. In vitro and in vivo growth inhibition studies were evaluated in SCLC cell lines, and cell line/patient-derived xenograft models. The safety profile was measured in cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS DB-1314 induces potent, durable, and dose-dependent antitumor effects in cells in vitro and in cell/patient-derived xenograft models in vivo. The killing activity of DB-1314 mechanically arises from P1021-induced DNA damage, whereby P1021 is delivered and released within tumor cells through DLL3-specific binding and efficient internalization. Bystander effects and ADCC also contribute to the antitumor activity of DB-1314. DB-1314 displays favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic profiles in rats and cynomolgus monkeys; besides, DB-1314 is well-tolerated at a dose of up to 60 mg/kg in monkeys. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DB-1314 may be a candidate ADC targeting DLL3 for the treatment of DLL3-positive SCLC, supporting further evaluation in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Lin
- Department of Research and Development, Duality Biologics, LTD, Unite 1106 868 Yinghua Road, Unite, 1106, 201204, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Duality Biologics, LTD, Unite 1106 868 Yinghua Road, Unite, 1106, 201204, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Research and Development, Duality Biologics, LTD, Unite 1106 868 Yinghua Road, Unite, 1106, 201204, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Research and Development, Duality Biologics, LTD, Unite 1106 868 Yinghua Road, Unite, 1106, 201204, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Department of Research and Development, Duality Biologics, LTD, Unite 1106 868 Yinghua Road, Unite, 1106, 201204, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhu
- Department of Research and Development, Duality Biologics, LTD, Unite 1106 868 Yinghua Road, Unite, 1106, 201204, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Hua
- Department of Research and Development, Duality Biologics, LTD, Unite 1106 868 Yinghua Road, Unite, 1106, 201204, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Liao J, Li J, Wang S. GPC2 promotes prostate cancer progression via MDK-mediated activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:127. [PMID: 39014225 PMCID: PMC11252201 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major medical problem for men worldwide. Advanced prostate cancer is currently incurable. Recently, much attention was paid to the role of GPC2 in the field of oncology. Nevertheless, there have been no investigations of GPC2 and its regulatory mechanism in prostate cancer. Here, we revealed a novel action of GPC2 and a tumor promoting mechanism in prostate cancer. GPC2 was upregulated in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. Higher expression of GPC2 was correlated with higher Gleason score, lymphatic metastasis, and worse overall survival in prostate cancer patients. Decreased expression of GPC2 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in prostate cancer, whereas GPC2 overexpression promoted these properties. Mechanistically, GPC2 promoted the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through MDK. The rescue assay results in prostate cancer cells demonstrated that overexpression of MDK could attenuate GPC2 knockdown induced inactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling and partly reverse GPC2 knockdown induced inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In all, our study identified GPC2 as an oncogene in prostate cancer. GPC2 promoted prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via MDK-mediated activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. GPC2 might be a promising prognosis predictor and potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Chen
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiaxing Liao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juhua Li
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Saihui Wang
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang M, Li Q, Xu B. Spotlight on ideal target antigens and resistance in antibody-drug conjugates: Strategies for competitive advancement. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 75:101086. [PMID: 38677200 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel and promising approach in targeted therapy, uniting the specificity of antibodies that recognize specific antigens with payloads, all connected by the stable linker. These conjugates combine the best targeted and cytotoxic therapies, offering the killing effect of precisely targeting specific antigens and the potent cell-killing power of small molecule drugs. The targeted approach minimizes the off-target toxicities associated with the payloads and broadens the therapeutic window, enhancing the efficacy and safety profile of cancer treatments. Within precision oncology, ADCs have garnered significant attention as a cutting-edge research area and have been approved to treat a range of malignant tumors. Correspondingly, the issue of resistance to ADCs has gradually come to the fore. Any dysfunction in the steps leading to the ADCs' action within tumor cells can lead to the development of resistance. A deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms may be crucial for developing novel ADCs and exploring combination therapy strategies, which could further enhance the clinical efficacy of ADCs in cancer treatment. This review outlines the brief historical development and mechanism of ADCs and discusses the impact of their key components on the activity of ADCs. Furthermore, it provides a detailed account of the application of ADCs with various target antigens in cancer therapy, the categorization of potential resistance mechanisms, and the current state of combination therapies. Looking forward, breakthroughs in overcoming technical barriers, selecting differentiated target antigens, and enhancing resistance management and combination therapy strategies will broaden the therapeutic indications for ADCs. These progresses are anticipated to advance cancer treatment and yield benefits for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Mocelular Oncology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Kilic O, Rozumalski L, Distefano MD, Wagner CR. Targeted Drug Delivery by MMAE Farnesyl-Bioconjugated Multivalent Chemically Self-Assembled Nanorings Induces Potent Receptor-Dependent Immunogenic Cell Death. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:582-592. [PMID: 38701361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates, nanoparticles, and liposomes have been used for anticancer drug delivery. The success of targeted killing of cancer cells relies heavily on the selectivity of the drug delivery systems. In most systems, antibodies or their fragments were used as targeting ligands. In this study, we have investigated the potential for protein-based octomeric chemically self-assembled nanorings (CSANs) to be used for anticancer drug delivery. The CSANs are composed of a DHFR-DHFR fusion protein incorporating an EGFR-targeting fibronectin and the anticancer drug MMAE conjugated through a C-terminal farnesyl azide. The anti-EGFR-MMAE CSANs were shown to undergo rapid internalization and have potent cytotoxicity to cancer cells across a 9000-fold difference in EGFR expression. In addition, anti-EGFR-MMAE CSANs were shown to induce immunological cell death. Thus, multivalent and modular CSANs are a potential alternative anticancer drug delivery platform with the capability of targeting tumor cells with heterogeneous antigen expression while activating the anticancer immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ozgun Kilic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lakmal Rozumalski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carston R Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han Y, Tian X, Zhai J, Zhang Z. Clinical application of immunogenic cell death inducers in cancer immunotherapy: turning cold tumors hot. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1363121. [PMID: 38774648 PMCID: PMC11106383 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1363121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising cancer treatment option in recent years. In immune "hot" tumors, characterized by abundant immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy can improve patients' prognosis by activating the function of immune cells. By contrast, immune "cold" tumors are often less sensitive to immunotherapy owing to low immunogenicity of tumor cells, an immune inhibitory tumor microenvironment, and a series of immune-escape mechanisms. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising cellular process to facilitate the transformation of immune "cold" tumors to immune "hot" tumors by eliciting innate and adaptive immune responses through the release of (or exposure to) damage-related molecular patterns. Accumulating evidence suggests that various traditional therapies can induce ICD, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. In this review, we summarize the biological mechanisms and hallmarks of ICD and introduce some newly discovered and technologically innovative inducers that activate the immune system at the molecular level. Furthermore, we also discuss the clinical applications of combing ICD inducers with cancer immunotherapy. This review will provide valuable insights into the future development of ICD-related combination therapeutics and potential management for "cold" tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhenyong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zebertavage L, Schopf A, Nielsen M, Matthews J, Erbe AK, Aiken TJ, Katz S, Sun C, Witt CM, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM. Evaluation of a Combinatorial Immunotherapy Regimen That Can Cure Mice Bearing MYCN-Driven High-Risk Neuroblastoma That Resists Current Clinical Therapy. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2561. [PMID: 38731089 PMCID: PMC11084214 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Incorporating GD2-targeting monoclonal antibody into post-consolidation maintenance therapy has improved survival for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. However, ~50% of patients do not respond to, or relapse following, initial treatment. Here, we evaluated additional anti-GD2-based immunotherapy to better treat high-risk neuroblastoma in mice to develop a regimen for patients with therapy-resistant neuroblastoma. Methods: We determined the components of a combined regimen needed to cure mice of established MYCN-amplified, GD2-expressing, murine 9464D-GD2 neuroblastomas. Results: First, we demonstrate that 9464D-GD2 is nonresponsive to a preferred salvage regimen: anti-GD2 with temozolomide and irinotecan. Second, we have previously shown that adding agonist anti-CD40 mAb and CpG to a regimen of radiotherapy, anti-GD2/IL2 immunocytokine and anti-CTLA-4, cured a substantial fraction of mice bearing small 9464D-GD2 tumors; here, we further characterize this regimen by showing that radiotherapy and hu14.18-IL2 are necessary components, while anti-CTLA-4, anti-CD40, or CpG can individually be removed, and CpG and anti-CTLA-4 can be removed together, while maintaining efficacy. Conclusions: We have developed and characterized a regimen that can cure mice of a high-risk neuroblastoma that is refractory to the current clinical regimen for relapsed/refractory disease. Ongoing preclinical work is directed towards ways to potentially translate these findings to a regimen appropriate for clinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zebertavage
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Allison Schopf
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Megan Nielsen
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Joel Matthews
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Amy K. Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Taylor J. Aiken
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Sydney Katz
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Claire Sun
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Cole M. Witt
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Alexander L. Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA (A.S.); (M.N.); (J.M.); (A.K.E.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (C.M.W.); (A.L.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu J, Ascierto P, Cesano A, Herrmann V, Marincola FM. Shifting the paradigm: engaging multicellular networks for cancer therapy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:270. [PMID: 38475820 PMCID: PMC10936124 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Most anti-cancer modalities are designed to directly kill cancer cells deploying mechanisms of action (MOAs) centered on the presence of a precise target on cancer cells. The efficacy of these approaches is limited because the rapidly evolving genetics of neoplasia swiftly circumvents the MOA generating therapy-resistant cancer cell clones. Other modalities engage endogenous anti-cancer mechanisms by activating the multi-cellular network (MCN) surrounding neoplastic cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These modalities hold a better chance of success because they activate numerous types of immune effector cells that deploy distinct cytotoxic MOAs. This in turn decreases the chance of developing treatment-resistance. Engagement of the MCN can be attained through activation of immune effector cells that in turn kill cancer cells or when direct cancer killing is complemented by the production of proinflammatory factors that secondarily recruit and activate immune effector cells. For instance, adoptive cell therapy (ACT) supplements cancer cell killing with the release of homeostatic and pro-inflammatory cytokines by the immune cells and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by dying cancer cells. The latter phenomenon, referred to as immunogenic cell death (ICD), results in an exponential escalation of anti-cancer MOAs at the tumor site. Other approaches can also induce exponential cancer killing by engaging the MCN of the TME through the release of DAMPs and additional pro-inflammatory factors by dying cancer cells. In this commentary, we will review the basic principles that support emerging paradigms likely to significantly improve the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Hu
- Sonata Therapeutics, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA.
| | - Paolo Ascierto
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy, National Tumor Institute, Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stip MC, Teeuwen L, Dierselhuis MP, Leusen JHW, Krijgsman D. Targeting the myeloid microenvironment in neuroblastoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:337. [PMID: 38087370 PMCID: PMC10716967 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells (granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages) play an important role in neuroblastoma. By inducing a complex immunosuppressive network, myeloid cells pose a challenge for the adaptive immune system to eliminate tumor cells, especially in high-risk neuroblastoma. This review first summarizes the pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions of myeloid cells, including granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) during the development and progression of neuroblastoma. Secondly, we discuss how myeloid cells are engaged in the current treatment regimen and explore novel strategies to target these cells in neuroblastoma. These strategies include: (1) engaging myeloid cells as effector cells, (2) ablating myeloid cells or blocking the recruitment of myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment and (3) reprogramming myeloid cells. Here we describe that despite their immunosuppressive traits, tumor-associated myeloid cells can still be engaged as effector cells, which is clear in anti-GD2 immunotherapy. However, their full potential is not yet reached, and myeloid cell engagement can be enhanced, for example by targeting the CD47/SIRPα axis. Though depletion of myeloid cells or blocking myeloid cell infiltration has been proven effective, this strategy also depletes possible effector cells for immunotherapy from the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, reprogramming of suppressive myeloid cells might be the optimal strategy, which reverses immunosuppressive traits, preserves myeloid cells as effectors of immunotherapy, and subsequently reactivates tumor-infiltrating T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein C Stip
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Teeuwen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Krijgsman
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|