1
|
Tong B, Leong SG, Jian T, Niu G, Gai Y, Meng X, Lv H, Dong X, Ding X, Chen J. Site-specific pegylated IL2 mutein with biased IL2 receptor binding for cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112359. [PMID: 38815348 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
While Interleukin 2 (IL2) has the capability to activate both NK and T cells robustly, its limited in vivo half-life, considerable toxicity, and tendency to boost Treg cells pose significant challenges, restricting its widespread application in cancer therapy. In this investigation, we engineered a novel IL2 variant (IL2-4M-PEG) with reduced CD25 binding activity and an extended half-life by substituting amino acids associated with CD25 binding and implementing site-directed PEGylation. IL2-4M-PEG notably amplifies effector cells over Treg cells. Furthermore, our findings reveal that IL2-4M-PEG, characterized by an extended half-life, exhibits anti-tumor effects in a mouse model. Consequently, this innovative IL2 holds the potential for enhancing combined cancer therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Sirou Grace Leong
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tunyu Jian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanting Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Gai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuhua Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianchi Dong
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rokade S, Damani AM, Oft M, Emmerich J. IL-2 based cancer immunotherapies: an evolving paradigm. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1433989. [PMID: 39114660 PMCID: PMC11303236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1433989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Discovered over 4 decades ago in the supernatants of activated T cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses. It is required for effector T cell expansion and differentiation as well as for peripheral tolerance induced by regulatory T cells. High-dose IL-2 treatment was the first FDA-approved immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, achieving single agent complete and durable responses, albeit only in a small proportion of patients. The therapeutic potential of wild type IL-2 is clinically limited by its short half-life and severe vascular toxicity. Moreover, the activation of regulatory T cells and the terminal differentiation of effector T cells on IL-2 pose additional restrictions. To overcome the toxicity of IL-2 in order to realize its full potential for patients, several novel engineering strategies are being developed and IL-2 based immunotherapy for cancer has emerged as a burgeoning field of clinical and experimental research. In addition, combination of IL-2 with PD-1/L1 pathway blockade shows vastly improved anti-tumor efficacy over either monotherapy in preclinical tumor models. In this review we discuss the biological characteristics of IL-2 and its receptors, as well as its efficacy and treatment limiting toxicities in cancer patients. We also explore the efforts aimed at developing novel and safer IL-2 therapies to harness the full therapeutic potential of this cytokine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Rokade
- Development Department, Synthekine, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jan Emmerich
- Development Department, Synthekine, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Radi H, Ferdosi-Shahandashti E, Kardar GA, Hafezi N. An Updated Review of Interleukin-2 Therapy in Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024; 44:143-157. [PMID: 38421721 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that acts in dual and paradoxical ways in the immunotherapy of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Numerous clinical trial studies have shown that the use of different doses of this cytokine in various autoimmune diseases, transplantations, and cancers has resulted in therapeutic success. However, side effects of varying severity have been observed in patients. In recent years, to prevent these side effects, IL-2 has been engineered to bind more specifically to its receptors on the cell surface, decreasing IL-2 toxicities in patients. In this review article, we focus on some recent clinical trial studies and analyze them to determine the appropriate dose of IL-2 drug with the least toxicities. In addition, we discuss the engineering performed on IL-2, which shows that engineered IL-2 increases the specificity function of IL-2 and decreases its adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hale Radi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ferdosi-Shahandashti
- Biomedical and Microbial Advanced Technologies (BMAT) Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Hafezi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hashimoto M, Ramalingam SS, Ahmed R. Harnessing CD8 T cell responses using PD-1-IL-2 combination therapy. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:332-346. [PMID: 38129234 PMCID: PMC11006586 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in developing more effective programmed cell death (PD)-1 combination therapies against cancer. One major obstacle to these efforts is a dysfunctional/exhausted state of CD8 T cells, which PD-1 monotherapy is not able to overcome. Recent studies have highlighted that PD-1+ T cell factor (TCF)-1+ stem-like CD8 T cells are not fate locked into the exhaustion program and their differentiation trajectory can be changed by interleukin (IL)-2 signals. Modifying the CD8 T cell exhaustion program and generating better effectors from stem-like CD8 T cells by IL-2 form the fundamental immunological basis for combining IL-2 with PD-1 therapy. Many versions of IL-2-based products are being tested and each product should be carefully evaluated for its ability to modulate dysfunctional states of anti-tumor CD8 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Hashimoto
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shouse AN, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Interleukin-2 signaling in the regulation of T cell biology in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2024; 57:414-428. [PMID: 38479359 PMCID: PMC11126276 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a critical cytokine for T cell peripheral tolerance and immunity. Here, we review how IL-2 interaction with the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) supports the development and homeostasis of regulatory T cells and contributes to the differentiation of helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells. A critical element for each T cell population is the expression of CD25 (Il2rα), which heightens the receptor affinity for IL-2. Signaling through the high-affinity IL-2R also reinvigorates CD8+ exhausted T (Tex) cells in response to checkpoint blockade. We consider the molecular underpinnings reflecting how IL-2R signaling impacts these various T cell subsets and the implications for enhancing IL-2-dependent immunotherapy of autoimmunity, other inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Acacia N Shouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kathryn M LaPorte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okruszko MA, Szabłowski M, Zarzecki M, Michnowska-Kobylińska M, Lisowski Ł, Łapińska M, Stachurska Z, Szpakowicz A, Kamiński KA, Konopińska J. Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Isolated Eye Disease or a Part of a Systemic Disorder? - Serum Proteomic Analysis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1021-1037. [PMID: 38370463 PMCID: PMC10874189 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s434989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glaucoma is the most common optic neuropathy and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, which affects 3.54% of the population aged 40-80 years. Despite numerous published studies, some aspects of glaucoma pathogenesis, serum biomarkers, and their potential link with other diseases remain unclear. Recent articles have proposed that autoimmune, oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Methods We investigated the serum expression of 92 inflammatory and neurotrophic factors in glaucoma patients. The study group consisted of 26 glaucoma patients and 192 healthy subjects based on digital fundography. Results Patients with glaucoma had significantly lower serum expression of IL-2Rβ, TWEAK, CX3CL1, CD6, CD5, LAP TGF-beta1, LIF-R, TRAIL, NT-3, and CCL23 and significantly higher expression of IL-22Rα1. Conclusion Our results indicate that patients with glaucoma tend to have lower levels of neuroprotective proteins and higher levels of neuroinflammatory proteins, similar to those observed in psychiatric, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, indicating a potential link between these conditions and glaucoma pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Szabłowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | - Mateusz Zarzecki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Lisowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | - Magda Łapińska
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Zofia Stachurska
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Szpakowicz
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol Adam Kamiński
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Konopińska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tushoski-Alemán GW, Herremans KM, Underwood PW, Akki A, Riner AN, Trevino JG, Han S, Hughes SJ. Infiltration of CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in association with inflammation and survival in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297325. [PMID: 38346068 PMCID: PMC10861089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) have heterogeneous tumor microenvironments relatively devoid of infiltrating immune cells. We aimed to quantitatively assess infiltrating CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in a treatment-naïve patient cohort and assess associations with overall survival and microenvironment inflammatory proteins. METHODS Tissue microarrays were immunohistochemically stained for CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and quantitatively assessed using QuPath. Levels of inflammation-associated proteins were quantified by multiplexed, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay panels on matching tumor and tissue samples. RESULTS Our findings revealed a significant increase in both CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes populations in PDAC compared with non-PDAC tissue, except when comparing CD8+ percentages in PDAC versus intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) (p = 0.5012). Patients with quantitatively assessed CD3+ low tumors (lower 50%) had shorter survival (median 273 days) compared to CD3+ high tumors (upper 50%) with a median overall survival of 642.5 days (p = 0.2184). Patients with quantitatively assessed CD8+ low tumors had significantly shorter survival (median 240 days) compared to CD8+ high tumors with a median overall survival of 1059 days (p = 0.0003). Of 41 proteins assessed in the inflammation assay, higher levels of IL-1B and IL-2 were significantly associated with decreased CD3+ infiltration (r = -0.3704, p = 0.0187, and r = -0.4275, p = 0.0074, respectively). Higher levels of IL-1B were also significantly associated with decreased CD8+ infiltration (r = -0.4299, p = 0.0045), but not IL-2 (r = -0.0078, p = 0.9616). Principal component analysis of the inflammatory analytes showed diverse inflammatory responses in PDAC. CONCLUSION In this work, we found a marked heterogeneity in infiltrating CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and individual inflammatory responses in PDAC. Future mechanistic studies should explore personalized therapeutic strategies to target the immune and inflammatory components of the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerik W. Tushoski-Alemán
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Herremans
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. Underwood
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ashwin Akki
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Riner
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jose G. Trevino
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Song Han
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Hughes
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niederlova V, Tsyklauri O, Kovar M, Stepanek O. IL-2-driven CD8 + T cell phenotypes: implications for immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:890-901. [PMID: 37827864 PMCID: PMC7615502 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of interleukin (IL)-2 in cancer treatment has been known for decades, yet its widespread adoption in clinical practice remains limited. Recently, chimeric proteins of an anti-PD-1 antibody and suboptimal IL-2 variants were shown to stimulate potent antitumor and antiviral immunity by inducing unique effector CD8+ T cells in mice. A similar subset of cytotoxic T cells is induced by depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), suggesting IL-2 sequestration as a major mechanism through which regulatory T cells suppress activated CD8+ T cells. Here, we present our view of how IL-2-based biologicals can boost the antitumor response at a cellular level, and propose that the role of Tregs following such treatments may have been previously overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Niederlova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Tsyklauri
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kovar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou J, Chu X, Zhao J, Xie M, Wu J, Yu X, Fang Y, Li Y, Li X, Su C. Full spectrum flow cytometry-powered comprehensive analysis of PBMC as biomarkers for immunotherapy in NSCLC with EGFR-TKI resistance. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:21. [PMID: 37488517 PMCID: PMC10364374 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies suggest that immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy has limited benefits in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) failure. However, data about efficacy of ICI plus chemotherapy remain controversial, probably attributed to the heterogeneity among such population, and robust efficacy biomarkers are urgent to explore. METHODS A total of 60 eligible patients who received ICI plus chemotherapy after EGFR-TKI treatment failure were enrolled, 24 of whom peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected at baseline and after 2 cycles of treatment. We have designed a 23-color-antibody panel to detect PBMC by full spectrum flow cytometry. RESULTS For EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC patients: 1) ICI plus chemotherapy achieved an objective response rate (ORR) of 21.7% and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 6.4 months. 2) clinical characteristics associated with worse efficacy included liver metastasis and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) > 200. 3) the proportion of immune cell subset associated with better efficacy was higher baseline effective CD4+T cells (E4). 4) the baseline expression of immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) on cell subsets associated with better efficacy included: higher expression of CD25 on dendritic cells (DC) and central memory CD8+T cells (CM8), and higher expression of Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) on effective memory CD8+T cells (EM8). 5) the expression of ICPs after 2 cycles of treatment associated with better efficacy included: higher expression of CD25 on CD8+T/EM8 /natural killer (NK) cells. 6) the dynamic changes of ICPs expression associated with worse efficacy included: significantly decrease of T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) expression on regular T cells (Tregs) and decrease of V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) expression on Th1. 7) a prediction model for the efficacy of ICI plus chemotherapy was successfully constructed with a sensitivity of 62.5%, specificity of 100%, and area under curve (AUC) = 0.817. CONCLUSIONS Some EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC patients could indeed benefit from ICI plus chemotherapy, but most patients are primary resistant to immunotherapy. Comprehensive analysis of peripheral immune cells using full spectrum flow cytometry showed that compared to the proportion of cell subsets, the expression type and level of ICPs on immune cells, especially CD25, were significantly correlated with the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China
| | - Xiangling Chu
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China
| | - Mengqing Xie
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China
| | - Yujia Fang
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China
| | - Yazhou Li
- Righton Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- Righton Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200043, China.
| |
Collapse
|