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Shehab MI, Mazen I, Bint S. Tissue-specific mosaicism for tetrasomy 9p uncovered by array CGH. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2496-2500. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Fernández-Toral J, Rodríguez L, Plasencia A, Martínez-Frías ML, Ewers E, Hamid AB, Ziegler M, Liehr T. Four small supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosomes 6, 8, 11 and 12 in a patient with minimal clinical abnormalities: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2010; 4:239. [PMID: 20682055 PMCID: PMC2924352 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Small supernumerary marker chromosomes are still a problem in cytogenetic diagnostic and genetic counseling. This holds especially true for the rare cases with multiple small supernumerary marker chromosomes. Most such cases are reported to be clinically severely affected due to the chromosomal imbalances induced by the presence of small supernumerary marker chromosomes. Here we report the first case of a patient having four different small supernumerary marker chromosomes which, apart from slight developmental retardation in youth and non-malignant hyperpigmentation, presented no other clinical signs. Case presentation Our patient was a 30-year-old Caucasian man, delivered by caesarean section because of macrosomy. At birth he presented with bilateral cryptorchidism but no other birth defects. At age of around two years he showed psychomotor delay and a bilateral convergent strabismus. Later he had slight learning difficulties, with normal social behavior and now lives an independent life as an adult. Apart from hypogenitalism, he has multiple hyperpigmented nevi all over his body, short feet with pes cavus and claw toes. At age of 30 years, cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 50,XY,+min(6)(:p11.1-> q11.1:),+min(8)(:p11.1->q11.1:),+min(11)(:p11.11->q11:),+min(12)(:p11.2~12->q10:), leading overall to a small partial trisomy in 12p11.1~12.1. Conclusions Including this case, four single case reports are available in the literature with a karyotype 50,XN,+4mar. For prenatally detected multiple small supernumerary marker chromosomes in particular we learn from this case that such a cytogenetic condition may be correlated with a positive clinical outcome.
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3
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Chen M, Chang SP, Yin PL, Sapeta M, Barringer S, Kuo SJ, Yu HT, Wang BBT. Prenatal identification of small supernumerary marker chromosomes by FISH in an infant born with mild congenital anomalies. Prenat Diagn 2006; 26:383-7. [PMID: 16566043 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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4
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Barwell J, Mazzaschi R, Bint S, Ogilvie CM, Elmslie F. A new neocentromere locus on chromosome 13 resulting in mosaic tetrasomy for distal 13q and an asymmetric phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 130A:295-8. [PMID: 15378552 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old girl was referred to the Genetics Centre with mild developmental delay, mild dysmorphic features, and a head circumference on the 98th centile. She was noted to have large irregular ear lobes, torticollis, and mild hemihypertrophy. Karyotype analysis of cultured peripheral lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts revealed the presence of a symmetrical supernumerary marker chromosome in 13% of cells from both tissue types. Further analysis showed that this marker chromosome originated from the distal region of chromosome 13 and contained no centromeric alpha-satellite DNA. The marker chromosome was not found in blood from the parents. This case represents a novel symmetrical structure with a previously unreported neocentromere locus, leading to an unusual phenotype. Similar cases of individuals with a chromosome 13 with a neocentromere have been reported. They are reviewed and compared with the current case. The importance of scanning metaphases for abnormalities in individuals presenting with asymmetry is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Barwell
- Genetics Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Liehr T, Starke H, Senger G, Melotte C, Weise A, Vermeesch JR. Overrepresentation of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) from chromosome 6 origin in cases with multiple sSMC. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 140:46-51. [PMID: 16333826 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) in human are defined as additional centric derivatives smaller than chromosome 20. In the majority of the cases only one sSMC is present, leading to a more or less stable karyotype of 47,XX,+mar or 47,XY,+mar. In approximately 1.4% of sSMC cases two or up to seven markers of different chromosomal origin are reported. According to the literature a sSMC(6) was present in 33% of the patients with multiple sSMC while sSMC(6) are observed in <1% of cases with a single sSMC. Currently there is no explanation for this striking observation. Here we report on one more unique case with two sSMC, one derived from #5 and the other from #6. Using microdissection/reverse painting, subcentromere-specific multicolor FISH (subcenM-FISH) and multicolor banding (MCB), they could be described as min or r(6)(::p11.1 --> q11.1::) and r(5)(::p11.1 approximately 12 --> q10::q10 --> p11.1 approximately 12::), respectively. Reversed array CGH using the DNA of the microdissected sSMC as probe confirmed the FISH results and enabled the rapid mapping of the breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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6
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Beverstock GC, Bezrookove V, Mollevanger P, van de Kamp JJP, Pearson P, Kouwenberg JM, Rosenberg C. Multiple supernumerary ring chromosomes of different origin in a patient: a clinical report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 122A:168-73. [PMID: 12955771 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient with multiple congenital abnormalities exhibiting 2-5 supernumerary chromosomes per cells. A variety of FISH techniques were used to demonstrate that the markers are probably rings, lack detectable telomere sequences, and originate from different non-acrocentric chromosomes, namely 6, 7, 10, 12, and 19. Such cases are extremely rare and this is only the 8th published report of an individual presenting three or more supernumerary chromosomes. We reviewed all available cases of multiple supernumerary chromosomes and the collective data indicate that multiple markers seem always to be rings of different origin. These results provide evidence that such multiple ring markers cannot possibly represent duplication or recurrence of an original structural rearrangement but must be derived with a common causality from different chromosomes. Possible mechanisms for the simultaneous production of multiple rings from different chromosomes are proposed, including the breakdown and rearrangement of a haploid complement shortly after fertilization in a triploid zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff C Beverstock
- Clinical Genetic Center, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Davies AF, Kirby TL, Docherty Z, Ogilvie CM. Characterization of terminal chromosome anomalies using multisubtelomere FISH. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 120A:483-9. [PMID: 12884426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Telomeric repeat sequences (TTAGGG) are known to cap the termini of every human chromosome. Proximal to these repeat sequences are chromosome-specific repeat sequences, which in turn are distal to gene-rich regions. Submicroscopic, subtle, or cryptic abnormalities in these regions can now be investigated using commercial probe sets for all of the chromosome-specific subtelomeric regions of the human genome. Using this technology, previously unidentified genomic imbalance has been found in a proportion of patients with idiopathic developmental delay and learning difficulties. We have used these probe sets to investigate cases with apparently terminal anomalies detected on G-banded chromosome analysis. As a result of such investigations, we have found that 3 (19%) of 16 apparently terminal deletion cases were the result of more complex rearrangements involving other chromosome subtelomeres. The remaining 13 cases contained no chromosome-specific subtelomere repeats on the deleted arm, but in all 16 cases, the TTAGGG telomere repeat cap was present. A further case was investigated where extra material was found in the terminal region of the chromosome 12 short arm, found to represent a complex inversion/duplication/deletion rearrangement. Investigation of all cases with terminal anomalies, including apparently terminal deletions, is likely to uncover further cases involving complex rearrangements and should lead to a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which these abnormalities arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F Davies
- Cytogenetics Department, Genetics Centre, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Reddy KS, Wang S, Groh S, Gonatos J. SKY assessment of two karyotypes with 0-6 supernumerary marker/ring chromosomes and review of previously reported cases with two or more markers. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 118A:156-71. [PMID: 12655496 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 7-month-old boy with developmental delay and congenital abnormalities and a 58-year-old man with mental retardation, impaired speech, and dysmorphic features were referred for cytogenetic studies. The peripheral blood chromosome studies of Patient 1 had a de novo mosaic karyotype with 2-6 supernumerary marker chromosomes. Patient 2 had a mosaic karyotype with 1-5 supernumerary marker chromosomes and normal cells. All markers appeared to have a centromere by C-banding and also by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using all centromere probe for Patient 1. The majority of the markers appeared like rings. Except for one marker in Patient 1 and 2-3 markers in Patient 2 with discernible >5 Mb euchromatin, the rest of the markers were minute and some appeared to have barely discernible euchromatin in C-banding or FISH. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) was attempted to determine the origin of the marker chromosomes. Because some markers had barely any euchromatin, their classification was not clear cut and they were identified as derived from more than one chromosome. The SKY classification of the markers in Patient 1 was 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 22 and in Patient 2 was 1, 5, 6, or 7. Patient 2 was lost to further follow-up studies. To confirm the recurring SKY classifications in Patient 1, centromere probes for chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 22 were used. The markers were negative for 1, 3, and 11 but positive for 7, 15, and 22 and probably 5. Since 5 centromere probe cross hybridizes with 1 and 19, the weak signal on the marker/s in successive hybridization did not give a definitive answer. Also, the 5 paint probe was not conclusive because of the minute size of the marker. In some metaphases, two markers were derived from 5 or 22. For clinical considerations, the marker derived from 7, although variable in size, appeared to consistently have euchromatin, followed by 15, while 22 and 5 markers were mostly centromeric heterochromatin. The elastin gene probe that maps to 7q11.23, SNRPN gene that maps to 15q11.2, and TUPLE gene that maps to 22q11.2 did not give a signal on the markers. As expected for a majority of ring chromosomes, the pan telomere probe did not hybridize to any of the markers. This highly unusual karyotype was confirmed in the buccal epithelium using a mix of centromere 7 and 15 probes and the combination 14/22 probe. The ratio of additional FISH signals in the buccal mucosal cells was comparable to the ratios observed in the peripheral blood. In this study, we have attempted to consolidate the data on >/=2 marker cases to understand the analysis constraints, the range of clinical abnormalities, and the mechanisms involved. The literature was surveyed for multiple markers cases. A majority of the reported cases had two markers, either derived from the same chromosome or from two different chromosomes or two cell lines with different markers derived from the same chromosome. Cases with three or more markers were rare. The nature and extent of euchromatin content of the multiple markers appears to determine the phenotype. Frequently, multiple marker cases had small to minute markers. The clinical presentation varied from mild to severe. While two bisatellited markers may be associated with infertility, the phenotype in other cases ranged from borderline intelligence and mild dysmorphism to developmental delay, mental retardation, and congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita S Reddy
- Department of Cytogenetics, Quest Diagnostics, Inc., San Juan Capistrano, California, USA.
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9
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Yardin C, Esclaire F, Terro F, Barthe D, Gilbert B. Revaluation twenty-three years later of a supernumerary derivative chromosome 9. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:213-4. [PMID: 12210354 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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10
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Tung G, Covert SM, Malabed KL, Wohlferd MM, Beckerman KP, Goldberg JD, Cotter PD. Minute supernumerary marker chromosomes identified in two patients with a related, larger pseudodicentric chromosome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Warburton P, Mohammed S, Ogilvie CM. Detection of submicroscopic subtelomeric chromosome translocations: a new case study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 91:51-5. [PMID: 10751089 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000306)91:1<51::aid-ajmg9>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two sisters presented with multiple congenital abnormalities and developmental delay; abnormalities elsewhere in their extended family suggested that their father carried a balanced translocation. G-banded chromosome analysis showed apparently normal karyotypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with whole chromosome paints revealed no apparent abnormality in the father. However, further FISH studies, using multiple subtelomeric probes, demonstrated a derivative chromosome 16 in one sister. Subsequent studies showed that her sister also had a derivative 16 which had been inherited in an unbalanced form from their father, who carried a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 16. This report describes the detection of this submicroscopic translocation and the clinical findings in the two sisters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Warburton
- Cytogenetics Department, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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12
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Ogilvie CM, Shemilt S, Davies AF, Weber-Hall S, Chuang C, Sundaresan V. Characterization of a chromosomally complex lung cancer cell line using multiwell fluorescence in situ hybridization. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 117:149-52. [PMID: 10704688 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal characterization of a non-small cell lung cancer cell line (NCIH358) is described. This characterization was achieved using a simple, cheap and technically straightforward multiwell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. The many and complex chromosome rearrangements identified by this method could not be defined using conventional G-banded chromosome analysis, and have not been previously described. For the detailed characterization of complex cell lines, multiwell FISH has many advantages over more technically demanding and expensive FISH techniques, and opens up the possibility of screening for consistent rearrangements, leading to the identification of unique fusion genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ogilvie
- Department of Cytogenetics, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Stankiewicz P, Bocian E, Jakubów-Durska K, Obersztyn E, Lato E, Starke H, Mroczek K, Mazurczak T. Identification of supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosomes 5, 6, 19, and 20 using FISH. J Med Genet 2000; 37:114-20. [PMID: 10662811 PMCID: PMC1734527 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A large number of cases with supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) should be compared to achieve a better delineation of karyotype-phenotype correlations. Here we present four phenotypically abnormal patients with autosomal marker chromosomes analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation using centromeric, telomeric, and unique sequence probes, as well as forward and reverse painting. We also report the first case, to the best of our knowledge, of an SMC derived from chromosome 5. Furthermore, a marker chromosome 20 in a patient with sex differentiation abnormalities, a double mar(6) in a boy with psychomotor retardation, and the association of r(19) with dup(21q21.2q22.12) are described. Although the mar(6) was very small, the presence of euchromatin was shown, suggesting that the partial trisomy of pericentric region derived sequences is implicated in the aetiology of the abnormal phenotypes.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Amenorrhea/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Developmental Disabilities/genetics
- Edema/genetics
- Facies
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Genotype
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stankiewicz
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17A, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Sanz R, Anabitarte MA, Querejeta ME, Lorda-Sanchez I, Ibañez MA, Rodríguez de Alba MR, Ayuso C, Ramos C. Rapid identification of a small dicentric supernumerary marker derived from chromosome 16 with a modified FISH technique on amniotic fluid. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20:63-5. [PMID: 10701855 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(200001)20:1<63::aid-pd741>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes are seldom found in prenatal diagnosis and the majority of them are difficult to identify. The only possibility to give a more precise prognosis is by establishing its origin. FISH is the best technique to identify the chromosomal origin, but in the majority of cases large amounts of chromosomal material are needed and this is time consuming. We have used a modification of the FISH technique that allows the hybridization of several probes on one slide. Using this method, we have identified the first de novo mosaic dicentric supernumerary marker derived from chromosome 16 (smaller than chromosome 21) in amniotic fluid. The gestation and the follow-up of the baby were normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sanz
- Department of Genetics, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Joyce CA, Ross FM, Dennis NR, Wyre ND, Barber JC. Multipaint FISH: a rapid and reliable way to define cryptic and complex abnormalities. Clin Genet 1999; 56:192-9. [PMID: 10563478 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.560303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present the use of a multipaint fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) approach for the detection and interpretation of chromosome abnormalities that could not be resolved by conventional cytogenetics alone. In case 1, a de novo add(Xp) was shown to be an unbalanced X;12 translocation; in case 2, a complex rearrangement involving a deletion of 5p was shown to include a previously undetected cryptic 5;6 translocation. In addition, in case 3, this technique defined additional complexities and nine breakpoints in an acquired rearrangement of chromosomes 2, 9, 11, 16 and 22 in a patient with myelodysplasia. The technique allows the simultaneous identification of up to 24 chromosomes on a single slide using FISH with directly labelled whole chromosome paints. This simple and rapid method does not require image enhancement, produces results within 48 h and, therefore, offers an alternative to other recent developments, such as combinatorial multifluor FISH, spectral karyotyping or comparative genomic hybridisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Joyce
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury Health Care Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Wilts, UK
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16
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Ogilvie CM, Raymond FL, Harrison RH, Scriven PN, Docherty Z. A new approach to the elucidation of complex chromosome rearrangements illustrated by a case of Rieger syndrome. J Med Genet 1998; 35:234-7. [PMID: 9541109 PMCID: PMC1051248 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A patient with a complex chromosome rearrangement and unilateral Rieger syndrome is presented. This rearrangement involves four chromosomes and six breakpoints, one of which is at 4q25, the candidate region for Rieger syndrome. We discuss a novel approach to the elucidation of this case using a multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridisation method to show rearrangements unpredictable from G banded analysis, and the clear and unambiguous presentation of the karyotype using computer generated colour ideograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ogilvie
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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