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Inoue Y, Kino J, Ishiharada N, Sato M, Hatanaka S, Yokoi H, Shimada T, Sato S, Okamoto T, Kanemoto N. Preclinical safety profile of a liver-localized mitochondrial uncoupler: OPC-163493. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:213-235. [PMID: 35221841 PMCID: PMC8859645 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncouplers (mUncouplers) are known to exhibit a variety of toxic effects in animals. Here we report a safety profile of an mUncoupler, OPC-163493, recently synthesized at Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, and its development as a therapeutic agent for treating diabetes. To understand the acute and subchronic toxicity of OPC-163493, single and repeated oral dose studies in rats, dogs, and monkeys were performed. In the rat studies, rigor mortis and increased body temperatures were observed in the high dose group. Focal necrosis, fatty change, and granular eosinophilic cytoplasm of the hepatocytes were also observed in the high dose group. In the dog studies, gastrointestinal manifestations were observed with decreased body weight and decreased food consumption in the high dose group. Necrotizing arteritis was observed in multiple organs as well as meningitis with hemorrhage in the brain. In the monkey studies, vomiting, decreased food consumption, and decreased locomotor activity were observed in the high dose group. Degeneration of the proximal convoluted tubules and the straight tubular epithelium, regeneration of the proximal tubular epithelium, and degeneration of the collecting tubular epithelium were observed. The target organs of OPC-163493 were liver, blood vessels, and kidney in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively. In rats, dogs, and monkeys, safety ratios were 100:1, 13:1, and 20:1, respectively, in terms of total exposure (AUC24h). These safety ratios showed clear separation between exposure to OPC-163493 in animals at NOAEL and the exposure at the effective dose in ZDF rats. This information should contribute to the drug development of new and effective mUncoupler candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Inoue
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Yuki Inoue, Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan, E-mail:
| | - Junichi Kino
- Product Strategy Team 1, Product Strategy & Intelligence Office, Regulatory Affairs Department, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Ishiharada
- Department of Investigative Toxicology, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Suguru Hatanaka
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yokoi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimada
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Sato
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naohide Kanemoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
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Beresford R, Bills GN, Fastier FN, Milne RJ. Effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol amylobarbitone and certain other drugs on the rate of oxygen consumption and force of contraction of isolated curarized diaphragm muscle of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1979; 65:63-9. [PMID: 760891 PMCID: PMC1668470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb17334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1 A technique has been developed for studying over periods of 10 min or longer the effects of drugs on both the force of electrically-induced contractions and the oxygen consumption of an isolated, curarized, mammalian, skeletal muscle preparation.2 The resting oxygen consumption of the muscle was increased substantially by 2,4-dinitrophenol in concentrations (0.02 mM and higher) that eventually produced contracture. Two other uncoupling agents, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, behaved similarly.3 The oxygen consumption over 10 min of the stimulated muscle was also increased by 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.05 mM), although the strength of the ;maximal' contractions was lessened.4 Amylobarbitone increased the strength of contraction at a concentration (0.2 mM) that did not affect oxygen consumption significantly. Amylobarbitone and pentobarbitone also increased it at a concentration (1 mM) that depressed oxygen consumption. They decreased both strength of contraction and oxygen consumption at a concentration of 5 mM. Phenobarbitone had a weaker action.5 S-n-decyl-thiouronium increased oxygen consumption when given at a concentration (1 mM) that diminished strength of contraction and eventually produced contracture of the muscle.6 Both S-methyl-thiouronium (1 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (0.1 mM and 0.5 mM) increased strength of contraction without increasing oxygen consumption. Neither strength of contraction nor oxygen uptake was affected by ouabain (up to 0.01 mM) or by phenformin (0.1 mM).7 It is concluded that the response to 2,4-dinitrophenol is due mainly, if not wholly, to its known ability to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation; that the response to the barbiturates is due to a combination of a known metabolic action (viz., blocking of the respiratory chain) and a stimulant action on muscle; and the response to S-n-decyl-thiouronium to a disruptive action on cell membranes. The disproportionate actions of 4-aminopyridine and S-methyl-thiouronium on strength of contraction relative to oxygen consumption are also attributed to a non-metabolic action.
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Stoner HB. Studies on the mechanism of shock: the effect of trauma on the toxicity of 3,5 dinitro-o-cresol and sodium fluoroacetate. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1969; 50:277-284. [PMID: 5792903 PMCID: PMC2072193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of two non-fatal injuries, a 2 hr period of bilateral hind-limb ischaemia and a full-thickness scald of 20 per cent of the skin surface by water at 83° for 30 sec., on the toxicity of 3,5 dinitro-o-cresol and Na fluoroacetate has been examined in the rat. The LD50 of 3,5 dinitro-o-cresol and its hyperthermic effect were reduced by both injuries. The LD50 of Na fluoroacetate was unaffected by limb ischaemia. It was slightly reduced by scalding in male but not female rats. Both injuries, however, markedly inhibited the accumulation of citrate in the kidney of the fluoroacetate poisoned rat. These interactions are thought to be examples of sequential blocking and to provide circumstantial evidence in favour of the hypothesis that in the early part of the response to injury by rats at environmental temperatures below thermoneutral there is reduced activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle with inhibition of the citrate synthase stage.
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Abstract
1. The ability of a series of compounds to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation of rat-liver mitochondria has been investigated. 2. The compounds were: 2-amino-1,1,3-tricyanopropene; carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone and its m-chloro and p-trifluoromethoxy derivatives; 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-, 5-chloro-4-nitro-, 5-nitro-and 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-1-methyl-benzotriazole; 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-iodo-, 3,5-di-bromo-4-hydroxy- and 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile; and pentafluorophenol. 3. In a medium the components and physical condition of which were, as far as possible, kept constant, each compound was tested for ability to stimulate adenosine triphosphatase, to stimulate respiration in the presence of pyruvate as substrate, to inhibit phosphate uptake and to prevent swelling by trimethyltin. 4. Each compound was also examined with respect to its ability to produce rapid rigor mortis in mice. 5. The biological properties were compared with the dissociation constant and the hexane-water partition coefficient for each compound. 6. With the exception of 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-1-methylbenzotriazole, all the compounds behaved qualitatively as 2,4-dinitrophenol. 7. Within each class of compound there is a relation between biological activity and the physical attributes measured. 8. The most efficient uncouplers were the most acidic and the most hydrophobic.
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FARQUHARSON ME, GAGE JC, NORTHOVER J. The biological action of chlorophenols. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1958; 13:20-4. [PMID: 13523129 PMCID: PMC1481700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1958.tb00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biological action of a series of chlorinated phenols has been investigated. With increasing chlorination there is an increase in toxicity in which the convulsant action of phenol is replaced by the signs characteristic of poisoning by dinitrophenol; the higher chlorinated phenols produce a contracture of the isolated rat phrenic nerve diaphragm and a stimulation of in vitro oxygen uptake of rat brain homogenate. These actions of the chlorinated phenols have been correlated with their dissociation constants; it is suggested that the higher chlorinated phenols interfere with oxidative phosphorylation, and that this property may be attributed to the chlorophenate ion. The convulsant action of the lower chlorinated phenols is probably associated with the undissociated molecule.
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