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Souto EB, Dias-Ferreira J, López-Machado A, Ettcheto M, Cano A, Camins Espuny A, Espina M, Garcia ML, Sánchez-López E. Advanced Formulation Approaches for Ocular Drug Delivery: State-Of-The-Art and Recent Patents. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090460. [PMID: 31500106 PMCID: PMC6781321 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye presents extensive perspectives and challenges for drug delivery, mainly because of the extraordinary capacity, intrinsic to this path, for drugs to permeate into the main circulatory system and also for the restrictions of the ocular barriers. Depending on the target segment of the eye, anterior or posterior, the specifications are different. The ocular route experienced in the last decades a lot of progresses related with the development of new drugs, improved formulations, specific-designed delivery and even new routes to administer a drug. Concomitantly, new categories of materials were developed and adapted to encapsulate drugs. With such advances, a multiplicity of parameters became possible to be optimized as the increase in bioavailability and decreased toxic effects of medicines. Also, the formulations were capable to easily adhere to specific tissues, increase the duration of the therapeutic effect and even target the delivery of the treatment. The ascending of new delivery systems for ocular targeting is a current focus, mainly because of the capacity to extend the normal time during which the drug exerts its therapeutic effect and, so, supplying the patients with a product which gives them fewer side effects, fewer number of applications and even more effective outcomes to their pathologies, surpassing the traditionally-used eye drops. Depending on the systems, some are capable of increasing the duration of the drug action as gels, emulsions, prodrugs, liposomes, and ocular inserts with hydrophilic properties, improving the absorption by the cornea. In parallel, other devices use as a strategy the capacity to sustain the release of the carried drugs by means of erodible and non-erodible matrices. This review discusses the different types of advanced formulations used for ocular delivery of therapeutics presenting the most recent patents according to the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - João Dias-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana López-Machado
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Camins Espuny
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Garcia
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Annamalai B, Parsons N, Belhaj M, Brandon C, Potts J, Rohrer B. Encapsulated Cell Technology-Based Delivery of a Complement Inhibitor Reduces Choroidal Neovascularization in a Mouse Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:3. [PMID: 29576927 PMCID: PMC5846441 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a slowly progressing disease, and risk appears to be tied to an overactive complement system. We have previously demonstrated that mouse choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and smoke-induced ocular pathology can be reduced with an alternative pathway (AP) inhibitor fusion protein consisting of a complement receptor-2 fragment linked to the inhibitory domain of factor H (CR2-fH) when delivered systemically. Here we developed an experimental approach with genetically engineered encapsulated ARPE-19 cells to produce CR2-fH intravitreally. Methods ARPE-19 cells were generated to stably express CR2 or CR2-fH, microencapsulated using sodium alginate, and injected intravitreally into 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice. CNV was induced using argon laser photocoagulation 4 weeks postinjection. Presence of capsules and progression of CNV was analyzed using optical coherence tomography. Bioavailability of CR2-fH was evaluated in retina sections by immunohistochemistry, and efficacy as an AP inhibitor by C3a ELISA. Results Secretion of CR2-fH or CR2 from encapsulated ARPE-19 cells was confirmed. An efficacious concentration of CR2-fH capsules to reduce CNV was identified. Bioavailability studies showed that CR2-fH was present in capsules and retinas of injected mice, and reduced CNV-associated ocular C3a production. Conclusions These findings indicate that the AP inhibitor CR2-fH, when generated intravitreally, can reduce CNV in mouse. Translational Relevance Encapsulated ARPE-19 cells secreting CR2-fH or perhaps other antiangiogenic or prosurvival factors might be useful as a potential therapeutic tool to treat age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel Parsons
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marwa Belhaj
- Department of Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Carlene Brandon
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jay Potts
- Department of Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Neurosciences, Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC, USA
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Schnabolk G, Parsons N, Obert E, Annamalai B, Nasarre C, Tomlinson S, Lewin AS, Rohrer B. Delivery of CR2-fH Using AAV Vector Therapy as Treatment Strategy in the Mouse Model of Choroidal Neovascularization. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 9:1-11. [PMID: 29234687 PMCID: PMC5723362 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation plays a significant role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis, and polymorphisms interfering with factor H (fH) function, a complement alternative pathway (AP) inhibitor, are associated with increased AMD risk. We have previously validated an AP inhibitor, a fusion protein consisting of a complement receptor 2 fragment linked to the inhibitory domain of fH (CR2-fH) as an efficacious treatment for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) when delivered intravenously. Here we tested an alternative approach of AAV-mediated delivery (AAV5-VMD2-CR2-fH or AAV5-VMD2-mCherry) using subretinal delivery in C57BL/6J mice. Secretion of CR2-fH was confirmed in polarized retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. A safe concentration of AAV5-VMD2-CR2-fH was identified using electroretinography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), RPE morphology, and antibody profiling. One month after gene delivery, CNV was induced using argon laser photocoagulation. OCT assessment demonstrated reduced CNV with AAV5-VMD2-CR2-fH administration. Bioavailability studies revealed that gene-therapy delivered similar levels of CR2-fH to the RPE/choroid as treatment by intravenous injections, and C3a ELISA verified reduced CNV-associated ocular C3a production. These results contribute to existing data illustrating the importance of the AP of complement in CNV development and its potential role in AMD treatment. Demonstration of AAV-vector efficacy opens new avenues for the development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloriane Schnabolk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Nathaniel Parsons
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Elisabeth Obert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Cecile Nasarre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Correction of Monogenic and Common Retinal Disorders with Gene Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020053. [PMID: 28134823 PMCID: PMC5333042 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen major advances in gene-based therapies, many of which show promise for translation to human disease. At the forefront of research in this field is ocular disease, as the eye lends itself to gene-based interventions due to its accessibility, relatively immune-privileged status, and ability to be non-invasively monitored. A landmark study in 2001 demonstrating successful gene therapy in a large-animal model for Leber congenital amaurosis set the stage for translation of these strategies from the bench to the bedside. Multiple clinical trials have since initiated for various retinal diseases, and further improvements in gene therapy techniques have engendered optimism for alleviating inherited blinding disorders. This article provides an overview of gene-based strategies for retinal disease, current clinical trials that engage these strategies, and the latest techniques in genome engineering, which could serve as the next frontline of therapeutic interventions.
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Hung SSC, McCaughey T, Swann O, Pébay A, Hewitt AW. Genome engineering in ophthalmology: Application of CRISPR/Cas to the treatment of eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 53:1-20. [PMID: 27181583 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has enabled an accurate and efficient means to edit the human genome. Rapid advances in this technology could results in imminent clinical application, and with favourable anatomical and immunological profiles, ophthalmic disease will be at the forefront of such work. There have been a number of breakthroughs improving the specificity and efficacy of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing. Similarly, better methods to identify off-target cleavage sites have also been developed. With the impending clinical utility of CRISPR/Cas technology, complex ethical issues related to the regulation and management of the precise applications of human gene editing must be considered. This review discusses the current progress and recent breakthroughs in CRISPR/Cas-based gene engineering, and outlines some of the technical issues that must be addressed before gene correction, be it in vivo or in vitro, is integrated into ophthalmic care. We outline a clinical pipeline for CRISPR-based treatments of inherited eye diseases and provide an overview of the important ethical implications of gene editing and how these may influence the future of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy S C Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tristan McCaughey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olivia Swann
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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Chacon-Camacho OF, Zenteno JC. Review and update on the molecular basis of Leber congenital amaurosis. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:112-124. [PMID: 25685757 PMCID: PMC4317604 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases are uncommon pathologies and one of the most harmful causes of childhood and adult blindness. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe kind of these diseases accounting for approximately 5% of the whole retinal dystrophies and 20% of the children that study on blind schools. Clinical ophthalmologic findings including severe vision loss, nystagmus and ERG abnormalities should be suspected through the first year of life in this group of patients. Phenotypic variability is found when LCA patients have a full ophthalmologic examination. However, a correct diagnosis may be carried out; the determination of ophthalmologic clues as light sensibility, night blindness, fundus pigmentation, among other, join with electroretinographics findings, optical coherence tomography, and new technologies as molecular gene testing may help to reach to a precise diagnosis. Several retinal clinical features in LCA may suggest a genetic or gene particular defect; thus genetic-molecular tools could directly corroborate the clinical diagnosis. Currently, approximately 20 genes have been associated to LCA. In this review, historical perspective, clinical ophthalmological findings, new molecular-genetics technologies, possible phenotype-genotypes correlations, and gene therapy for some LCA genes are described.
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Ganne P, Garrioch R, Votruba M. Perceptions and understanding of genetics and genetic eye disease and attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy in a primary eye care setting. Ophthalmic Genet 2014; 36:50-7. [PMID: 25431037 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2014.985845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic eye pathology represents a significant percentage of the causes of blindness in industrialized countries. This study explores the level of understanding and perceptions of genetics and inherited eye diseases and the attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy. METHODS The study was conducted in two parts. Participant groups included were: undergraduate students of optometry, primary eye care professionals and members of the general public. A preliminary study aimed to understand perceptions and to explore the level of knowledge about genetics in general, eye genetics and gene therapy. A second survey was designed to explore attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy. RESULTS The majority of participants (82%) perceived genetics as an important science. However, none of them showed a high level of understanding of genetics and inherited eye diseases. Undergraduate students and primary eye care professionals were better informed about inherited eye diseases than the general public (p = 0.001). The majority (80%) across all three groups had a positive attitude to genetic testing and gene therapy. There was a lack of knowledge about the genetic services available among all groups of participants. CONCLUSION This calls for serious thinking about the level of dissemination of information about genetics and inherited eye diseases. It shows a broadly supportive attitude to genomic medicine among the public. Improving public awareness and education in inherited eye diseases can improve the utility of genetic testing and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Ganne
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK , and
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Ruiz de Garibay AP, Solinís Aspiazu MÁ, Rodríguez Gascón A, Ganjian H, Fuchs R. Role of endocytic uptake in transfection efficiency of solid lipid nanoparticles-based nonviral vectors. J Gene Med 2013; 15:427-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aritz Perez Ruiz de Garibay
- Pharmacokinetics, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Pharmacy Faculty; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
- Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea; Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - María Ángeles Solinís Aspiazu
- Pharmacokinetics, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Pharmacy Faculty; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
- Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea; Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez Gascón
- Pharmacokinetics, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Pharmacy Faculty; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
- Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea; Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Haleh Ganjian
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Renate Fuchs
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Martens TF, Vercauteren D, Forier K, Deschout H, Remaut K, Paesen R, Ameloot M, Engbersen JFJ, Demeester J, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Measuring the intravitreal mobility of nanomedicines with single-particle tracking microscopy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1955-68. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a robust assay to evaluate and compare the intravitreal mobility of nanoparticles in the intact vitreous body. Materials & methods: Excised bovine eyes were prepared to preserve the fragile structure of the vitreous humor, while permitting high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and single-particle tracking analysis of intravitreally injected nanoparticles. This assay was validated by analyzing polystyrene beads and further employed to evaluate gene nanomedicines composed of poly(amido amine)s and plasmid DNA. Results: The assay was able to distinguish immobilized cationic nanoparticles from mobile PEGylated nanoparticles. PEGylation of the polyplexes resulted in a drastic improvement of their mobility. Conclusion: An ex vivo eye model is presented for studying nanoparticle mobility in intact vitreous humor by single-particle tracking microscopy. These results give important guidelines for developing gene- and drug-delivery nanomedicines that are compatible with intravitreal administration. Original submitted 20 April 2012; Revised submitted 22 November 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Martens
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- & Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Vercauteren
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- & Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Forier
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- & Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Deschout
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- & Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik Paesen
- University Hasselt & Transnational University Limburg, BIOMED, Agoralaan building C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- University Hasselt & Transnational University Limburg, BIOMED, Agoralaan building C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Johan FJ Engbersen
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jo Demeester
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- & Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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He Y, Jia SB, Zhang W, Shi JM. New options for uveitis treatment. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:702-7. [PMID: 24195053 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.05.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is one of the most important causes of blindness worldwide. Its etiology and pathogenesis are complicated and have not been well understood. The treatment for uveitis is predominantly based on steroids and immunosuppressants. However, systemic side effects limit their clinical application. With the advancement of molecular biology, some intravitreal implants and biologic agents have been used for the treatment of uveitis. Additionally, novel techniques such as gene therapy and RNA interference are being studied for using as uveitis therapy. This paper reviews recent advances in uveitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuling Center Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing 408000, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24:770-9. [PMID: 23146873 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32835af8de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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