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Samir S. Human DNA Mutations and their Impact on Genetic Disorders. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:288-315. [PMID: 37936448 DOI: 10.2174/0118722083255081231020055309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA is a remarkably precise medium for copying and storing biological information. It serves as a design for cellular machinery that permits cells, organs, and even whole organisms to work. The fidelity of DNA replication results from the action of hundreds of genes involved in proofreading and damage repair. All human cells can acquire genetic changes in their DNA all over life. Genetic mutations are changes to the DNA sequence that happen during cell division when the cells make copies of themselves. Mutations in the DNA can cause genetic illnesses such as cancer, or they could help humans better adapt to their environment over time. The endogenous reactive metabolites, therapeutic medicines, and an excess of environmental mutagens, such as UV rays all continuously damage DNA, compromising its integrity. One or more chromosomal alterations and point mutations at a single site (monogenic mutation) including deletions, duplications, and inversions illustrate such DNA mutations. Genetic conditions can occur when an altered gene is inherited from parents, which increases the risk of developing that particular condition, or some gene alterations can happen randomly. Moreover, symptoms of genetic conditions depend on which gene has a mutation. There are many different diseases and conditions caused by mutations. Some of the most common genetic conditions are Alzheimer's disease, some cancers, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, and sickle cell disease. Interestingly, scientists find that DNA mutations are more common than formerly thought. This review outlines the main DNA mutations that occur along the human genome and their influence on human health. The subject of patents pertaining to DNA mutations and genetic disorders has been brought up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Samir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Graham EJ, Vermeulen M, Vardarajan B, Bennett D, De Jager P, Pearse RV, Young-Pearse TL, Mostafavi S. Somatic mosaicism of sex chromosomes in the blood and brain. Brain Res 2019; 1721:146345. [PMID: 31348909 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the blood, mosaic somatic aneuploidy (mSA) of all chromosomes has been found to be associated with adverse health outcomes, including hematological cancer. Sex chromosome mSA in the blood has been found to occur at a higher rate than autosomal mSA. Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome is the most common copy number alteration in males, and has been found to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in blood lymphocytes. mSA of the sex chromosomes has also been identified in the brain; however, little is known about its frequency across individuals. Using WGS data from 362 males and 719 females from the ROSMAP cohort, we quantified the relative rate of sex chromosome mSA in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), cerebellum and whole blood. To ascertain the functionality of observed sex chromosome mosaicism in the DLPFC, we examined its correlation with chromosome X and Y gene expression as well as neuropathological and clinical characteristics of AD and cognitive ageing. In males, we found that mSA of the Y chromosome occurs more frequently in blood than in the DLPFC or cerebellum. In the DLPFC, the presence of at least one APOE4 allele was associated with a reduction in read depth of the Y chromosome (p = 1.9e-02). In the female DLPFC, a reduction in chromosome X read depth was associated with reduced cognition at the last clinical visit and faster rate of cognitive decline (p = 7.8e-03; p = 1.9e-02). mSA of all sex chromosomes in the DLPFC were associated with aggregate measures of gene expression, implying functional impact. Our results provide insight into the relative rate of mSA between tissues and suggest that Y and female X chromosome read depth in the DLPFC is modestly associated with late AD risk factors and cognitive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Graham
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Vermeulen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - David Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phil De Jager
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States; Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Neurodegeneration Program, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard V Pearse
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Genomic structural variations for cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41268. [PMID: 28120895 PMCID: PMC5264603 DOI: 10.1038/srep41268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify genes targeted by both copy number and copy-neutral changes in the right coronary arteries in the area of advanced atherosclerotic plaques and intact internal mammary arteries derived from the same individuals with comorbid coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome. The artery samples from 10 patients were screened for genomic imbalances using array comparative genomic hybridization. Ninety high-confidence, identical copy number variations (CNVs) were detected. We also identified eight copy-neutral changes (cn-LOHs) > 1.5 Mb in paired arterial samples in 4 of 10 individuals. The frequencies of the two gains located in the 10q24.31 (ERLIN1) and 12q24.11 (UNG, ACACB) genomic regions were evaluated in 33 paired arteries and blood samples. Two patients contained the gain in 10q24.31 (ERLIN1) and one patient contained the gain in 12q24.11 (UNG, ACACB) that affected only the blood DNA. An additional two patients harboured these CNVs in both the arteries and blood. In conclusion, we discovered and confirmed a gain of the 10q24.31 (ERLIN1) and 12q24.11 (UNG, ACACB) genomic regions in patients with coronary artery disease and metabolic comorbidity. Analysis of DNA extracted from blood indicated a possible somatic origin for these CNVs.
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Sleptsov AA, Nazarenko MS, Lebedev IN, Skryabin NA, Frolov AV, Popov VA, Barbarash OL, Barbarash LS, Puzyrev VP. Somatic genome variations in vascular tissues and peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with atherosclerosis. RUSS J GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795414080080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Connolly JJ, Glessner JT, Almoguera B, Crosslin DR, Jarvik GP, Sleiman PM, Hakonarson H. Copy number variation analysis in the context of electronic medical records and large-scale genomics consortium efforts. Front Genet 2014; 5:51. [PMID: 24672537 PMCID: PMC3957100 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to review recent research on copy number variations (CNVs) and their association with complex and rare diseases. In the latter part of this paper, we focus on how large biorepositories such as the electronic medical record and genomics (eMERGE) consortium may be best leveraged to systematically mine for potentially pathogenic CNVs, and we end with a discussion of how such variants might be reported back for inclusion in electronic medical records as part of medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Connolly
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph T Glessner
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Berta Almoguera
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Crosslin
- Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick M Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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