Management of pineal and colloid cysts

Pineal cyst in bipolar patient with normolithiaemia and positive fibromyalgic tender points

Pineal cysts are benign, nonneoplastic lesions of the pineal gland, often identified incidentally on MRI scans. Although these cysts are usually asymptomatic, they can occasionally enlarge and compress adjacent structures, leading to neurological complications such as obstructive hydrocephalus and Parinaud's syndrome. The underlying mechanisms of pineal cyst development remain largely unclear, although inflammation - common in rheumatological conditions such as fibromyalgia - and mechanical stress have been suggested as contributing factors. In addition, the incomplete blood-brain barrier of the pineal gland raises the possibility that chronic lithium therapy, commonly used for psychiatric disorders and also known for its hyperplastic effects, could facilitate cysts formation through lithium accumulation and epithelial stimulation. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman with bipolar disorder on long-term lithium treatment who presented with a pineal cyst and clinical symptoms consistent with fibromyalgia. A review of the literature highlights possible links between pineal cyst formation, systemic inflammation associated with rheumatological disorders and prolonged lithium exposure. Although the hyperplastic properties of lithium in glandular tissue are well documented, there is no conclusive evidence directly linking lithium use to the development of pineal cysts in humans. The possibility of cystic growth driven by the pro-inflammatory environment of fibromyalgia remains plausible and warrants further investigation of the complex interactions between lithium therapy, systemic inflammation and pineal cystogenesis, particularly in patients with coexisting rheumatological and psychiatric disorders.

International web-based survey of patients with non-hydrocephalic symptomatic pineal cysts

OBJECTIVES

To report the results of an international patient-reported survey that adds to the growing body of evidence surrounding the role of surgery in the management of a subset of patients with non-hydrocephalic symptomatic pineal cyst.

DESIGN

An international web-based survey of health outcomes in patients with nhSPC.

SUBJECTS

All survey participants who self-reported a diagnosis of symptomatic pineal cyst without hydrocephalus after radiological imaging.

METHODS

The survey was developed in collaboration with the patient group Pineal Cyst UK. It was publicised and distributed via several online platforms and social media. Data collected included demographics, cyst size, symptom frequency and severity, number of appointments with healthcare professionals, treatment options trialled, and whether patients underwent surgery.

RESULTS

543 participants (mean age 38.6 years, range 1-83) were included in the analysis, of which 82 (mean age 38.9 years, range 16-72) had undergone cyst resection. After a median period of 18.3 months between date of surgery and date of questionnaire completion, 72 (90%) of the surgical cohort reported overall improvement, and all symptoms improved overall, whereas no symptoms improved overall in the non-surgical cohort. Of the non-surgical cohort (n = 461), 269 participants received some form of conservative treatment, of whom 194 (72.1%) did not experience symptom improvement on any treatment offered.

CONCLUSIONS

A cohort of patients with nhSPC who participated in this international survey reports substantial and durable improvement in symptom severity and quality of life after pineal cyst resection.

SNO-EANO-EURACAN consensus on management of pineal parenchymal tumors

Pineal parenchymal tumors are rare neoplasms for which evidence-based treatment recommendations are lacking. These tumors vary in biology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis, requiring treatment that ranges from surgical resection alone to intensive multimodal antineoplastic therapy. Recently, international collaborative studies have shed light on the genomic landscape of these tumors, leading to refinement in molecular-based disease classification in the 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the literature on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and suggest pragmatic recommendations for the clinical management of patients presenting with intrinsic pineal region masses including parenchymal tumors (pineocytoma, pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation, and pineoblastoma), pineal cyst, and papillary tumors of the pineal region.

Autonomic dysfunction in patients with tectal plate compression: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Pineal region lesions can result in tectal plate compression, hydrocephalus, and associated symptoms including headache, Parinaud's Syndrome, and epileptic phenomena. No studies have looked at the relationship between these lesions and the autonomic nervous system.

METHODS

To evaluate the clinical presentation of pineal lesions secondary to tectal plate compression with a focus on autonomic dysfunction, a systematic review was completed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Case reports and prospective and retrospective studies on patients with pineal or tectal region lesions were included.

RESULTS

Of 73 identified studies, 43 underwent full text screening. 26 studies (n=363 patients; age range 0-69 years) were included. 47.1% of patients were male (n=171). Obstructive hydrocephalus was identified in 119 patients (32.8%). The most common symptom was headache (n=228, 62.8%), followed by epileptic phenomena (n=76, 20.9%). Vision related symptoms were identified in 88 patients (24.2%). 251 patients (69.1%) had symptoms associated with autonomic dysfunction including dizziness, nausea, pupillary dysfunction, photophobia and fatigue. Of the 200 (55%) patients who underwent surgery, 135 patients (67.5%) had improved or resolved symptoms post-operatively, including 120 patients with improved autonomic dysfunction symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Though these lesions are most characterized by Parinaud's syndrome and hydrocephalus, this review suggests dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system may be at play and require consideration at initial presentation and treatment.

Prevalence of pineal cysts in healthy individuals: Emphasis on size, morphology and pineal recess crowding

The present study aimed to determine prevalence of non-hydrocephalic pineal cysts of different size and morphology in healthy individuals. In a cohort of healthy individuals who as part of research volunteered to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, we performed a systematic search for occurrence of pineal cysts of different sizes, morphology and evidence of crowding of the pineal recess. Degree of crowding in the pineal recess was estimated by the imaging biomarkers anterior-posterior diameter and cyst-tectum-splenium (CTS) ratio at midsagittal MRI. The study included a cohort of 994 healthy individuals, aged 47.0 ± 21.1 years in whom a pineal cyst was demonstrated in 337/994 (37.5%) individuals. A small cyst within a mainly solid gland was observed in 252/994 (25.4%) subjects and a mainly cystic gland in121/994 (12.2%). The pineal cysts were more frequent in women than men, and were associated with age, though not with reduced prevalence in aged individuals, as previously reported. Cysts with maximum anterior-posterior diameter ≥ 10 mm were seen in 51/994 (5.1%) individuals, and with CTS ratio ≥ 0.9 in 16/994 (1.6%) individuals. The occurrence of pineal cysts is frequent and is seen more frequently in women. It usually presents as a small cyst in a predominantly solid gland; however, pineal cysts causing crowding of the pineal recess with a CTS ratio ≥ 0.9 was seen in merely 1.6% of participants.

Histopathology and molecular pathology of pediatric pineal parenchymal tumors

Pineal parenchymal tumors in children are rare. They consist of two main types, pineoblastoma (PB) and pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID), which are World Health Organization (WHO) grade 4 and grade 2-3 respectively. PBs are divided into four distinct molecular groups: PB-miRNA1, PB-miRNA2, PB-RB1, and PB-MYC/FOXR2. PB-RB1 and PB-MYC/FOXR2 affect young children and are associated with a dismal prognosis. PB-miRNA1 and PB-miRNA2 groups affect older children and follow a more favorable course. They are characterized by mutually exclusive alterations in genes involved in miRNA biogenesis, including DICER1, DROSHA, and DGCR8. They may be sporadic or may represent one manifestation of DICER1 syndrome. PB-RB1 tumors show alterations in the RB1 gene and may develop in the setting of congenital retinoblastoma, a condition known as "trilateral retinoblastoma." In the pediatric population, PPTIDs typically affect adolescents. They are characterized by small in-frame insertions in the KBTBD4 gene which is involved in ubiquitination.

Imaging of congenital and developmental cystic lesions of the brain: a narrative review

INTRODUCTION

Congenital and developmental intracranial cysts represent a large heterogenous group with varied presentations and etiologies. They can range from normal variants to pathologic lesions often associated with known congenital syndromes or acquired insults. While some are incidentally found, others are symptomatic or may become symptomatic over time. The preferred type of neuroimaging for timely diagnosis helps determine appropriate management and treatment, if indicated.

AREAS COVERED

In this narrative review article, authors present a comprehensive description of developmental cystic lesions. Imaging descriptions are provided for each type of cystic lesion as well as several representative images.

EXPERT OPINION

As advanced neuroimaging techniques become more ubiquitous in clinical use, more light may be shed on the natural history of certain intracranial cystic lesions throughout the lifespan. This includes prenatal imaging for early identification and prognostication to surveillance imaging into advanced age to ascertain associations of certain cystic lesions with age-related cognitive dysfunction.

Does deep cerebral venous engorgement contribute to non-hydrocephalic pineal cysts becoming symptomatic? Some missing links

This scientific commentary refers to 'Physiological alterations of pineal recess crowding in symptomatic non-hydrocephalic pineal cysts' by Eide et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcad078).

On Natural History and Management of Colloid Cysts: Time to Rethink?

BACKGROUND

Colloid cysts, although benign, may occasionally cause obstructive hydrocephalus and sudden death. Reliable prognostic factors for symptomatic progression have been sought, with heterogenous results.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective review of all cases of colloid cysts of the third ventricle managed at our center between 2009 and 2019. Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics were analyzed using logistic regression in relation to symptomatic status and hydrocephalus. The cutoff values for outcome prediction were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

RESULTS

There were 82 patients with colloid cysts, of whom 60 were asymptomatic and 22 symptomatic. None of the asymptomatic patients experienced acute neurologic decline or hydrocephalus during follow-up, whereas half (n = 11) of the symptomatic patients presented with hydrocephalus, 8 of whom had acute hydrocephalus. We found 3 putative candidate risk factors for symptomatic colloid cysts: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging hyperintense/mixed signal appearance (P = 0.004), location in risk zone I (P = 0.007), and a volume >236.49 mm3 (P = 0.007). Cyst diameter and volume/foramen of Monro diameter ratios had a decreasing trend over time among asymptomatic patients, providing new insights into the natural history of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Only a few asymptomatic colloid cysts showed progression requiring surgery, with no acute deterioration or fatal events, whereas the rest remained stable over time, thus supporting a more conservative approach for this group of patients. Higher risk for developing symptomatic colloid cyst was defined by a risk score that included T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging appearance, risk zone, and colloid cyst volume, aiding the detection of patients at risk of clinical deterioration.

Incidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adults: a review of imaging spectrum, clinical significance, and management

Utilization of brain MRI has dramatically increased in recent decades due to rapid advancement in imaging technology and improving accessibility. As a result, radiologists increasingly encounter findings incidentally discovered on brain MRIs which are performed for unrelated indications. Some of these findings are clinically significant, necessitating further investigation or treatment and resulting in increased costs to healthcare systems as well as increased patient anxiety. Moreover, management of these incidental findings poses a significant challenge for referring physicians. Therefore, it is important for interpreting radiologists to know the prevalence, clinical consequences, and appropriate management of these findings. There is a wide spectrum of incidental findings on brain MRI such as asymptomatic brain infarct, age-related white matter changes, microhemorrhages, intracranial tumors, intracranial cystic lesions, and anatomic variants. This article provides a narrative review of important incidental findings encountered on brain MRI in adults with a focus on prevalence, clinical implications, and recommendations on management of these findings based on current available data.

A Rare Cause of Headache and an Unorthodox Transfer: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION

Emergency department (ED) crowding and hospital diversion times are increasing nationwide, with negative effects on patient safety and an association with increased mortality. Crowding in referral centers makes transfer of complex or critical patients by rural emergency physicians (EP) more complicated and difficult. We present a case requiring an unorthodox transfer method to navigate extensive hospital diversion and obtain life-saving neurosurgical care.

CASE REPORT

We present the case of a previously healthy 21-year-old male with two hours of headache and rapid neurologic decompensation en route to and at the ED. Computed tomography revealed obstructive hydrocephalus recognized by the EP, who medically managed the increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and began the transfer process for neurosurgical evaluation and management. After refusal by six referral centers in multiple states, all of which were on diversion, the EP initiated an unorthodox transfer procedure to the institution at which he trained, ultimately transferring the patient by air. Bilateral external ventricular drains were placed in the receiving ED, and the patient ultimately underwent neurosurgical resection of an obstructive colloid cyst.

CONCLUSION

First, our case illustrates the difficulties faced by rural EPs when attempting to transfer critical patients when large referral centers are refusing transfers and the need for improvements in facilitating timely transfers of critically ill, time-sensitive patients. Second, EPs should be aware of colloid cysts as a rare but potentially catastrophic cause of rapid neurologic decline due to increased ICP, and the ED management thereof, which we review.

Evolution of Making Clinical Predictions in Neurosurgery

Prediction of clinical outcomes is an essential task for every physician. Physicians may base their clinical prediction of an individual patient on their intuition and on scientific material such as studies presenting population risks and studies reporting on risk factors (prognostic factors). A relatively new and more informative approach for making clinical predictions relies on the use of statistical models that simultaneously consider multiple predictors that provide an estimate of the patient's absolute risk of an outcome. There is a growing body of literature in the neurosurgical field reporting on clinical prediction models. These tools have high potential in supporting (not replacing) neurosurgeons with their prediction of a patient's outcome. If used sensibly, these tools pave the way for more informed decision-making with or for individual patients. Patients and their significant others want to know their risk of the anticipated outcome, how it is derived, and the uncertainty associated with it. Learning from these prediction models and communicating the output to others has become an increasingly important skill neurosurgeons have to master. This article describes the evolution of making clinical predictions in neurosurgery, synopsizes key phases for the generation of a useful clinical prediction model, and addresses some considerations when deploying and communicating the results of a prediction model. The paper is illustrated with multiple examples from the neurosurgical literature, including predicting arachnoid cyst rupture, predicting rebleeding in patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and predicting survival in glioblastoma patients.

Decision-Making and Management in a Patient With Coexistent Colloid Cyst and Pituitary Macroadenoma: A Case Report

The coexistence of separate and distinct primary intracranial tumors is rare. Specifically, there are no previous reports of a colloid cyst coexisting with a pituitary macroadenoma. We present the case of a 40-year-old male with a colloid cyst associated with mild enlargement of the right lateral ventricle and a coexistent pituitary macroadenoma with compression of the optic apparatus. An endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) for resection of the pituitary mass was performed first due to the patient’s complaints of acute visual changes. He then underwent a right frontal craniotomy for resection of the colloid cyst one month later. The patient recovered without residual deficits in vision, and he did not require ventricular shunting after removal of the colloid cyst. We aimed to discuss our decision-making process and the management of these coexistent lesions. 

Surgical treatment of symptomatic pineal cysts without hydrocephalus-meta-analysis of the published literature

Background

To examine published data and assess evidence relating to safety and efficacy of surgical management of symptomatic pineal cysts without hydrocephalus (nhSPC), we performed a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

Methods

Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched Pubmed and SCOPUS for all reports with the query ‘Pineal Cyst’ AND ‘Surgery’ as of March 2021, without constraints on study design, publication year or status (PROSPERO_CRD:42,021,242,517). Assessment of 1537 hits identified 26 reports that met inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

All 26 input studies were either case reports or single-centre retrospective cohorts. The majority of outcome data were derived from routine physician-recorded notes. A total of 294 patients with surgically managed nhSPC were identified. Demographics: Mean age was 29 (range: 4–63) with 77% females. Mean cyst size was 15 mm (5–35). Supracerebellar-infratentorial approach was adopted in 90% of cases, occipital-transtentorial in 9%, and was not reported in 1%. Most patients were managed by cyst resection (96%), and the remainder by fenestration. Mean post-operative follow-up was 35 months (0–228). Presentation: Headache was the commonest symptom (87%), followed by visual (54%), nausea/vomit (34%) and vertigo/dizziness (31%). Other symptoms included focal neurology (25%), sleep disturbance (17%), cognitive impairment (16%), loss of consciousness (11%), gait disturbance (11%), fatigue (10%), ‘psychiatric’ (2%) and seizures (1%). Mean number of symptoms reported at presentation was 3 (0–9). Outcomes: Improvement rate was 93% (to minimise reporting bias only consecutive cases from cohort studies were considered, N = 280) and was independent of presentation. Predictors of better outcomes were large cyst size (OR = 5.76; 95% CI: 1.74–19.02) and resection over fenestration (OR = 12.64; 3.07–52.01). Age predicted worse outcomes (OR = 0.95; 0.91–0.99). Overall complication rate was 17% and this was independent of any patient characteristics. Complications with long-term consequences occurred in 10 cases (3.6%): visual disturbance (3), chronic incisional pain (2), sensory disturbance (1), fatigue (1), cervicalgia (1), cerebellar stroke (1) and mortality due to myocardial infarction (1).

Conclusions

Although the results support the role of surgery in the management of nhSPCs, they have to be interpreted with a great deal of caution as the current evidence is limited, consisting only of case reports and retrospective surgical series. Inherent to such studies are inhomogeneity and incompleteness of data, selection bias and bias related to assessment of outcome carried out by the treating surgeon in the majority of cases. Prospective studies with patient-reported and objective outcome assessment are needed to provide higher level of evidence.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00701-021-05054-0.

In and around the pineal gland: a neuroimaging review

Lesions arising in or around the pineal gland comprise a heterogeneous group of pathologies ranging from benign non-neoplastic cysts to highly malignant neoplasms. Pineal cysts are frequently encountered as an incidental finding in daily radiology practice but there is no universal agreement on the criteria for, frequency of, and duration of follow-up imaging. Solid pineal neoplasms pose a diagnostic challenge owing to considerable overlap in their imaging characteristics, although a combination of radiological appearances, clinical findings, and tumour markers allows for narrowing of the differential diagnosis. In this review, we describe the radiological anatomy of the pineal region, clinical symptoms, imaging appearances, and differential diagnosis of lesions arising in this area, and highlight the clinical management of these conditions.