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Derbel K, Maatoug C, Mchita A, Mabrouk KH, Saad HB. Self-Reported Smoking Status 10-Months After a Single Session Intervention Including an Education Conference About Smoking Harms and Announcement of Spirometric Lung-Age. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY AND PULMONARY MEDICINE 2021; 15:11795484211047041. [PMID: 34690503 PMCID: PMC8532218 DOI: 10.1177/11795484211047041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies investigating the effects of announcing spirometric lung-age (SLA) on the smokers' self-reported smoking status reported conflicting results. Main objective To evaluate the effects of a single session intervention including an education conference about smoking harms and announcement of SLA on the participants' self-reported smoking status. Methodology An interventional study was conducted in a cable factory. The intervention included four steps: PowerPoint presentation about raising smoking hazards awareness; general questionnaire; measurement of the anthropometric and spirometric data, and announcement of SLA; and evaluation of the smokers' self-reported smoking status 10 months later (quitted smoking, decreased consumption; stable consumption, increased consumption). Results Thirty-six smokers completed the four steps. Ten months after the intervention, 11.1% of smokers quitted smoking, 52.7% decreased their consumption by 7 ± 4 cigarettes/day, 30.5% kept a stable consumption, and 5.5% increased their consumption by 9 ± 6 cigarettes/day. Conclusion Providing an education conference combined with announcing SLA motivated 64% of smokers to quit smoking or to reduce their cigarette consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khansa Derbel
- Laboratory of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat HACHED Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Amira Mchita
- Occupational Medicine Group of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat HACHED Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Occupational Medicine Group of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Heart Failure (LR12SP09) Research Laboratory, Farhat HACHED Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Université de Sousse. Faculté de Médecine de Sousse. Laboratoire de Physiologie. Sousse, Tunisie
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Takagi H, Morio Y, Ishiwata T, Shimada K, Kume A, Miura K, Kuwasaki E, Kato M, Seyama K, Takahashi K. Effect of telling patients their "spirometric-lung-age" on smoking cessation in Japanese smokers. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:5052-5060. [PMID: 29312710 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking remains a significant public health problem. However, current treatment programs have not yet succeeded in sufficiently reducing smoking rates. The study aimed to examine whether patients' recognition of "spirometric-lung-age (SLA)" estimated from spirometry data prompts smoking cessation. Methods From December 2010 to September 2011, participating smokers were prospectively enrolled into the standardized smoking cessation program (Visits 1-5 for 12 weeks) and assigned single-blindly to either SLA assessment or control groups. The SLA group was informed of the estimated age of their lungs from spirometry analysis and given an opportunity to recognize the difference from their actual chronological age, whereas the control group was not. The primary calculation of outcome was the smoking quit rate on Visit 5, whereas the secondary end-point was the proportion of patients who remained abstinent 1 year later. Results One hundred and twenty-six Japanese smokers (88 males) participated and were randomly assigned to the SLA group (n=52) or the control group (n=74). The smoking quit rate on Visit 5 was similar in the SLA assessment group and control group (59.6% vs. 41.9%; P=0.0700). However, the proportion of patients who remained abstinent 1 year later was similar in both groups (78.6% vs. 69.0%; P=0.5497). Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting baseline characteristics demonstrated that telling patients their SLA, the use of varenicline, and age were significantly associated with smoking quit rate on Visit 5 whereas only age was associated with remaining abstinent 1 year later. Conclusions Telling patients their SLA can become a useful tool prompting smoking cessation among Japanese smokers although other factors such as pharmacotherapy and age also influence the cessation of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhi Takagi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Morio
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiji Ishiwata
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Division of Cardiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsumi Kume
- Division of Cardiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayo Miura
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuwasaki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miharu Kato
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Seyama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sloan M, Campbell KA, Bowker K, Coleman T, Cooper S, Brafman-Price B, Naughton F. Pregnant Women's Experiences and Views on an "Opt-Out" Referral Pathway to Specialist Smoking Cessation Support: A Qualitative Evaluation. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:900-5. [PMID: 26743356 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking in pregnancy remains an important and costly public health concern with policy makers worldwide researching methods to aid cessation. UK government guidelines recommend implementation of an "opt-out" (ie, whether requested or not) referral pathway for pregnant smokers to specialist smoking cessation support using carbon monoxide (CO) screening. This study explores the views of pregnant smokers who experienced this new pathway in one UK hospital trust. METHODS Eighteen semi-structured telephone interviews with women who experienced the opt-out pathway were undertaken. Data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS Three themes were identified relating to expectations, acceptability and impact of the pathway. Women were generally very accepting of the CO testing especially when it met their prior expectations and was perceived as being a routine component of antenatal care. They considered the visual feedback from the CO monitoring improved their motivation to quit. Views on the automatic referral for cessation support were divided with questions raised as to the removal of choice, with many women also expressing dissatisfaction about perceived lack of contact by Stop Smoking Services (SSS) following referral. CONCLUSION The opt-out pathway is potentially an acceptable addition to current practice. The women considered CO monitoring to be the most valuable element of the pathway. Women keen to engage with SSS desired a more efficient system of contact. IMPLICATIONS This study presents a unique insight into pregnant women's views on the implementation of opt-out referrals for smoking cessation. Introducing CO testing and opt-out referrals at the time of antenatal ultrasound examination can potentially increase motivation to stop smoking in pregnancy. The findings demonstrate that facilitating access to SSS was not always achieved, and further refinement is needed to ensure more effective contact procedures. Ensuring all women are fully informed prior to the CO testing may further improve both the impact of the opt-out referral pathway and the chance of successfully engaging with SSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sloan
- Behavioural Science Group, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| | | | - Katharine Bowker
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care, D1411, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Cooper
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Brafman-Price
- Behavioural Science Group, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Naughton
- Behavioural Science Group, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Schneider KI, Schmidtke J. Patient compliance based on genetic medicine: a literature review. J Community Genet 2013; 5:31-48. [PMID: 23934761 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-013-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For this literature review, medical literature data bases were searched for studies on patient compliance after genetic risk assessment. The review focused on conditions where secondary or tertiary preventive options exist, namely cancer syndromes (BRCA-related cancer, HNPCC/colon cancer), hemochromatosis, thrombophilia, smoking cessation, and obesity. As a counterpart, patient compliance was assessed regarding medication adherence and medical advice in some of the most epidemiologically important conditions (including high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease) after receiving medical advice based on nongenetic risk information or a combination of genetic and nongenetic risk information. In the majority of studies based on genetic risk assessments, patients were confronted with predictive rather than diagnostic genetic profiles. Most of the studies started from a knowledge base around 10 years ago when DNA testing was at an early stage, limited in scope and specificity, and costly. The major result is that overall compliance of patients after receiving a high-risk estimate from genetic testing for a given condition is high. However, significant behavior change does not take place just because the analyte is "genetic." Many more factors play a role in the complex process of behavioral tuning. Without adequate counseling and guidance, patients may interpret risk estimates of predictive genetic testing with an increase in fear and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Insa Schneider
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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de Viron S, Malats N, Van der Heyden J, Van Oyen H, Brand A. Environmental and Genomic Factors as well as Interventions Influencing Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review of Reviews and a Proposed Working Model. Public Health Genomics 2013; 16:159-73. [DOI: 10.1159/000351453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gajdócsy R, Horváth I. Exhaled carbon monoxide in airway diseases: from research findings to clinical relevance. J Breath Res 2010; 4:047102. [PMID: 21383489 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/4/4/047102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Breath tests have gained increasing interest in recent years mainly driven by the unmet clinical need to monitor airway diseases and to obtain information of unravelled aspects of respiratory disorders. Carbon monoxide is present in the exhaled breath and has been suggested to reflect ongoing oxidative stress, even if there are some confounding factors limiting its clinical usefulness. Increased concentration of exhaled carbon monoxide has been demonstrated in different acute and chronic airway diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, and post transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Although exhaled carbon monoxide might not prove as a clinically useful biomarker of airway diseases, its measurement has helped to understand the place of heme oxygenase activity in allergic and non-allergic airway diseases. The scope of this review is the exciting field of exhaled carbon monoxide in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Gajdócsy
- Department of Pulmonology, National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
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Cummings KM, Mahoney MC. Strategies for smoking cessation: what is new and what works? Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 2:201-13. [PMID: 20477249 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While the prevalence of smoking in the USA has declined over the past half century, there still remain over 40 million current smokers, ensuring that smoking will continue to be a major factor influencing premature morbidity and mortality rates for years to come. Most people begin smoking during their teenage years and struggle to quit as adults. Nicotine dependence should be considered a chronic health condition with exacerbations and remissions. Clinicians have an important role to play in helping their patients to stop smoking. The systematic identification of all smokers is the initial step in addressing smoking cessation. Providing both pharmacotherapy and counseling support for all quit attempts helps to optimize rates of cessation. First-line pharmacotherapy to support a quit attempt include nicotine replacement (gum, patch, lozenge, nasal spray or inhaler), bupropion or varenicline. Use of these agents can increase quit rates by 1.5- to threefold. Several studies have shown that combining the nicotine patch with either gum or nasal spray can increase quit rates over single modality therapy. Recent studies have also suggested that giving smokers stop-smoking medications for several weeks in advance of their quit date may help to boost long-term quit rates. New medications are under development, including a nicotine vaccine and faster delivery nicotine medications. However, from a public health perspective, a ban on the sale of nicotine-containing combustion tobacco products may represent the most straightforward means to minimize the harm caused by tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Cummings
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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McClure JB, Ludman EJ, Grothaus L, Pabiniak C, Richards J. Impact of a brief motivational smoking cessation intervention the Get PHIT randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2009; 37:116-23. [PMID: 19524389 PMCID: PMC2889910 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have rigorously evaluated whether providing biologically based health-risk feedback is more effective than standard interventions in increasing smokers' motivation to quit and their long-term abstinence. DESIGN An RCT was conducted from 2005 to 2008. Data were analyzed in 2008. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Smokers (N=536) were recruited from the community, regardless of their interest in quitting smoking. INTERVENTION Smokers either received brief ( approximately 20 minutes), personally tailored counseling sessions based on their lung functioning, carbon monoxide (CO) exposure, and smoking-related health conditions, or they received generic smoking-risk information and personalized counseling about their diet, BMI, and physical activity. All were advised to quit smoking and were offered access to a free phone-counseling program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Treatment utilization and abstinence at 6 and 12 months post-intervention. RESULTS Participants who received the experimental treatment demonstrated no greater motivation to quit, use of treatment services, or abstinence compared to controls at either follow-up assessment. In fact, controls reported greater motivation to quit at 12 months (M 3.42 vs 3.20, p=0.03), greater use of pharmacotherapy at 6 months (37.8% vs 28.0%, p=0.02), and greater 30-day point prevalent abstinence at 6 months, after controlling for relevant covariates (10.8% vs 6.4%, adjusted p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The present study found no support for adding a personalized health-risk assessment emphasizing lung health and CO exposure to generic cessation advice and counseling for community-based smokers not otherwise seeking treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00169260.
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Sanderson SC, O'Neill SC, White DB, Bepler G, Bastian L, Lipkus IM, McBride CM. Responses to online GSTM1 genetic test results among smokers related to patients with lung cancer: a pilot study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1953-61. [PMID: 19567511 PMCID: PMC3417294 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing smokers with personal genetic test results indicating increased lung cancer risk may increase uptake of effective smoking cessation services. Using the internet may increase reach and enable real-time assessment of how people process genetic risk information away from the clinic setting. We therefore explored smokers' responses to Web-delivered GSTM1 genetic test results indicating higher or lower lung cancer risk. Participants were smokers (n = 44) biologically related to patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer. Measures were assessed at baseline, before and immediately after receipt of online genetic test results, and at 6-month follow-up. Outcomes included accurate comprehension of results, regret about being tested, cessation-related cognitions (e.g., perceived response efficacy), and uptake of free smoking cessation services (nicotine replacement therapy, printed self-help materials, telephone counseling sessions). Twenty-two "relative smokers" received a GSTM1-missing (higher risk) and 22 a GSTM1-present (lower risk) result. All relative smokers with GSTM1-missing results and 55% of those with GSTM1-present results accurately interpreted their results. No relative smokers regretted having taken the test. Relative smokers receiving GSTM1-missing results reported lower confidence that quitting could reduce lung cancer risk (perceived response efficacy) than those receiving GSTM1-present results. There were no other significant between-group differences. Uptake of smoking cessation services was high (e.g., 91% nicotine replacement therapy uptake). Genetic test results may not influence uptake of free smoking cessation services because of ceiling effects. Further research is needed to determine the risks and benefits of Web-based disclosure of genetic test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C Sanderson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Icahn Medical Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Flawed evaluation of clinical trial quality allows flawed trials to thrive (get funded, obtain IRB approval, get published, serve as the basis of regulatory approval, and set policy). A reasonable evaluation of clinical trial quality must recognize that any one of a large number of potential biases could by itself completely invalidate the trial results. In addition, clever new ways to distort trial results toward a favored outcome may be devised at any time. Finally, the vested financial and other interests of those conducting the experiments and publishing the reports must cast suspicion on any inadequately reported aspect of clinical trial quality. Putting these ideas together, we see that an adequate evaluation of clinical quality would need to enumerate all known biases, update this list periodically, score the trial with regard to each potential bias on a scale of 0% to 100%, offer partial credit for only that which can be substantiated, and then multiply (not add) the component scores to obtain an overall score between 0% and 100%. We will demonstrate that current evaluations fall well short of these ideals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance W Berger
- National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Boulevard, MSC-7354, Bethesda, MD 20892-7354 USA.
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McClure JB, Ludman E, Grothaus L, Pabiniak C, Richards J, Mohelnitzky A. Immediate and short-term impact of a brief motivational smoking intervention using a biomedical risk assessment: the Get PHIT trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:394-403. [PMID: 19299409 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Providing smokers with biologically based evidence of smoking-related disease risk or physical impairment may be an effective way to motivate cessation. METHODS Smokers were recruited for a free health risk assessment and randomized to receive personally tailored feedback based on their lung functioning, carbon monoxide (CO) exposure, and smoking-related health conditions or generic information about the risks of smoking and personalized counseling based on their diet, body mass index, and physical activity. All (n = 536) were advised to quit smoking and offered access to a free telephone cessation program. Participants were surveyed immediately after intervention and 1 month later to assess the impact on various indices of motivation to quit. RESULTS Immediately posttreatment, experimental participants rated themselves as more likely to try to quit (p = .02) and reported a greater mean increase in their motivation to quit than controls (p = .04). At 1-month follow-up, however, we found no significant group differences on any motivational indices. In post-hoc analyses comparing smokers in the experimental group with and without lung impairment, persons with impaired lung functioning had a greater change from baseline in posttreatment motivation to quit (adjusted p = .05) and perceived risk of developing a smoking-related disease (p = .03) compared with persons with no lung impairment, but we found no significant treatment effect on any motivational indices at 1 month. DISCUSSION The results suggest that the intervention had a small, temporary effect, but we found no clear evidence that the intervention increased motivation to quit smoking during the first month postintervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B McClure
- Group Health Center for Health Studies, 1730 Minor Avenue, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Usmani ZC, Craig P, Shipton D, Tappin D. Comparison of CO breath testing and women's self-reporting of smoking behaviour for identifying smoking during pregnancy. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2008. [PMCID: PMC2265678 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Healthcare services often use a carbon monoxide (CO) breath test to validate self-reported smoking and to assess reductions in smoking habit. A cut-off level of ≥ 8 parts per million (p.p.m.) is used to identify smoking. This cut-off requires further validation in pregnant women. Methods Data on self-reported smoking were assessed in conjunction with breath CO levels. Subjects in the study were 2548 women attending antenatal booking during 12 months. Results 546/2584 (21.4%) women self-reported as current smokers. A cut-off of 8 ppm identified only 325/546 self-reported smokers (sensitivity 59.4%). 27/2002 self-reported non-smokers had levels greater than 8 ppm (specificity 98.7%). Sensitivity and specificity analysis revealed that CO cut-off levels of 2 or 3 p.p.m. resulted in the best sensitivity and specificity for discriminating apparent smokers and non-smokers. A cut-off of 2 p.p.m. would have identified 468/546 of self-reported smokers (sensitivity 86%). 206/2002 self-reported non-smokers had levels > 2 ppm (specificity 90 %). If all these women were 'true' smokers, the real prevalence of smoking in pregnancy was 26.5% (752/2548) and 27% of true smokers provided false answers to the self-reported question at maternity booking. Conclusion At 8 ppm, many smokers are missed and there may be gross underestimating of levels of smoking in a pregnant population. Results emphasise the need to support a lower cut-off level for the breath CO test closer to 2 or 3 p.p.m. These cut-offs may be more appropriate in the antenatal clinic setting, and are in line with recent recommendations in the non-pregnant population.
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Antus B, Horváth I. Exhaled nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in respiratory diseases. J Breath Res 2007; 1:024002. [PMID: 21383433 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/1/2/024002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breath tests have gained increasing interest in recent years mainly driven by the unmet clinical need to monitor airway diseases and to obtain information on unravelled aspects of respiratory disorders. A prototype of such measurement reaching clinical significance besides its use as a research tool is the measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (NO). It took hardly more than a decade after the discovery that exhaled breath contains NO for this measurement to be approved for clinical practice to monitor anti-inflammatory treatment in asthma. Recent studies demonstrate that using exhaled NO measurement to guide anti-inflammatory treatment in asthma may help clinical decision making. A similarly small molecule present in exhaled breath is carbon monoxide, which is not only a biomarker of cigarette smoking but has also been suggested to reflect ongoing oxidative stress/antioxidant defense. The scope of this review is the exciting field of exhaled monoxides. Since several other biomarkers have also been studied in the exhaled breath this review will provide a brief introduction to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Antus
- Department of Pathophysiology, National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
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