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Yoshikawa H, Sato T, Horikoshi K, Komura M, Nitta NA, Mitsui A, Koike K, Kodama Y, Takahashi K. miR-146a regulates emphysema formation and abnormal inflammation in the lungs of two mouse models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L98-L110. [PMID: 38050687 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00080.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-146a, a microRNA (miRNA) that regulates inflammatory responses, plays an important role in many inflammatory diseases. Although an in vitro study had suggested that miR-146a is involved in abnormal inflammatory response, being a critical factor in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in vivo evidence of its pathogenic role in COPD remains limited. Eight-week-old male B6(FVB)-Mir146tm1.1Bal/J [miR-146a knockout (KO)] and C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally administered elastase and evaluated after 28 days or exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and evaluated after 5 mo. miR-146a expression was significantly increased in C57BL/6J mouse lungs due to elastase administration (P = 0.027) or CS exposure (P = 0.019) compared with that in the control group. Compared with C57BL/6J mice, elastase-administered miR-146a-KO mice had lower average computed tomography (CT) values (P = 0.017) and increased lung volume-to-weight ratio (P = 0.016), mean linear intercept (P < 0.001), and destructive index (P < 0.001). Moreover, total cell (P = 0.006), macrophage (P = 0.001), neutrophil (P = 0.026), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2/macrophage inflammatory protein-2 [P = 0.045; in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)], cyclooxygenase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels were all increased (in the lungs). Following long-term CS exposure, miR-146a-KO mice showed a greater degree of emphysema formation in their lungs and inflammatory response in the BALF and lungs than C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, miR-146a protected against emphysema formation and the associated abnormal inflammatory response in two murine models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that miR-146a expression is upregulated in mouse lungs because of elastase- and CS-induced emphysema and that the inflammatory response by elastase or CS is enhanced in the lungs of miR-146a-KO mice than in those of control mice, resulting in the promotion of emphysema. This is the first study to evaluate the protective role of miR-146a in emphysema formation and the associated abnormal inflammatory response in different in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Yoshikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Horikoshi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moegi Komura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Arano Nitta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Mitsui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Koike
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Janetzki JL, Sykes MJ, Ward MB, Pratt NL. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Adverse Event Signals Associated with Potential Inhibitors of Glutathione Peroxidase 1: A Sequence Symmetry Analysis. Drug Saf 2024; 47:59-70. [PMID: 37995048 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-023-01374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Prior molecular modelling analysis identified several medicines as potential inhibitors of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) which may contribute to development or progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study investigates 40 medicines (index medicines) for signals of COPD development or progression in a real-world dataset. METHODS Sequence symmetry analysis (SSA) was conducted using a 10% extract of Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) claims data between January 2013 and September 2019. Patients must have been initiated on an index medicine and a medicine for COPD development or progression within 12 months of each other. Sequence ratios were calculated as the number of patients who initiated an index medicine followed by a medicine for COPD development or progression divided by the number who initiated the index medicine second. An adjusted sequence ratio (aSR) was calculated which accounted for changes in prescribing trends. Adverse drug event signals (ADEs) were identified where the aSR lower 95% confidence interval (CI) was greater than 1. RESULTS Twenty-one of 40 (53%) index medicines had at least one ADE signal of COPD development or progression. Signals of COPD development, as identified using initiation of tiotropium, were observed for atenolol (aSR 1.32, 95% CI 1.23-1.42) and naproxen (aSR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06-1.23). Several signals of COPD progression were observed, including initiation of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol following initiation of atenolol (aSR 1.44, 95% CI 1.30-1.60) and initiation of aclidinium/formoterol following initiation of naproxen (aSR 2.21, 95% CI 1.34-3.65). CONCLUSION ADE signals were generated for several potential GPx1 inhibitors; however, further validation of signals is required in large well-controlled observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Janetzki
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Sykes
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Michael B Ward
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Nicole L Pratt
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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Low-dose aspirin and incidence of lung carcinoma in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003880. [PMID: 35025879 PMCID: PMC8757901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a higher risk of lung carcinoma. Using a territory-wide clinical electronic medical records system, we investigated the association between low-dose aspirin use (≤160 mg) among patients with COPD and incidence of lung carcinoma and the corresponding risk of bleeding. METHODS AND FINDINGS This is a retrospective cohort study conducted utilizing Clinical Data Analysis Reporting System (CDARS), a territory-wide database developed by the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance baseline covariates between aspirin nonusers (35,049 patients) with new aspirin users (7,679 patients) among all eligible COPD patients from 2005 to 2018 attending any public hospitals. The median age of the cohort was 75.7 years (SD = 11.5), and 80.3% were male. Competing risk regression with Cox proportional hazards model were performed to estimate the subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of lung carcinoma with low-dose aspirin and the associated bleeding events. Of all eligible patients, 1,779 (4.2%, 1,526 and 253 among nonusers and users) were diagnosed with lung carcinoma over a median follow-up period of 2.6 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.4 to 4.8). Aspirin use was associated with a 25% lower risk of lung carcinoma (SHR = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65 to 0.87, p = <0.001) and 26% decrease in lung carcinoma-related mortality (SHR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.86, p = <0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that aspirin was beneficial for patients aged above or below 75 years, but was also beneficial among populations who were male, nondiabetic, and nonhypertensive. Aspirin use was not associated with an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) (SHR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.53, p = 0.16), but was associated with an increased risk of hemoptysis (SHR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.73 to 2.23, p < 0.001). The main limitations of the study were (i) that one group of patients may be more likely to seek additional medical attention, although this was partially mitigated by the use of propensity score analysis; and (ii) the observational nature of the study renders it unable to establish causality between aspirin use and lung carcinoma incidence. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that low-dose aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of lung carcinoma and lung carcinoma-related mortality among COPD patients. While aspirin was not associated with an increased risk of UGIB, the risk of hemoptysis was elevated.
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Sobolewski C, Legrand N. Celecoxib Analogues for Cancer Treatment: An Update on OSU-03012 and 2,5-Dimethyl-Celecoxib. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071049. [PMID: 34356673 PMCID: PMC8302000 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important enzyme involved in prostaglandins biosynthesis from arachidonic acid. COX-2 is frequently overexpressed in human cancers and plays a major tumor promoting function. Accordingly, many efforts have been devoted to efficiently target the catalytic site of this enzyme in cancer cells, by using COX-2 specific inhibitors such as celecoxib. However, despite their potent anti-tumor properties, the myriad of detrimental effects associated to the chronic inhibition of COX-2 in healthy tissues, has considerably limited their use in clinic. In addition, increasing evidence indicate that these anti-cancerous properties are not strictly dependent on the inhibition of the catalytic site. These findings have led to the development of non-active COX-2 inhibitors analogues aiming at preserving the antitumor effects of COX-2 inhibitors without their side effects. Among them, two celecoxib derivatives, 2,5-Dimethyl-Celecoxib and OSU-03012, have been developed and suggested for the treatment of viral (e.g., recently SARS-CoV-2), inflammatory, metabolic diseases and cancers. These molecules display stronger anti-tumor properties than celecoxib and thus may represent promising anti-cancer molecules. In this review, we discuss the impact of these two analogues on cancerous processes but also their potential for cancer treatment alone or in combination with existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-5421
| | - Noémie Legrand
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
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Eita AAB, Zaki AM, Mahmoud SA. Serum 8-isoprostane levels in patients with resistant oral lichen planus before and after treatment with lycopene: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:343. [PMID: 34266435 PMCID: PMC8281687 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral lichen planus is an autoimmune disease in which topical steroids are the first line of treatment. The adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids prescribed for resistant oral lichen planus cases advocate alternative modalities. Lycopene is an antioxidant with a wide range of beneficial properties. This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of pure lycopene as compared to systemic corticosteroids (Prednisolone) on the symptoms, signs and oxidative stress in patients with erosive oral lichen planus recalcitrant to topical steroids. Methods Twenty patients were randomly divided into the test (lycopene) and control (corticosteroids) groups. Numeric rating scale and Escudier et al. (Br J Dermatol 4:765–770, 2007. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08106.x) lesion scores were assessed at baseline and weeks 4 and 8 from baseline. Serum levels of 8-isoprostane were measured in all patients at baseline and at the end of treatment (week 8). Results There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms after the end of treatment in each group. However, no significant difference was found between the lycopene and the corticosteroids group. Moreover, a significant reduction in 8-isoprostane levels was observed in the lycopene group from baseline and as compared to the control group. Conclusions Based on the study results, lycopene is a safe and effective therapeutic modality for resistant oral lichen planus. 8-isoprostane is a biomarker of lipid peroxidation that can be reduced by lycopene. Trial registration ID: PACTR202003484099670. 'Retrospectively registered on 11/3/2020'. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01711-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Abdelmoniem Bedeir Eita
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Diagnosis and Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Azza Mohamed Zaki
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Diagnosis and Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sabah Abdelhady Mahmoud
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Kazeminasab S, Emamalizadeh B, Jouyban A, Shoja MM, Khoubnasabjafari M. Macromolecular biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in exhaled breath condensate. Biomark Med 2020; 14:1047-1063. [PMID: 32940079 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers provide important diagnostic and prognostic information on heterogeneous diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, finding a suitable specimen for clinical analysis of biomarkers for COPD is challenging. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling is noninvasive, rapid, cost-effective and easily repeatable. EBC sampling has also provided recent progress in the identification of biological macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA in EBC samples, which has increased its utility for clinical scientists. In this article, we review applications involving EBC sampling for the analysis of COPD biomarkers and discuss its future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kazeminasab
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran.,Liver & Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran
| | - Babak Emamalizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran.,Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14117-13135, Iran
| | - Mohammadali M Shoja
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis & Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran
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Uzan GC, Borekci S, Doventas YE, Koldas M, Gemicioglu B. The relationship between inflammatory markers and spirometric parameters in ACOS, Asthma, and COPD. J Asthma 2019; 57:1273-1279. [PMID: 31403365 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1652644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The inflammatory mechanisms underpinning asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS) have not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined the levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), prostaglandin D2 (PG-D2), prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2), interleukin 5 (IL-5), and a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain (ADAM 33) in ACOS patients to determine the relationship between levels of these inflammatory markers and pulmonary functions.Methods: Blood samples were obtained from asthma, COPD, and ACOS patients who received combined therapy and were stable for the last month to measure cys-LTs, PG-D2, PG-E2, IL-5, and ADAM33 levels. Differences between groups and their correlations with pulmonary function tests were evaluated.Results: In total, 24 ACOS, 27 asthma, and 35 COPD patients were included. . PG-D2 levels were higher in ACOS (120.9 ± 117.2 ng/L) and asthma (119.6 ± 111.7 ng/L) patients than in COPD (82.6 ± 46.7 ng/L) patients (p = 0.036 and p = 0.038, respectively). In ACOS patients, PG-D2, cys-LTs, and ADAM33 levels were negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC% values (p = 0.021, p = 0.008, and p = 0.028, respectively). In COPD patients, a negative correlation was detected between PG-E2 and FEV1/FVC% (p = 0.007), whereas positive correlations were detected between IL-5 and pulmonary function tests, including FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1%, FEF25-75, and FEF25-75% (p = 0.047, p = 0.005, p = 0.002, p = 0.002, p = 0.010, and p = 0.005, respectively). In asthma patients, cys-LTs levels were negatively correlated with FEV1 and FEF25-75 values (p = 0.045 and p = 0.037, respectively).Conclusions: PG-D2 levels may be a valuable biomarker to differentiate COPD in asthma and ACOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfidan Cakmak Uzan
- Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pulmonology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sermin Borekci
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Erdogan Doventas
- Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Macit Koldas
- Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilun Gemicioglu
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Regional heterogeneity in response of airway epithelial cells to cigarette smoke. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:148. [PMID: 30180847 PMCID: PMC6122713 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure causes an abnormal inflammatory response, which can result in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies show that this disorder predominantly occurs in peripheral or small-airway areas, whereas the same condition has not been identified in the larger airways during the course of COPD. However, the different biochemical and genetic alterations occurring in response to CS exposure among airway epithelial cells from different sites in the lungs have not been fully investigated. Methods Human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) and normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to CS extract (CSE), and microarray analysis was used to determine gene- and protein-expression profiles and identify alterations following CSE exposure in both cell types. An in vivo smoking experiment was also performed to confirm differential responses to CS between sites in the lung. Results Microarray analysis of SAECs and NHBEs following 24 h of CSE exposure showed that inflammatory related pathways and terms, including the tumor necrosis factor-signaling pathway, were overrepresented, especially in SAECs. Clustering analysis highlighted prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 [also known as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2] as a gene specifically upregulated in SAECs, with COX-2 mRNA and protein expression significantly elevated by CSE exposure in SAECs (3.1- and 3.1-fold, respectively), but not in NHBEs. Furthermore, time-course analysis of COX-2 expression revealed earlier increases in SAECs compared with NHBEs following CS exposure. Short-term exposure of mouse lungs to CS was found to predominantly induce COX-2 expression in the small airway. Conclusions The small airway is more susceptible to CSE than the large airway and could be the initial site of development of CS-related respiratory diseases, such as COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12890-018-0715-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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9
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van 't Erve TJ. Strategies to decrease oxidative stress biomarker levels in human medical conditions: A meta-analysis on 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α. Redox Biol 2018; 17:284-296. [PMID: 29775960 PMCID: PMC6007822 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread detection of elevated oxidative stress levels in many medical conditions has led to numerous efforts to design interventions to reduce its effects. Efforts have been wide-ranging, from dietary changes to administration of antioxidants, supplements, e.g., omega-3-fatty acids, and many medications. However, there is still no systemic assessment of the efficacy of treatments for oxidative stress reduction across a variety of medical conditions. The goal of this meta-analysis is, by combining multiple studies, to quantitate the change in the levels of the popular oxidative stress biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) after a variety of treatment strategies in human populations. Nearly 350 unique publications with 180 distinct strategies were included in the analysis. For each strategy, the difference between pre- or placebo and post-treatment levels calculated using Hedges' g value of effect. In general, administration of antibiotics, antihyperlipidemic agents, or changes in lifestyle (g = - 0.63, - 0.54, and 0.56) had the largest effect. Administration of supplements, antioxidants, or changes in diet (g = - 0.09, - 0.28, - 0.12) had small quantitative effects. To fully interpret the effectiveness of these treatments, comparisons to the increase in g value for each medical condition is required. For example, antioxidants in populations with coronary artery disease (CAD) reduce the 8-iso-PGF2α levels by g = - 0.34 ± 0.1, which is quantitatively considered a small effect. However, CAD populations, in comparison to healthy populations, have an increase in 8-iso-PGF2α levels by g = 0.38 ± 0.04; therefore, the overall reduction of 8-iso-PGF2α levels is ≈ 90% by this treatment in this specific medical condition. In conclusion, 8-iso-PGF2α levels can be reduced not only by antioxidants but by many other strategies. Not all strategies are equally effective at reducing 8-iso-PGF2α levels. In addition, the effectiveness of any strategy can be assessed only in relation to the medical condition investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J van 't Erve
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA.
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Horváth I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S, Sterk PJ, Högman M, Olin AC, Amann A, Antus B, Baraldi E, Bikov A, Boots AW, Bos LD, Brinkman P, Bucca C, Carpagnano GE, Corradi M, Cristescu S, de Jongste JC, Dinh-Xuan AT, Dompeling E, Fens N, Fowler S, Hohlfeld JM, Holz O, Jöbsis Q, Van De Kant K, Knobel HH, Kostikas K, Lehtimäki L, Lundberg J, Montuschi P, Van Muylem A, Pennazza G, Reinhold P, Ricciardolo FLM, Rosias P, Santonico M, van der Schee MP, van Schooten FJ, Spanevello A, Tonia T, Vink TJ. A European Respiratory Society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1600965. [PMID: 28446552 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00965-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breath tests cover the fraction of nitric oxide in expired gas (FeNO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), variables in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and other measurements. For EBC and for FeNO, official recommendations for standardised procedures are more than 10 years old and there is none for exhaled VOCs and particles. The aim of this document is to provide technical standards and recommendations for sample collection and analytic approaches and to highlight future research priorities in the field. For EBC and FeNO, new developments and advances in technology have been evaluated in the current document. This report is not intended to provide clinical guidance on disease diagnosis and management.Clinicians and researchers with expertise in exhaled biomarkers were invited to participate. Published studies regarding methodology of breath tests were selected, discussed and evaluated in a consensus-based manner by the Task Force members.Recommendations for standardisation of sampling, analysing and reporting of data and suggestions for research to cover gaps in the evidence have been created and summarised.Application of breath biomarker measurement in a standardised manner will provide comparable results, thereby facilitating the potential use of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Horváth
- Dept of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieann Högman
- Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University/Gävleborg County Council, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anton Amann
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Balazs Antus
- Dept of Pathophysiology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D Bos
- Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Universita' di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Cristescu
- Dept of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics/Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Dompeling
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Fens
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Respiratory Research Group, University of Manchester Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van De Kant
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo H Knobel
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon Lundberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Pharmacology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Van Muylem
- Hopital Erasme Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Clinic of Respiratory Disease, Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe Rosias
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Maasland Hospital, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Santonico
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teunis J Vink
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Kazama I, Tamada T. Lymphocyte Kv1.3-channels in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: novel therapeutic implications of targeting the channels by commonly used drugs. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2016; 12:60. [PMID: 27956907 PMCID: PMC5129211 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-016-0168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), over-activated T-lymphocytes produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and proliferate in situ in the lower airways and pulmonary parenchyma, contributing substantially to the pathogenesis of the disease. Despite our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which lymphocytes are activated, we know little about the physiological mechanisms. T-lymphocytes predominantly express delayed rectifier K+-channels (Kv1.3) in their plasma membranes and these channels play crucial roles in inducing the lymphocyte activation and proliferation. In the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), these channels, which are overexpressed in proliferating lymphocytes within the inflamed organs, are responsible for the progression of the diseases. Since the over-activation of cellular immunity is also mainly involved in the pathogenesis of COPD, this disease could share similar pathophysiological features as those of CKD or IBD. From a literature review including ours, it is highly likely that the Kv1.3-channels are overexpressed or over-activated in T-lymphocytes isolated from patients with COPD, and that the overexpression of the channels would contribute to the development or progression of COPD. The involvement of the channels leads to novel therapeutic implications of potentially useful Kv1.3-channel inhibitors, such as calcium channel blockers, macrolide antibiotics, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuro Kazama
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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12
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McCarthy CE, Duffney PF, Gelein R, Thatcher TH, Elder A, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Dung biomass smoke activates inflammatory signaling pathways in human small airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1222-L1233. [PMID: 27836898 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00183.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal dung is a biomass fuel burned by vulnerable populations who cannot afford cleaner sources of energy, such as wood and gas, for cooking and heating their homes. Exposure to biomass smoke is the leading environmental risk for mortality, with over 4,000,000 deaths each year worldwide attributed to indoor air pollution from biomass smoke. Biomass smoke inhalation is epidemiologically associated with pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and respiratory infections, especially in low and middle-income countries. Yet, few studies have examined the mechanisms of dung biomass smoke-induced inflammatory responses in human lung cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that dung biomass smoke causes inflammatory responses in human lung cells through signaling pathways involved in acute and chronic lung inflammation. Primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were exposed to dung smoke at the air-liquid interface using a newly developed, automated, and reproducible dung biomass smoke generation system. The examination of inflammatory signaling showed that dung biomass smoke increased the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes in SAECs through activation of the activator protein (AP)-1 and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) but not nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. We propose that the inflammatory responses of lung cells exposed to dung biomass smoke contribute to the development of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E McCarthy
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Parker F Duffney
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Robert Gelein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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13
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Youssef O, Sarhadi VK, Armengol G, Piirilä P, Knuuttila A, Knuutila S. Exhaled breath condensate as a source of biomarkers for lung carcinomas. A focus on genetic and epigenetic markers-A mini-review. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:905-914. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Youssef
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Virinder Kaur Sarhadi
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Päivi Piirilä
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, HUS-Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University; Helsinki Finland
| | - Aija Knuuttila
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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14
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Antoniu SA. Targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1285-92. [PMID: 25213852 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.945425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is an unmet therapeutic need for the anti-inflammatory therapies, and the identification of therapeutic targets and potent corresponding therapies is necessary. Although inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers are most effective in asthma they are still not always capable of appropriately controlling the disease. In COPD, the therapeutic gap is even larger because inhaled corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory therapies are not beneficial in all disease subsets. AREAS COVERED The role of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) in generating proinflammatory molecules such as leukotrienes is discussed, highlighting, in particular, its potential as a therapeutic target in asthma and COPD. The preclinical data on FLAP inhibitors are discussed. The clinical data on the FLAP inhibitors investigated so far for these diseases are analyzed. EXPERT OPINION FLAP inhibitors have emerged during the past decade as a promising therapeutic class in asthma and COPD, but there exists only a limited amount of data supporting their efficacy in these diseases. This might be due to the fact that the development of some of the molecules discussed was abandoned. Such therapies might be of particular interest in COPD and in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Antonela Antoniu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa Iasi, Interdisciplinary Medicine , 16 Universitatii Str, Iasi, 700115 , Romania
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15
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Machado-Carvalho L, Roca-Ferrer J, Picado C. Prostaglandin E2 receptors in asthma and in chronic rhinosinusitis/nasal polyps with and without aspirin hypersensitivity. Respir Res 2014; 15:100. [PMID: 25155136 PMCID: PMC4243732 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and asthma frequently coexist and are always present in patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Although the pathogenic mechanisms of this condition are still unknown, AERD may be due, at least in part, to an imbalance in eicosanoid metabolism (increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and reduced biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E2), possibly increasing and perpetuating the process of inflammation. PGE2 results from the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, and seems to play a central role in homeostasis maintenance and inflammatory response modulation in airways. Therefore, the abnormal regulation of PGE2 could contribute to the exacerbated processes observed in AERD. PGE2 exerts its actions through four G-protein-coupled receptors designated E-prostanoid (EP) receptors EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Altered PGE2 production as well as differential EP receptor expression has been reported in both upper and lower airways of patients with AERD. Since the heterogeneity of these receptors is the key for the multiple biological effects of PGE2 this review focuses on the studies available to elucidate the importance of these receptors in inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Machado-Carvalho
- Immunoal · lèrgia Respiratòria Clínica i Experimental, CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova 143, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.
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16
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Kubáň P, Foret F. Exhaled breath condensate: Determination of non-volatile compounds and their potential for clinical diagnosis and monitoring. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Breath tests in respiratory and critical care medicine: from research to practice in current perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:702896. [PMID: 24151617 PMCID: PMC3789325 DOI: 10.1155/2013/702896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Today, exhaled nitric oxide has been studied the most, and most researches have now focused on asthma. More than a thousand different volatile organic compounds have been observed in low concentrations in normal human breath. Alkanes and methylalkanes, the majority of breath volatile organic compounds, have been increasingly used by physicians as a novel method to diagnose many diseases without discomforts of invasive procedures. None of the individual exhaled volatile organic compound alone is specific for disease. Exhaled breath analysis techniques may be available to diagnose and monitor the diseases in home setting when their sensitivity and specificity are improved in the future.
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Nunez-Naveira L, Marinas-Pardo LA, Amor-Carro O, Montero-Martinez C. Determination of ELISA reproducibility to detect protein markers in exhaled breath condensate. J Breath Res 2012; 6:046003. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/6/4/046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Stefanska J, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Sokolowska M, Doniec Z, Bialasiewicz P, Nowak D, Pawliczak R. Hydrogen peroxide and nitrite reduction in exhaled breath condensate of COPD patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Casetta B, Longini M, Proietti F, Perrone S, Buonocore G. Development of a fast and simple LC-MS/MS method for measuring the F2-isoprostanes in newborns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25 Suppl 1:114-8. [PMID: 22348383 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.664856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of F(2)-IsoPs isomer has been regarded as the "gold standard" to assess oxidative stress status in various adult and neonatal human diseases. These methods require high amounts of plasma. OBJECTIVE To develop a fast and simple LC-MS/MS method for measuring F(2)-isoprostanes in newborns. METHODS A sample of heel blood (0.4 mL) was collected in a tube containing EDTA was collected from 20 term healthy newborns. For measurements, the tandem mass spectrometer has been run in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with the electrospray source operating in negative ion mode, and by exploiting the transitions m/z 353.3 > 193.2 for F2-IsoPs and 357.3 > 197.2 for the internal standard d4-8-iso PGF2α. RESULTS The concentration of F(2)-IsoPs (in pg/mL) in the collected cord bloods was 60.50 ± 25.04 (mean ± S.D.). No statistical difference was found between male (57.09 ± 19.69) and female (64.67 ± 31.13) concentrations. The overall efficiency of the extraction has been over 80%, while the recovery on spiked samples has been around 94% for spikes of 100 pg/mL with a C.V. of 7.7%. CONCLUSIONS We developed a suitable method for large-scale studies with a reduced sample requirement as it is mandatory in neonatal age. Small samples and quick answers are very useful in Neonatology allowing early diagnosis and preventive treatments' strategies of free radical related diseases of the newborn.
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Vyas A, Zhang Q, Gunaratne S, Lee W, Lin JL, Lin JS, Warwick G, Thomas PS. The effect of temperature on exhaled breath condensate collection. J Breath Res 2012; 6:036002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/6/3/036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Malhotra S, Deshmukh SS, Dastidar SG. COX inhibitors for airway inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:195-207. [PMID: 22324934 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.661416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins (PGs), key mediators of inflammation, may have the potential to become an attractive target for anti-inflammatory therapy. COX catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into PGs, which play a significant role in disease. PGs are lipid mediators of central importance in the regulation of inflammation and smooth muscle tone. Airway-resident inflammatory cells release PGs: PGD2 and PDF2a amplify smooth muscle contraction and airway inflammation. Following its conversion from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase, AA enters the prostanoid pathway via COX, which catalyzes the conversion of AA to PGH2. PGH2 is then converted to biologically active PGs by cell-specific PG synthases. As COX is the rate limiting step in the PG pathway, the regulation of this enzyme is of critical importance in PG production. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the opportunities and challenges of COX inhibitors as therapeutic targets in airway inflammation. The review covers literature from the past 20 years. EXPERT OPINION Current literature favors COX inhibitors as potential targets for airway diseases. However, from the information available, it is not clear whether the COX enzyme by itself can serve as a target in drug development for asthma and COPD. Therefore, additional research is required to elucidate the mechanisms of action of COX metabolites before it can be considered as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Malhotra
- Daiichi Sankyo India Pharma Private Ltd., Department of Chemistry, Haryana, India.
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23
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Role of thioredoxin in lung disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:154-62. [PMID: 22293327 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin system is a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase system that regulates cellular reduction/oxidation (redox) status. It includes thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and NADPH. Trx plays an essential role in cell function by limiting oxidative stress directly via antioxidant effects and indirectly by proteins interaction with key signal transduction molecules. A variety of signaling molecules have been implicated in the cytoprotection conferred by Trx, such as autophagic proteins, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Recent studies indicated that Trx may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD, asthma and lung injury. Enhanced Trx expression or application of recombinant Trx afforded protection in preclinical models of pulmonary tissue injury, which suggested Trx may be used in future therapeutic applications. The focus of this review is on the significance of Trx in various pulmonary diseases, which as a potential therapeutic strategy to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Corcoran TB, Barden AE, Mas E, Grape S, Koren V, Phillips M, Roberts LJ, Mori TA. Hemoglobin attenuates the effects of inspired oxygen on plasma isofurans in humans during upper-limb surgery. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1235-9. [PMID: 21763419 PMCID: PMC3157081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury is characterized by significant oxidative stress. F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoP's) and isofurans (IsoF's), the latter preferentially produced during increased oxygen tension, are recognized markers of in vivo oxidative stress. We aimed to determine whether increasing oxygen tension during reperfusion modified levels of plasma total IsoF's and F(2)-IsoP's. Forty-five patients undergoing upper-limb surgery were randomized to receive inspired oxygen concentrations of 30, 50, or 80% during the last 15 min of surgery. Venous blood samples were taken before the change in inspired oxygen, after 10 min (before reperfusion), and after 15 min (5 min after reperfusion). IsoF's and F(2)-IsoP's were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Venous oxygen tension and hemoglobin concentrations were also measured. Plasma IsoF and F(2)-IsoP levels in the 50 and 80% O(2) groups were not significantly different from those of the 30% O(2) group. In secondary analyses, using data combining all groups, levels of IsoF's, but not F(2)-IsoP's, associated with higher venous oxygen tension (P=0.038). Hemoglobin negatively modified the influence of oxygen tension on levels of IsoF's (P=0.014). This study has shown, for the first time, that plasma IsoF levels associate with higher oxygen tension in a human model of reperfusion, and this effect is significantly attenuated by hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas B Corcoran
- Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Anne E Barden
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia and the Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Emilie Mas
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia and the Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Sina Grape
- Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Viktoria Koren
- Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Michael Phillips
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | | | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia and the Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth
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Furukawa K, Sugiura H, Matsunaga K, Ichikawa T, Koarai A, Hirano T, Yanagisawa S, Minakata Y, Akamatsu K, Kanda M, Nishigai M, Ichinose M. Increase of nitrosative stress in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia. Respir Res 2011; 12:81. [PMID: 21679473 PMCID: PMC3141419 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) production is increased in asthma and reflects the degree of airway inflammation. The alveolar NO concentration (Calv) in interstitial pneumonia is reported to be increased. However, it remains unknown whether NO production is increased and nitrosative stress occurs in eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). We hypothesized that nitrosative stress markers including Calv, inducible type of NO synthase (iNOS), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), are upregulated in EP. Methods Exhaled NO including fractional exhaled NO (FENO) and Calv was measured in ten healthy subjects, 13 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and 13 patients with EP. iNOS expression and 3-NT formation were assessed by immunocytochemistory in BALf cells. The exhaled NO, lung function, and systemic inflammatory markers of the EP patients were investigated after corticosteroid treatment for 4 weeks. Results The Calv levels in the EP group (14.4 ± 2.0 ppb) were significantly higher than those in the healthy subjects (5.1 ± 0.6 ppb, p < 0.01) and the IPF groups (6.3 ± 0.6 ppb, p < 0.01) as well as the FENO and the corrected Calv levels (all p < 0.01). More iNOS and 3-NT positive cells were observed in the EP group compared to the healthy subject and IPF patient. The Calv levels had significant positive correlations with both iNOS (r = 0.858, p < 0.05) and 3-NT positive cells (r = 0.924, p < 0.01). Corticosteroid treatment significantly reduced both the FENO (p < 0.05) and the Calv levels (p < 0.01). The magnitude of reduction in the Calv levels had a significant positive correlation with the peripheral blood eosinophil counts (r = 0.802, p < 0.05). Conclusions These results suggested that excessive nitrosative stress occurred in EP and that Calv could be a marker of the disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Furukawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
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Functional polymorphism of cyclooxygenase-2 gene (G-765C) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2163-7. [PMID: 21655952 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase two (COX-2) is an important enzyme metabolizing arachidonic acid. In contrast to constitutive cyclooxygenase one (COX-1), COX-2 is induced by proinflammatory factors. Polymorphism -765 G/C in COX-2-encoding gene promoter is associated with development of Alzheimer's disease, depression, carcinoma of the pancreas in smokers, breast cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. It is interesting whether the -765 G/C polymorphism in COX-2-encoding gene promoter can be associated with COPD, a disease which is inflammatory in character. It is highly probable as the breast and pancreas cancers, whose associations with the analyzed polymorphism have been studied, are smoking-dependent tumors. Additionally, tobacco smoke has been demonstrated to induce COX-2 in the lungs. The study group consisted of 122 COPD patients (48 females, 74 males). The control group consisted of 149 healthy nonsmoking subjects (83 females, 66 males). Polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for genotyping. A statistically significant difference in genotype distribution was observed as a result of the comparison between healthy subjects and patients with COPD. The distribution of alleles in both groups conformed with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In the group of COPD patients, GG allele was found in 79 subjects, GC in 36, and CC in 7 subjects (F = 0.094, P = 0.296927); in the control group, 73 subjects had GG allele, 68--GC and 8--CC (F = 0.12728, P = 0.120265). The allele frequency revealed differences between those groups, attaining the level of statistical significance (χ(2) = 29.043, df = 2, P = 0.0000. The carriers of -765 G allele are at 1.53-fold higher risk of developing COPD. The presence of GG genotype does not increase significantly the risk of the disease. It is also noteworthy that the carriers of CC or GC genotypes are at significantly lower risk of developing COPD than the group of subjects with GG genotype.
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Sputum and nasal lavage lung-specific biomarkers before and after smoking cessation. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11:35. [PMID: 21635782 PMCID: PMC3121733 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the effect of smoking cessation on airway inflammation. Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI), Clara Cell protein 16 (CC16), elafin and human defensin beta-2 (HBD-2) protect human airways against inflammation and oxidative stress. In this longitudinal study we aimed to investigate changes in sputum and nasal lavage SLPI, CC16, elafin and HBD-2 levels in healthy smokers after 6 and 12 months of smoking cessation. Methods Induced sputum and nasal lavage was obtained from healthy current smokers (n = 76) before smoking cessation, after 6 months of smoking cessation (n = 29), after 1 year of smoking cessation (n = 22) and from 10 healthy never smokers. SLPI, CC16, elafin and HBD-2 levels were measured in sputum and nasal lavage supernatants by commercially available ELISA kits. Results Sputum SLPI and CC-16 levels were increased in healthy smokers before smoking cessation versus never-smokers (p = 0.005 and p = 0.08 respectively). SLPI and CC16 levels did not differ before and 6 months after smoking cessation (p = 0.118 and p = 0.543 respectively), neither before and 1 year after smoking cessation (p = 0.363 and p = 0.470 respectively). Nasal lavage SLPI was decreased 12 months after smoking cessation (p = 0.033). Nasal lavage elafin levels were increased in healthy smokers before smoking cessation versus never-smokers (p = 0.007), but there were no changes 6 months and 1 year after smoking cessation. Conclusions Only nasal lavage SLPI decrease after 1 year after smoking cessation. We may speculate that there is an ongoing inflammatory process stimulating the production of counter-regulating proteins in the airways of healthy ex-smokers.
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Ćalušić AL, Varnai VM, Macan J. Acute effects of smoking and food consumption on breath condensate pH in healthy adults. Exp Lung Res 2010; 37:92-100. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.521616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Veda M. Varnai
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Montuschi P, Barnes PJ, Ciabattoni G. Measurement of 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 594:73-84. [PMID: 20072910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-411-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is functionally involved in the pathophysiology of lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 8-Isoprostane, which is derived from free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid, is one of the most reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a completely noninvasive method for collecting airway secretions. We developed a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) that has been applied to the measurement of 8-isoprostane in EBC. This RIA for 8-isoprostane has been validated using high performance liquid chromatography. Measurement of 8-isoprostane in EBC is a useful noninvasive technique for exploring the role of oxidative stress in lung diseases. This technique might provide important insights into the understanding of the clinical pharmacology of antioxidants and might be useful for monitoring the effects of pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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Profita M, Sala A, Bonanno A, Riccobono L, Ferraro M, La Grutta S, Albano GD, Montalbano AM, Gjomarkaj M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and neutrophil infiltration: role of cigarette smoke and cyclooxygenase products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L261-9. [PMID: 19897740 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90593.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where it can contribute to the observed airway inflammation. PGE(2) is produced within human airways, and both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities have been reported. We quantitated PGE(2) concentrations in induced sputum supernatants from different groups of subjects and correlated the obtained values to neutrophil infiltration as well as to the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was used to evaluate the effect of smoking on COX-2 and PGE(2) receptor expression as well as on PGE(2) release in neutrophils and alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from normal donors. The effects of PGE(2) and of PGE receptor agonists and antagonists were evaluated on the adhesion of neutrophil to a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). PGE(2) levels, COX-2 expression, and neutrophil infiltration were significantly higher in normal smokers and COPD smokers (P < 0.0001) compared with controls and COPD former smokers. Induced sputum supernatant caused neutrophil adhesion to 16HBE that was significantly reduced, in COPD smokers only, by PGE(2) immunoprecipitation. In vitro experiments confirmed that CSE increased PGE(2) release and COX-2 and PGE(2) receptor expression in neutrophils and AM; PGE(2) enhanced the adhesion of neutrophils to 16HBE, and a specific E-prostanoid 4 (EP(4)) receptor antagonist blunted its effect. These results suggest that CSE promote the induction of COX-2 and contributes to the proinflammatory effects of PGE(2) in the airways of COPD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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31
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Chen Y, Chen P, Hanaoka M, Droma Y, Kubo K. Enhanced levels of prostaglandin E2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 correlate with the severity of airflow limitation in stable COPD. Respirology 2009; 13:1014-21. [PMID: 18699805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been demonstrated to play critical roles in inflammation in respiratory diseases. However, the role of COX-2 in airway remodelling in COPD remains to be elucidated. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is associated with both inflammation and airway remodelling in COPD. The objective of this study was to measure the expression of COX-2 and the concentrations of PGE2 and MMP-2, and to investigate the role of COX-2 and PGE2 in airflow limitation mediated by MMP-2, in the pathogenesis of COPD. METHODS Forty-three patients with stable COPD, twelve smoking control subjects and ten nonsmoking control subjects were enrolled. Induced sputum was obtained for measurement of the concentrations of PGE2 and MMP-2 by ELISA. COX-2 protein expression was assessed by western blotting. RESULTS PGE2 and MMP-2 concentrations were significantly higher in both smoking control subjects and patients with COPD than in non-smoking control subjects (P < 0.01).Moreover, the levels of PGE2 andMMP-2 were inversely correlated with FEV1%predicted in COPD patients (PGE2: r = -0.748, P < 0.01; MMP-2: r = -0.801, P < 0.01). Levels of PGE2 were also positively correlated with those of MMP-2 in patients with COPD (r = 0.775, P < 0.01). Expression of COX-2 protein was significantly higher in COPD patients than in non-smoking control subjects. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 and its product PGE2 are not only involved in airway inflammation, but may also contribute to the severity of airflow limitation mediated by MMP-2 during progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital,Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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32
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Goodman L, Coles TB, Budsberg S. Leukotriene inhibition in small animal medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 31:387-98. [PMID: 19000257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are important mediators of inflammatory and allergic conditions in people and are suspected to play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor growth of several different tumor types. Based on this, researchers are making great progress in identifying novel pharmacologic targets for several human diseases. Leukotriene inhibition has resulted in therapeutic benefit in clinical trials involving people with osteoarthritis, allergic asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Despite this progress and the possibility that leukotriene inhibition may also play an important therapeutic role in veterinary patients, parallel advances have not yet been made in veterinary medicine. This article summarizes leukotriene function and synthesis. It also reviews the published literature regarding potential therapeutic applications of leukotriene inhibition in both human and veterinary medicine, focusing primarily on osteoarthritis, NSAID induced gastrointestinal mucosal damage, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goodman
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Damera G, Zhao H, Wang M, Smith M, Kirby C, Jester WF, Lawson JA, Panettieri RA. Ozone modulates IL-6 secretion in human airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L674-83. [PMID: 19201813 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90585.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ozone enhances leukocyte function and recruitment in airways, the direct effect of ozone in modulating structural cell-derived inflammatory mediators remains unknown. Using a coculture model comprised of differentiated human airway epithelial cells (NHBE) and smooth muscle cells (ASM), we postulate that ozone regulates IL-6 secretion in basal and cytokine-primed structural cells. Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of NHBE cells underwent differentiation as determined by mucin secretion, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and ultrastructure parameters. Whereas TNF enhanced basal secretion of IL-6 (57 +/- 3%), ozone exposure at 0.6 ppm for 6 h augmented IL-6 levels in basal (41 +/- 3%) and TNF- (50 +/- 5%) primed cocultures compared with that derived from NHBE or ASM monolayers alone. Levels of PGE(2), 6-keto-PGF(1alpha), PGF(2alpha), and thromboxane B(2) (TxB(2)) levels in basal and TNF-primed cocultures revealed that ozone selectively enhanced PGE(2) production in TNF- (6 +/- 3-fold) primed cocultures, with little effect (P > 0.05) on diluent-treated cultures. In accordance with ozone-induced increases in PGE(2) levels, cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin partially abolished IL-6 secretion. Surprisingly, indomethacin had little effect on constitutive secretion of IL-6 in cocultures, whereas indomethacin completely restored ozone-mediated TEER reduction in TNF-primed cocultures. Collectively, our data for the first time suggest a dual role of ozone in modulating IL-6 secretion and TEER outcomes in a PGE(2)-dependent (in presence of TNF stimulus) and -independent manner (in absence of cytokine stimulus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Damera
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
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Montuschi P. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory medicine: methodological aspects and potential clinical applications. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009; 1:5-23. [PMID: 19124344 DOI: 10.1177/1753465807082373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a noninvasive method for studying the composition of airway lining fluid and has the potential for assessing lung inflammation. EBC is mainly formed by water vapor, but also contains aerosol particles in which several biomolecules including leukotrienes, 8-isoprostane, prostaglandins, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide-derived products, and hydrogen ions, have been detected in healthy subjects. Inflammatory mediators in EBC are detected in healthy subjects and some of them are elevated in patients with different lung diseases. Analysis of EBC is completely noninvasive, is particularly suitable for longitudinal studies, and is potentially useful for assessing the response to pharmacological therapy. Identification of selective profiles of biomarkers of lung diseases might also have a diagnostic value. However, EBC analysis currently has important limitations. The lack of standardized procedures for EBC analysis and validation of some analytical techniques makes it difficult comparison of results from different laboratories. Analysis of EBC is currently more useful for relative measures than for quantitative assessment of inflammatory mediators. Reference analytical techniques are required to provide definitive evidence for the presence of some inflammatory mediators in EBC and for their accurate quantitative assessment in this biological fluid. Several methodological issues need to be addressed before EBC analysis can be considered for clinical applications. However, further research in this area is warranted due to the relative lack of noninvasive methods for assessing lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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35
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Bauer AK, Rondini EA. Review paper: the role of inflammation in mouse pulmonary neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:369-90. [PMID: 19176494 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0217-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a risk factor for the development of many types of neoplasia, including skin, colon, gastric, and mammary cancers, among others. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, predispose to lung neoplasia. We will review the mouse literature examining the role of inflammation in lung neoplasia, focusing specifically on genetic susceptibility, pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory pathways, and both transgenic and knockout mouse models used to assess pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways involved in lung neoplasia. Identification of molecular mechanisms that govern the association between inflammation and pulmonary neoplasia could provide novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for a disease in which few biomarkers currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA).
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Nakanishi Y, Kobayashi D, Asano Y, Sakurai T, Kashimura M, Okuyama S, Yoneda Y, Shapiro SD, Takayama K. Clarithromycin prevents smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 179:271-8. [PMID: 19060231 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200806-905oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Modulating the low-grade chronic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains challenging. Clarithromycin (CAM), a macrolide antibiotic, reportedly ameliorates chronic inflammation via mechanisms independent of its antibacterial activity. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine whether CAM can prevent or reduce emphysema induced by chronic cigarette smoke exposure. METHODS Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke daily for 6 months and treated with orally administered CAM at doses of 25 to 100 mg/kg twice a day throughout the course of the experiment to test the preventive effects. The administration of CAM at 50 or 100 mg/kg was performed during the second half of a 6-month exposure period to assess the therapeutic effects. Histologic analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of CAM. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS CAM treatment for 6 months decreased airspace enlargement and the destruction of the alveolar walls and impaired the accumulation of macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a dose-related fashion. The administration of clarithromycin at 100 mg/kg in the therapeutic protocol reduced emphysema compared with the smoke-exposed group without treatment. An immunohistologic analysis revealed that CAM reduced the number of F4/80-positive macrophages in the lung parenchyma. In an in vitro test, CAM at 5 to 20 microM directly suppressed the activation of macrophages stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that CAM at a clinically achievable dose prevented cigarette smoke-induced emphysema by modulating lung inflammation. This study supports the possibility that low-dose CAM treatment might provide a new therapeutic strategy for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakanishi
- Research Center, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 403, Yoshino-Cho 1-Chome, Kita-Ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
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37
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Grob NM, Aytekin M, Dweik RA. Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate: a review of collection, processing and analysis. J Breath Res 2008; 2:037004. [PMID: 21386165 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a potential rich source for countless biomarkers that can provide valuable information about respiratory as well as systemic diseases. EBC has been studied in a variety of diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Although numerous biomarkers have been discovered and studied in EBC, the methods of collection and biomarker detection have not been fully standardized. While leaving standardization methods up to individual labs for the present time is optimal for the continued discovery of new biomarkers in EBC, this decreases the reproducibility and generalizability of the findings. In this review we will discuss specific biomarkers studied in specific diseases as well as some of the related technical issues including collection, processing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Grob
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine/Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Pathobiology/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor 48109-5642, USA.
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Liu J, Sandrini A, Thurston MC, Yates DH, Thomas PS. Nitric Oxide and Exhaled Breath Nitrite/Nitrates in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients. Respiration 2007; 74:617-23. [PMID: 17643055 DOI: 10.1159/000106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite/nitrates (NOx) levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are non-invasive techniques, which can be used to monitor airway inflammatory diseases. Production of NO is often increased in inflammatory diseases of the airways, including exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD-associated airway inflammation may be affected by multiple factors, including cigarette smoking and glucocorticosteroid (GCS) treatment. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that total NOx levels in EBC and exhaled NO levels would be affected by cigarette smoking or the presence of COPD. METHODS Exhaled NO levels and NOx levels in EBC were measured in 96 COPD patients and in 80 normal subjects. RESULTS Exhaled NO levels in COPD patients were significantly higher than those of normal subjects when comparing either the total groups (9.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.4 ppb, p < 0.0005) or 2 appropriate subgroups, ex-smokers (10.3 +/- 1.0 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.6 ppb, p < 0.0005) and smokers (9.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.7 +/- 0.5 ppb, p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in NOx levels in EBC, however, between COPD patients and healthy subjects when analysed either together or as subgroups. No significant difference was found in either exhaled NO levels or NOx levels in EBC between GCS-naive subjects and those on GCS treatment in the ex-smoking or smoking COPD subgroups. CONCLUSIONS COPD patients have higher exhaled NO levels than control subjects when either combined or analysed as non-smoking, ex-smoking and smoking subgroups. GCS treatment did not appear to affect these non-invasive markers of airway inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
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Abstract
Assessing airway and lung inflammation is important for investigating the underlying mechanisms of asthma and COPD. Yet these cannot be measured directly in clinical research and practice because of the difficulties in monitoring inflammation. Noninvasive monitoring may assist in early recognition of asthma and COPD, assessment of its severity, and response to treatment, especially during disease exacerbations. There is increasing evidence that breath analysis may have an important place in clinical management of asthma and COPD. The article reviews the role of current noninvasive measurements of exhaled gases, such as nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath temperature, as well as novel methods in monitoring and management of asthma and COPD.
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