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Dos Santos GF, de Sousa FG, Beier SL, Mendes ACR, Leão AMGES. Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in bovine carcasses and the impact on the animal production chain. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2243-2251. [PMID: 37335430 PMCID: PMC10484834 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are characterized by conditions that can induce symptomatic illnesses in their carriers, and therefore represent a serious problem. They are important conditions from a clinical and epidemiological point of view, and are associated with the occurrence of serious public health problems, with a strong impact on morbidity and mortality. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an enterobacterium associated with enteric conditions of variable intensity and which are accompanied by blood. The transmission routes are mainly based on the consumption of contaminated food and water sources. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are considered a serogroup of E. coli, are capable of producing Shiga-type toxins (Stx 1 and Stx 2) and the O157:H7 strain is one of the best-known serotypes. The early detection of this pathogen is very important, especially due to the capacity of contamination of carcasses destined for food consumption and supply of productive markets. Sanitary protocols must be developed and constantly reviewed in order to prevent/control the presence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fernanda Dos Santos
- Postgraduate in Quality Management and Hygiene and Technology of Products of Animal Origin, Ifope Educacional, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gaia de Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Antônio Carlos Av, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Suzane Lilian Beier
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Antônio Carlos Av, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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Shahzad A, Ullah F, Irshad H, Ahmed S, Shakeela Q, Mian AH. Molecular detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 in sheep, goats, cows and buffaloes. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6113-6121. [PMID: 34374895 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are important foodborne pathogens that causing serious public health consequences worldwide. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence ratio and to identify the zoonotic potential of E. coli O157 isolates in slaughtered adult sheep, goats, cows and buffaloes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 400 Recto-anal samples were collected from two targeted sites Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Among them, 200 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse of Rawalpindi included sheep (n = 75) and goats (n = 125). While, 200 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse of Islamabad included cows (n = 120) and buffalos (n = 80). All samples were initially processed in buffered peptone water and then amplified by conventional PCR. Samples positive for E. coli O157 were then streaked onto SMAC media plates. From each positive sample, six different Sorbitol fermented pink-colored colonies were isolated and analyzed again via conventional PCR to confirm the presence of rfbE O157 gene. Isolates positive for rfbE O157 gene were then further analyzed by multiplex PCR for the presence of STEC other virulent genes (sxt1, stx2, eae and ehlyA) simultaneously. RESULTS Of 400 RAJ samples only 2 (0.5%) showed positive results for E. coli O157 gene, included sheep 1/75 (1.33%) and buffalo 1/80 (1.25%). However, goats (n = 125) and cows (n = 120) found negative for E. coli O157. Only 2 isolates from each positive sample of sheep (1/6) and buffalo (1/6) harbored rfbE O157 genes, while five isolates could not. The rfbE O157 isolate (01) of sheep sample did not carry any of STEC genes, while the rfbE O157 isolate (01) of buffalo sample carried sxt1, stx2, eae and ehlyA genes simultaneously. CONCLUSION It was concluded that healthy adult sheep and buffalo are possibly essential carriers of STEC O157. However, rfbE O157 isolate of buffalo RAJ sample carried 4 STEC virulent genes, hence considered an important source of STEC infection to humans and environment which should need to devise proper control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Shahzad
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Fahim Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Irshad
- Animal Health Program, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shehzad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan.
| | - Qismat Shakeela
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Havelian, 22010, Pakistan
| | - Abrar Hussain Mian
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan.
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Brusa V, Costa M, Padola NL, Etcheverría A, Sampedro F, Fernandez PS, Leotta GA, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with beef consumption in Argentina. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242317. [PMID: 33186398 PMCID: PMC7665811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-contaminated beef (intact beef cuts, ground beef and commercial hamburgers) in children under 15 years of age from Argentina. The QMRA was used to characterize STEC prevalence and concentration levels in each product through the Argentinean beef supply chain, including cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, retail and home preparation, and consumption. Median HUS probability from beef cut, ground beef and commercial hamburger consumption was <10-15, 5.4x10-8 and 3.5x10-8, respectively. The expected average annual number of HUS cases was 0, 28 and 4, respectively. Risk of infection and HUS probability were sensitive to the type of abattoir, the application or not of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for STEC (HACCP-STEC), stx prevalence in carcasses and trimmings, storage conditions from the abattoir to retailers and home, the joint consumption of salads and beef products, and cooking preference. The QMRA results showed that the probability of HUS was higher if beef cuts (1.7x) and ground beef (1.2x) were from carcasses provided by abattoirs not applying HACCP-STEC. Thus, the use of a single sanitary standard that included the application of HACCP-STEC in all Argentinean abattoirs would greatly reduce HUS incidence. The average number of annual HUS cases estimated by the QMRA (n = 32) would explain about 10.0% of cases in children under 15 years per year in Argentina. Since other routes of contamination can be involved, including those not related to food, further research on the beef production chain, other food chains, person-to-person transmission and outbreak studies should be conducted to reduce the impact of HUS on the child population of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Pablo S. Fernandez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, España
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L. Signorini
- IdICaL–Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea–(INTA–CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Fan R, Shao K, Yang X, Bai X, Fu S, Sun H, Xu Y, Wang H, Li Q, Hu B, Zhang J, Xiong Y. High prevalence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef cattle detected by combining four selective agars. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:213. [PMID: 31488047 PMCID: PMC6728992 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are emerging foodborne pathogens that are public health concern. Cattle have been identified as the major STEC reservoir. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of STEC strains in beef cattle from a commercial farm in Sichuan province, China. Results Among 120 beef cattle fecal samples, stx genes were positive in 90% of samples, as assessed using TaqMan real-time PCR, and 87 (72.5%) samples were confirmed to yield at least one STEC isolate by culture using four selective agars, MacConkey, CHROMagar™ ECC, modified Rainbow® Agar O157, and CHROMagar™ STEC, from which 31, 32, 91, and 73 STEC strains were recovered, respectively. A total of 126 STEC isolates were selected and further characterized. Seventeen different O:H serotypes were identified, all of which belonged to the non-O157 serotypes. One stx1 subtype (stx1a) and three stx2 subtypes (stx2a, stx2c, and stx2d) were present among these isolates. The intimin encoding gene eae, and other adherence-associated genes (iha, saa, and paa) were present in 37, 125, 74, and 30 STEC isolates, respectively. Twenty-three isolates carried the virulence gene subA, and only one harbored both cnf1 and cnf2 genes. Three plasmid-origin virulence genes (ehxA, espP, and katP) were present in 111, 111, and 7 isolates, respectively. The 126 STEC isolates were divided into 49 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Conclusions Our study showed that the joint use of the selective MacConkey and modified Rainbow® Agar O157 agars increased the recovery frequency of non-O157 STEC strains in animal feces, which could be applied to other samples and in regular STEC surveillance. Moreover, the results revealed high genetic diversity of non-O157 STEC strains in beef cattle, some of which might have the potential to cause human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1582-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Shao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qun Li
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- mEpiLab, New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Center, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.
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Stromberg ZR, Redweik GAJ, Mellata M. Detection, Prevalence, and Pathogenicity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Cattle Hides and Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 15:119-131. [PMID: 29638166 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are a major reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and harbor these bacteria in the intestinal tract. The prevalence, concentration, and STEC serogroup isolated in cattle varies between individuals. Hide removal at slaughter serves as a major point of carcass contamination and ultimately beef products. Certain STEC serogroups, such as O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, containing the intestinal adherence factor intimin, pose a large economic burden to food producers because of testing and recalls. Human infection with STEC can cause illnesses ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, and is commonly acquired through ingestion of contaminated foods, often beef products. Previously, most studies focused on O157 STEC, but there is growing recognition of the importance of non-O157 STEC serogroups. This review summarizes detection methods, prevalence, and methods for prediction of pathogenicity of non-O157 STEC from cattle hides and carcasses. A synthesis of procedures is outlined for general non-O157 STEC and targeted detection of specific STEC serogroups. Standardization of sample collection and processing procedures would allow for more robust comparisons among studies. Presence of non-O157 STEC isolated from cattle hides and carcasses and specific factors, such as point of sample collection and season, are summarized. Also, factors that might influence STEC survival on these surfaces, such as the microbial population on hides and microbial adherence genes, are raised as topics for future investigation. Finally, this review gives an overview on studies that have used genetic and cell-based methods to identify specific phenotypes of non-O157 STEC strains isolated from cattle to assess their risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Stromberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Graham A J Redweik
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
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Varcasia BM, Tomassetti F, De Santis L, Di Giamberardino F, Lovari S, Bilei S, De Santis P. Presence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Fresh Beef Marketed in 13 Regions of ITALY (2017). Microorganisms 2018; 6:E126. [PMID: 30563244 PMCID: PMC6313577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in fresh beef marketed in 2017 in 13 regions of Italy, to evaluate the potential risk to human health. According to the ISO/TS 13136:2012 standard, 239 samples were analysed and nine were STEC positive, from which 20 strains were isolated. The STEC-positive samples were obtained from Calabria (n = 1), Campania (n = 1), Lazio (n = 2), Liguria (n = 1), Lombardia (n = 1) and Veneto (n = 3). All STEC strains were analysed for serogroups O26, O45, O55, O91, O103, O104, O111, O113, O121, O128, O145, O146 and O157, using Real-Time PCR. Three serogroups were identified amongst the 20 strains: O91 (n = 5), O113 (n = 2), and O157 (n = 1); the O-group for each of the 12 remaining STEC strains was not identified. Six stx subtypes were detected: stx1a, stx1c, stx2a, stx2b, stx2c and stx2d. Subtype stx2c was the most common, followed by stx2d and stx2b. Subtype stx2a was identified in only one eae-negative strain and occurred in combination with stx1a, stx1c and stx2b. The presence in meat of STEC strains being potentially harmful to human health shows the importance, during harvest, of implementing additional measures to reduce contamination risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maria Varcasia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tomassetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Sarah Lovari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bilei
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana, "M. Aleandri", 00178 Rome, Italy.
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Salinas Ibáñez ÁG, Lucero Estrada C, Favier GI, Vega AE, Stagnitta PV, Mattar MA, Zolezzi G, Carbonari C, Miliwebsky E, Cortiñas TI, Escudero ME. Characterization of Shiga-toxin producingEscherichia coliisolated from meat products sold in San Luis, Argentina. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Lucero Estrada
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Researches, National Council of Scientific and Technological Researches (IMIBIO-CONICET); San Luis Argentina
| | | | - Alba Edith Vega
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | | | - María Aída Mattar
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Gisela Zolezzi
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Carolina Carbonari
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Jajarmi M, Askari Badouei M, Imani Fooladi AA, Ghanbarpour R, Ahmadi A. Pathogenic potential of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of caprine origin: virulence genes, Shiga toxin subtypes, phylogenetic background and clonal relatedness. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:97. [PMID: 29548291 PMCID: PMC5857098 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All over the world, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are considered as important zoonotic pathogens. Eight serogroups have the greatest role in the outbreaks and diseases caused by STEC which include O26, O45, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145 and O157. Ruminants, especially cattle are the main reservoirs but the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of human infections has not been thoroughly assessed in many countries. The objective of this research was to investigate the pathogenic potential of the STEC strains isolated from slaughtered goats. In this study, a total of 57 STEC strains were recovered from 450 goats and characterized by subtyping of stx genes, O-serogrouping, phylo-typing and DNA fingerprinting. RESULTS Amongst 57 STEC strains isolated from goats, the prevalence of stx1 was significantly more than stx2 (98.2% vs. 24.5%; P ≤ 0.05), and 22.8% of strains harbored both stx1 and stx2 genes. Three (5.2%) isolates were characterized as EHEC, which carried both eae and stx genes. A total of five stx-subtypes were recognized namely: stx1c (94.7%), stx1a (53.7%), stx2d (21%), stx2c (17.5%), and stx2a (15.7%). In some parts of the world, these subtypes have been reported in relation with severe human infections. The stx subtypes predominantly occurred in four combinations, including stx1a/stx1c (35%), stx1c (31.5%), stx1c/stx2a/stx2c/stx2d (5.2%) and stx1c/stx2c/stx2d (%5.2%). In serogrouping, the majority of STECs from goats did not belong to the top 8 serogroups but two strains belonged to O113, which has been recognized as an important pathogenic STEC in Australia. Interestingly, none of stx + eae + isolates belonged to the tested serogroups. In phylo-typing the isolates mostly belonged to phylo-group B1 (82.4%), followed by phylo-group A (12.3%). STEC strains showed a substantial diversity in DNA fingerprinting; there were 24 unique ERIC-types (with a ≥95% similarity) among the isolates. CONCLUSIONS Despite the fact that the top 8 STEC serogroups were uncommon in caprine strains, the presence of highly pathogenic stx subtypes indicates that small ruminants and their products can be considered as an overlooked public health risk for humans, especially in developing countries which consume traditional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Jajarmi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Askari Badouei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanbarpour
- Molecular Microbiology Research Group, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Castro VS, Carvalho RCT, Conte-Junior CA, Figuiredo EES. Shiga-toxin ProducingEscherichia coli: Pathogenicity, Supershedding, Diagnostic Methods, Occurrence, and Foodborne Outbreaks. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:1269-1280. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Silva Castro
- Animal Science Program, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
- Natl. Inst. of Health Quality Control; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Rio de Janeiro 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ricardo César Tavares Carvalho
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Faculdade de Nutrição; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Dept. of Food Technology, Faculdade de Veterinária; Univ. Federal Fluminense; 24230-340 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Food Science Program, Inst. de Química; Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Natl. Inst. of Health Quality Control; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Rio de Janeiro 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Eduardo Eustáquio Souza Figuiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Faculdade de Nutrição; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
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Prevalence of Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from raw beef in southern Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 257:201-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7796. [PMID: 28798380 PMCID: PMC5552810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in healthy eating has lead to an increase in the consumption of vegetables, associated with a rising number of bacterial outbreaks related to fresh produce. This is the case of the outbreak in Germany, caused by a O104:H4 enteroaggregative E. coli strain lysogenic for a Stx phage. Temperate Stx phages released from their hosts occur as free particles in various environments. This study reports the occurrence of Stx phages in vegetables (lettuce, cucumber, and spinach) and cropland soil samples. Infectious Stx2 phages were found in all samples and many carried also Stx1 phages. Their persistence in vegetables, including germinated sprouts, of Stx phage 933 W and an E. coli C600 (933 W∆stx::gfp-cat) lysogen used as surrogate, showed reductions below 2 log10 units of both microorganisms at 23 °C and 4 °C over 10 days. Higher reductions (up to 3.9 log10) units were observed in cropland soils at both temperatures. Transduction of a recombinant 933 W∆stx::kan phage was observed in all matrices. Protecting against microbial contamination of vegetables is imperative to ensure a safe food chain. Since the emergence of new Stx strains by Stx phage transduction is possible in vegetable matrices, methods aimed at reducing microbial risks in vegetables should not neglect phages.
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Jajarmi M, Imani Fooladi AA, Badouei MA, Ahmadi A. Virulence genes, Shiga toxin subtypes, major O-serogroups, and phylogenetic background of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle in Iran. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:274-279. [PMID: 28578089 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence potential of the isolated bovine STEC for humans in Iran. In this study a collection of STEC strains (n = 50) had been provided via four stages, including sampling from feces of cattle, E. coli isolation, molecular screening of Shiga toxin (stx) genes, and saving the STEC strains from various geographical areas in Iran. The STEC isolates were subjected to stx-subtyping, O-serogrouping, and phylo-grouping by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Occurrence of stx1 (52%) and stx2 (64%) was not significantly different (p = 0.1), and 16% of isolates carried both stx1 and stx2, simultaneously. In addition, 36% and 80% of the isolates were positive for eae and ehxA, respectively. Molecular subtyping showed that stx1a (52%), stx2a (44%), stx2c (44%), and stx2d (30%) were the most prevalent subtypes; two combinations stx2a/stx2c and stx2c/stx2d coexisted in 18% and 10% of STEC strains, respectively. Three important non-O157 serogroups, including O113 (20%), O26 (12%), and O111 (10%), were predominant, and none of the isolates belonged to O157. Importantly, one O26 isolate carried stx1, stx2, eae and ehxA and revealed highly virulent stx subtypes. Moreover, all the 21 serogrouped strains belonged to the B1 phylo-type. Our study highlights the significance of non-O157 STEC strains carrying highly pathogenic virulence genes in cattle population as the source of this pathogen in Iran. Since non-O157 STEC strains are not routinely tried in most diagnostic laboratories, majority of the STEC-associated human infections appear to be overlooked in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Jajarmi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Askari Badouei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shridhar PB, Siepker C, Noll LW, Shi X, Nagaraja TG, Bai J. Shiga Toxin Subtypes of Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups Isolated from Cattle Feces. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:121. [PMID: 28443248 PMCID: PMC5386980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important foodborne pathogens responsible for human illnesses. Cattle are a major reservoir that harbor the organism in the hindgut and shed in the feces. Shiga toxins (Stx) are the primary virulence factors associated with STEC illnesses. The two antigenically distinct Stx types, Stx1 and Stx2, encoded by stx1 and stx2 genes, share approximately 56% amino acid sequence identity. Genetic variants exist within Stx1 and Stx2 based on differences in amino acid composition and in cytotoxicity. The objective of our study was to identify the stx subtypes in strains of STEC serogroups, other than O157, isolated from cattle feces. Shiga toxin gene carrying E. coli strains (n = 192), spanning 27 serogroups originating from cattle (n = 170) and human (n = 22) sources, were utilized in the study. Shiga toxin genes were amplified by PCR, sequenced, and nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acid sequences using CLC main workbench software. Shiga toxin subtypes were identified based on the amino acid motifs that define each subtype. Shiga toxin genotypes were also identified at the nucleotide level by in silico restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the total 192 STEC strains, 93 (48.4%) were positive for stx1 only, 43 (22.4%) for stx2 only, and 56 (29.2%) for both stx1 and stx2. Among the 149 strains positive for stx1, 132 (88.6%) were stx1a and 17 (11.4%) were stx1c. Shiga toxin 1a was the most common subtype of stx1 among cattle (87.9%; 123/140) and human strains (100%; 9/9) of non-O157 serogroups. Of the total 99 strains positive for stx2, 79 were stx2a (79.8%), 11 (11.1%) were stx2c, 12 (12.1%) were stx2d. Of the 170 strains originating from cattle feces, 58 (34.1%) were stx2a subtype, 11 (6.5%) were stx2c subtype, and 11 were of subtype stx2d (6.5%). All but one of the human strains were positive for stx2a. Three strains of cattle origin were positive for both stx2a and stx2d. In conclusion, a number of non-O157 STEC serogroups harbored by cattle possess a wide variety of Shiga toxin subtypes, with stx1a and stx2a being the most predominant stx subtypes occurring individually or in combination. Cattle are a reservoir of a number of non-O157 STEC serogroups and information on the Shiga toxin subtypes is useful in assessing the potential risk as human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi B Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chris Siepker
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lance W Noll
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
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Murphy BP, McCabe E, Murphy M, Buckley JF, Crowley D, Fanning S, Duffy G. Longitudinal Study of Two Irish Dairy Herds: Low Numbers of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 and O26 Super-Shedders Identified. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1850. [PMID: 27917164 PMCID: PMC5114295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12-month longitudinal study was undertaken on two dairy herds to ascertain the Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and O26 shedding status of the animals and its impact (if any) on raw milk. Cattle are a recognized reservoir for these organisms with associated public health and environmental implications. Animals shedding E. coli O157 at >10,000 CFU/g of feces have been deemed super-shedders. There is a gap in the knowledge regarding super-shedding of other STEC serogroups. A cohort of 40 lactating cows from herds previously identified as positive for STEC in a national surveillance project were sampled every second month between August, 2013 and July, 2014. Metadata on any potential super-shedders was documented including, e.g., age of the animal, number of lactations and days in lactation, nutritional condition, somatic cell count and content of protein in milk to assess if any were associated with risk factors for super-shedding. Recto-anal mucosal swabs (RAMS), raw milk, milk filters, and water samples were procured for each herd. The swabs were examined for E. coli O157 and O26 using a quantitative real time PCR method. Counts (CFU swab-1) were obtained from a standard calibration curve that related real-time PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values against the initial concentration of O157 or O26 in the samples. Results from Farm A: 305 animals were analyzed; 15 E. coli O157 (5%) were recovered, 13 were denoted STEC encoding either stx1 and/or stx2 virulence genes and 5 (2%) STEC O26 were recovered. One super-shedder was identified shedding STEC O26 (stx1&2). Farm B: 224 animals were analyzed; eight E. coli O157 (3.5%) were recovered (seven were STEC) and 9 (4%) STEC O26 were recovered. Three super-shedders were identified, one was shedding STEC O157 (stx2) and two STEC O26 (stx2). Three encoded the adhering and effacement gene (eae) and one isolate additionally encoded the haemolysin gene (hlyA). All four super-shedders were only super-shedding once during the 1-year sampling period. The results of this study show, low numbers of super-shedders in the herds examined, with high numbers of low and medium shedding. Although four super-shedding animals were identified, no STEC O157 or O26 were recovered from any of the raw milk, milk filter, or water samples. The authors conclude that this study highlights the need for further surveillance to assess the potential for environmental contamination and food chain security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda P. Murphy
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | | | - Mary Murphy
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | - James F. Buckley
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | - Dan Crowley
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
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Kramarenko T, Roasto M, Mäesaar M, Maugliani A, Tozzoli R, Meremäe K, Elias T, Kuningas M. Phenogenotypic Characterization ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 Strains Isolated from Cattle at Slaughter. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:703-708. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Kramarenko
- Department of Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Roasto
- Department of Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Mäesaar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Antonella Maugliani
- European Union Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Istitituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosangela Tozzoli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Istitituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Kadrin Meremäe
- Department of Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terje Elias
- Department of Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Akiyama Y, Futai H, Saito E, Ogita K, Sakae H, Fukunaga M, Tsuji H, Chikahira M, Iguchi A. Shiga Toxin Subtypes and Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:181-185. [PMID: 27580573 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subtypes of stx1 and stx2 in 45 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from cattle were investigated by PCR. Only subtype stx1a was detected among all the stx1-positive strains. The major stx2 subtype was stx2a followed by stx2d, stx2c, stx2b, and stx2g in decreasing order of frequency. stx2c was found in strains of serotypes O157 and O174. stx2d was found in 11 strains. These strains were confirmed by DNA sequencing to carry both the activatable tail and the END motif; all were eae-negative, and 3 contained stx2d as the only stx. stx2g was found in 2 strains in association with stx2a, estA1, and astA. In addition, 7 hybrid strains of shigatoxigenic and enterotoxigenic E. coli (STEC/ETEC) were found to harbor one or both of stx1a and stx2a (stx1a/stx2a) and estA1. Among 27 serotypes of STEC strains isolated from cattle, O157:H7 and O109:H- strains were eae-positive. Other putative adhesin genes, such as saa, iha, espP, and lpfAO113 were detected in more than 12 serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Akiyama
- Public Health Science Research Center, Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Consumer Sciences
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Parul S, Bist B, Sharma B, Jain U, Yadav JK. A study on association of virulence determinants of verotoxic Escherichia coli isolated from cattle calves. Vet World 2016; 9:915-8. [PMID: 27651684 PMCID: PMC5021845 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.915-918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was conducted to find the association among virulence determinants of verotoxic Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolated from cattle calf feces. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 216 cattle calf fecal samples were collected aseptically and processed under required conditions for the isolation of E. coli. The isolates were further subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) for the detection of virulent genes. All the VTEC isolates were serotyped at the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. The VTEC isolates were observed for the enterohemolysin production on washed sheep blood agar (wSBA). RESULTS A total of 177 presumptive E. coli were isolated from 216 calf fecal samples revealing an overall prevalence of E. coli to be 81.94%. A total of 32 (14.81%) isolates were detected as VTEC through mPCR. The prevalence of verotoxin genes vt1, vt2, and combination of vt1+vt2 in the VTEC isolates was found to be 12 (37.5%), 14 (43.75%), and 6 (18.75%), respectively. Other virulent genes eaeA and hlyA were found in 6 and 11 VTEC strains with prevalence values of 18.75% and 34.37%, respectively. A total of 13 different O serogroups were revealed in serotyping of 32 VTEC isolates. Out of 32 VTEC strains, only 26 (81.25%) were enterohemolytic on wSBA as they produced the characteristic small, turbid zone of hemolysis around the streaking line. Although enterohemolysin production has been attributed to the presence of hlyA gene, only 11 of 26 enterohemolysin producing VTEC were found to be harboring the hlyA gene (11/26) 42.03%. CONCLUSION The present study concludes that there might be an association between the presence of verotoxin genes and enterohemolysin production in VTEC group of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh Parul
- State Veterinary Hospital, Dhana Teja, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basanti Bist
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Barkha Sharma
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Udit Jain
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Janardan K. Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Krüger A, Lucchesi PMA, Sanso AM, Etcheverría AI, Bustamante AV, Burgán J, Fernández L, Fernández D, Leotta G, Friedrich AW, Padola NL, Rossen JWA. Genetic characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 strains isolated from animal, food, and clinical samples. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:74. [PMID: 26539413 PMCID: PMC4612136 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) may cause serious illness in human. Here we analyze O26:H11 strains known to be among the most reported STEC strains causing human infections. Genetic characterization of strains isolated from animal, food, and clinical specimens in Argentina showed that most carried either stx1a or stx2a subtypes. Interestingly, stx2a-positive O26:H11 rarely isolated from cattle in other countries showed to be an important proportion of O26:H11 strains circulating in cattle and food in our region. Seventeen percent of the isolates harbored more than one gene associated with antimicrobial resistance. In addition to stx, all strains contained the virulence genes eae-β, tir, efa, iha, espB, cif, espA, espF, espJ, nleA, nleB, nleC, and iss; and all except one contained ehxA, espP, and cba genes. On the other hand, toxB and espI genes were exclusively observed in stx2-positive isolates, whereas katP was only found in stx1a-positive isolates. Our results show that O26:H11 STEC strains circulating in Argentina, including those isolated from humans, cattle, and meat products, present a high pathogenic potential, and evidence that cattle can be a reservoir of O26:H11 strains harboring stx2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Krüger
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Paula M A Lucchesi
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Analía I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana V Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Julia Burgán
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Luciana Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- Línea Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Genética Veterinaria Ing. F.N. Dulout, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nora L Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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