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Sali V, Nykäsenoja S, Heikinheimo A, Hälli O, Tirkkonen T, Heinonen M. Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:754894. [PMID: 34803978 PMCID: PMC8600236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.754894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In pigs, antimicrobial use (AMU) practices vary at different production phases between herds and between countries. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development is linked to AMU but recognized as a multi-factorial issue, and thus, any information increasing knowledge of AMU and AMR relationships is valuable. We described AMU and screened the carriage of different AMR phenotypes of indicator Escherichia coli in 25 selected Finnish piglet-producing and finishing herds that formed nine birth-to-slaughter production lines. Moreover, we studied associations between AMU and AMR in both herd types and throughout the production line. Treatment records were obtained from the national Sikava register for 1year, and AMU was quantified as mg/PCU (population correction unit) and TIs (treatment incidences). For phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ten pen-level pooled feces samples (n=250) in each herd were collected from one room representing the oldest weaned piglets or the oldest finishing pigs. Majority of the medications (96.8%) was administered parenterally, and penicillin was the predominant antimicrobial in every herd. More different antimicrobial substances were used in piglet-producing than in finishing herds (median 5 and 1, respectively, p<0.001). As mg/PCU, sows had the highest AMU and suckling piglets had the highest TIs, whereas finishing pigs were the least treated age group. The proportion of susceptible indicator E. coli isolates of all studied isolates was 59.6%. Resistance was found most commonly against tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ampicillin, and multi-resistant (MR) isolates (46.5% of all resistant isolates) were resistant to a maximum of four different antimicrobials. Quinolone resistance was rare, and no resistance against 3rd-generation cephalosporins, meropenem, azithromycin, colistin, gentamicin, or tigecycline was detected. The main associations between AMU and AMR were found at antimicrobial group level when use was compared with the presence of AMR phenotypes. The proportion of resistant isolates was not associated with AMU, and herd size was not associated with either AMU or AMR. We suggest that the use of narrow-spectrum beta-lactams as a primary treatment option and lack of wide application of oral group medications potentially favors a good resistance pattern in integrated pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Sali
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | - Suvi Nykäsenoja
- Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Hälli
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
| | | | - Mari Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, Finland
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Haupt R, Heinemann C, Schmid SM, Steinhoff-Wagner J. Survey on storage, application and incorporation practices for organic fertilizers in Germany. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113380. [PMID: 34328866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic fertilizers from animal production might contain undesirable components, such as veterinary medical product (VMP) residues, that are released into the environment during application. In addition to measures to reduce the use of VMPs through animal health measures, manure management could be an expedient strategy to prevent VMPs from entering the environment. The quantity applied is mainly determined by the nitrogen content. In addition, the depth of incorporation into the soil plays a major role in the environmental risk assessment of VMPs. The new regulations of the German fertilizer ordinance (DüV, 2020), which came into force at the beginning of 2020, as well as the changes that have not yet been fully implemented, will result in adjustments to the storage, application and incorporation practices for organic fertilizer. The aim of this study was to gain more information about the practice of storage, application and incorporation and the challenges for farmers in Germany. An online survey among farmers was conducted to determine the status quo. Almost all of the 125 participants kept livestock, predominantly cattle (68%) and pigs (33%). A third of participants (30%) needed a temporary storage site, for example at neighboring farms. Of the participants, 81% (n = 125) owned cropland and/or grassland. On cropland, manure was mostly incorporated at a depth of 3-15 cm, whereas on grassland, it was mostly applied superficially. On grassland lower-emission application techniques such as slot drill or injector procedures have so far rarely been used. The survey results provided important insights about storage, application and incorporation practices for organic fertilizers in Germany which could be used for the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) as part of the environmental risk assessments of veterinary pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Haupt
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Mead A, Richez P, Azzariti S, Pelligand L. Pharmacokinetics of Colistin in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Poultry Following Dosing via Drinking Water and Its Bactericidal Impact on Enteric Escherichia coli. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:698135. [PMID: 34250071 PMCID: PMC8264055 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.698135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin, a last-line antibiotic of major importance in veterinary medicine and of critical importance in human medicine, is authorized to treat gastrointestinal (enteric) infections caused by non-invasive Escherichia coli in multiple veterinary species including poultry. Its use in veterinary medicine has been implicated in the widespread prevalence of mobilized colistin resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the intestinal content reached in broiler chickens during 72-h treatment with colistin, to evaluate the associated impact on intestinal E. coli density, and to select less susceptible E. coli populations. In this study, 94 broiler chickens were administered a dose of 75,000 IU/kg/day via drinking water. Intestinal samples were collected pre-, during-, and post-dosing. Luminal intestinal content was assessed for colistin content by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and E. coli were isolated and enumerated on UriSelect agar™. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, for eight isolates per intestine per animal) was determined, and when higher than the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF 2 mg/l), isolates were screened for mobilized colistin resistance (mcr)-1 to 5. Colistin content increased during treatment to a maximum of 5.09 mg/kg. During this time, the total population of E. coli showed an almost 1,000-fold reduction. An apparent increase in the relative abundance of E. coli with an MIC ≥ ECOFF, either mcr-negative (6.25–10.94%) or mcr-1-positive (4.16–31.25%) was observed, although this susceptibility shift was not maintained post-treatment. Indeed, following cessation of dosing, colistin was eliminated from the intestine, and content was below the limit of quantification (LOQ, 1.1 mg/kg) within 4 h, and the median MIC of E. coli isolates returned below baseline thereafter. Few isolates with a lower susceptibility (mcr-1-positive or negative) were however observed at the end of the study period, indicating maintained sub-populations in the chicken gut. The results of this study show a limited impact on long-term maintenance of less susceptible E. coli populations as a direct result of colistin treatment in individual birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mead
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefano Azzariti
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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In-Water Antibiotic Dosing Practices on Pig Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020169. [PMID: 33567569 PMCID: PMC7915319 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs reared on many farms are mass-medicated for short periods with antibiotics through their drinking water to control bacterial pathogen loads and, if a disease outbreak occurs, to treat pigs until clinical signs are eliminated. Farm managers are responsible for conducting in-water antibiotic dosing events, but little is known about their dosing practices. We surveyed managers of 25 medium to large single-site and multi-site pig farming enterprises across eastern and southern Australia, using a mixed methods approach (online questionnaire followed by a one-on-one semi-structured interview). We found wide variation in the antibiotics administered, the choice and use of dosing equipment, the methods for performing dosing calculations and preparing antibiotic stock solutions, the commencement time and duration of each daily dosing event, and the frequency of administration of metaphylaxis. Farm managers lacked data on pigs’ daily water usage patterns and wastage and the understanding of pharmacology and population pharmacometrics necessary to optimize in-water dosing calculations and regimens and control major sources of between-animal variability in systemic exposure of pigs to antibiotics. There is considerable scope to increase the effectiveness of in-water dosing and reduce antibiotic use (and cost) on pig farms by providing farm managers with measurement systems, technical guidelines, and training programs.
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O'Neill L, Rodrigues da Costa M, Leonard FC, Gibbons J, Calderón Díaz JA, McCutcheon G, Manzanilla EG. Quantification, description and international comparison of antimicrobial use on Irish pig farms. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:30. [PMID: 33062293 PMCID: PMC7549222 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is concern that the use of antimicrobials in livestock production has a role in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in animals and humans. Consequently, there are increasing efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) in agriculture. As the largest consumer of veterinary antimicrobials in several countries, the pig sector is a particular focus of these efforts. Data on AMU in pig production in Ireland are lacking. This study aimed to quantify AMU on Irish pig farms, to identify the major patterns of use employed and to compare the results obtained to those from other published reports and studies. Results Antimicrobial use data for 2016 was collected from 67 Irish pig farms which represented c. 35% of national production. The combined sample population consumed 14.5 t of antimicrobial by weight of active ingredient suggesting that the pig sector accounted for approximately 40% of veterinary AMU in Ireland in 2016. At farm level, median AMU measured in milligram per population correction unit (mg/PCU) was 93.9 (range: 1.0–1196.0). When measured in terms of treatment incidence (TI200), median AMU was 15.4 (range: 0.2–169.2). Oral treatments accounted for 97.5% of all AMU by weight of active ingredient and were primarily administered via medicated feed to pigs in the post weaning stages of production. AMU in Irish pig production in 2016 was higher than results obtained from the national reports of Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and France but lower than the United Kingdom. Conclusions Pig production in Ireland is an important consumer of veterinary antimicrobials. The quantities and patterns of AMU on Irish pig farms are comparable to pig production in other European countries but higher than some countries with more advanced AMU reduction strategies. This AMU is characterised by a high proportion of prophylactic use and is primarily administered to pigs post weaning via medicated feed. Further studies to better understand the reasons for AMU on Irish pig farms and strategies to improve health among weaner pigs will be of benefit in the effort to reduce AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan O'Neill
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Maria Rodrigues da Costa
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland
| | - Gerard McCutcheon
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Oakpark, Carlow, Co Carlow Ireland
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Mills A, Rushton J, Yeung S. How antibiotics are used in pig farming: a mixed-methods study of pig farmers, feed mills and veterinarians in Thailand. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e001918. [PMID: 32180998 PMCID: PMC7050320 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rising global concern about antimicrobial resistance has drawn attention to the use of antibiotics in livestock. Understanding the current usage of antibiotics in these animals is essential for effective interventions on the optimisation of antibiotic use. However, to date few studies have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore the use of antibiotics and estimate the total amount of antibiotics used in pig production in Thailand. Methods This was a mixed-methods study including a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of 84 pig farmers, secondary analysis of data from a survey of 31 feed mills to estimate the amount of antibiotics mixed in pig feed and interviews with five veterinarians involved in the feed mill industry to gain an understanding of medicated feed production. Findings Half of the farmers reported using antibiotics for disease prevention. Use was significantly associated with farmers' experience in raising pigs, farm income, having received advice on animal health and belonging to a farm cooperative. The estimated total amount of active ingredients mixed into medicated feed for pigs for the whole country was 843 tonnes in 2017. Amoxicillin was the most commonly used antibiotic reported by both pig farms and feed mills. The use of Critically Important Antimicrobials including colistin was common, with one-third of farmers reporting their use as oral or as injectable medication, and accounting for nearly two-thirds of antibiotics contained in medicated feed. Conclusion A majority of antibiotics used in Thai pig farms belonged to the category of Critically Important Antimicrobials. Progressive restriction in the use of antibiotics in pigs is recommended through using prescriptions to control the distribution of certain antibiotics. The government should strengthen veterinary services to improve access of farmers to animal health advice and explore alternative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana Lekagul
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Anne Mills
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: A systematic review. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 7:100058. [PMID: 32734079 PMCID: PMC7386699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many classes of antibiotic used for humans are also used in food animals, including the highest priority of the critically important antimicrobials for human medicine in the World Health Organisation's list. Penicillins and Tetracyclines classes were the most commonly used antibiotics in many countries. Improve understanding of the use of antibiotics and factors influencing antibiotic use will help promoting prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock.
This review assesses the evidence for patterns of antibiotic use in pig on the basis of papers published in peer-reviewed journals in English between 2000 and 2017. Thirty-six articles were identified and reviewed, of which more than 85% of studies were conducted in Europe and North America. Penicillins and Tetracyclines groups were the most commonly used antibiotics in many countries. Oral medication in suckling and post-weaning periods were the most common applications of antibiotic administration in pig production. Antibiotic use is driven by age-specific diseases and the common pathogens causing these conditions where epidemiological profiles varied greatly across countries. In addition, the type and size of farm were associated with antibiotic use with finisher and larger farms using more antibiotics than farrow-to-finish and smaller farms. There is variation in the use of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials in humans across studies. However, this review indicates that they are still commonly used in pig production, for treatment and prevention of infection. This evidence calls for global efforts on the prudent use of antibiotics in response to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the agricultural sector.
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Cuong NV, Padungtod P, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas JJ. Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production: A Review of the Literature with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E75. [PMID: 30111750 PMCID: PMC6164101 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. As consumption of animal protein and associated animal production is forecast to increase markedly over coming years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), accurate monitoring of AMU has become imperative. We summarized data from 89 scientific studies reporting AMU data in animal production published in English since 1998, identified through the 'ISI Web of Knowledge' search engine. The aims were as follows: (a) to describe methodologies and metrics used to quantify AMU; (b) to summarize qualitative (on-farm prevalence of use) and quantitative (amounts of antimicrobial active principle) data, in order to identify food animal species at the highest risk of AMU; and (c) to highlight data gaps from LMICs. Only 17/89 (19.1%) studies were conducted in LMICs. Sixty (67.3%) reported quantitative data use, with 'daily doses per animal-time' being the most common metric. AMU was greatest in chickens (138 doses/1000 animal-days [inter quartile range (IQR) 91.1⁻438.3]), followed by swine (40.2 [IQR 8.5⁻120.4]), and dairy cattle (10.0 [IQR 5.5⁻13.6]). However, per kg of meat produced, AMU was highest in swine, followed by chickens and cattle. Our review highlights a large deficit of data from LMICs, and provides a reference for comparison with further surveillance and research initiatives aiming to reduce AMU in animal production globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen V Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Green One UN House Building, 304 Kim Ma, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Hemme M, Ruddat I, Hartmann M, Werner N, van Rennings L, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Antibiotic use on German pig farms - A longitudinal analysis for 2011, 2013 and 2014. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199592. [PMID: 29969477 PMCID: PMC6029768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To study antibiotic use in livestock in a temporal context with the development of antimicrobial resistance, long-term changes in antibiotic use must be mapped and their possible causes must be explored. Therefore, the present work assesses the changes in antibiotic use over time in German livestock husbandry. In addition, factors associated with antibiotic use were analyzed to identify possible strategies for further reducing antimicrobial usage. For 2011, 2013 and 2014, antibiotic usage data were collected and examined within the VetCAb project. Three hundred participating pig holdings provided information on their antibiotic use based on obligatory application and delivery forms (ADFs) filled in by their veterinarian as well as information on their current stabling capacities for each production type held. Data on sow, piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings were described separately, using the semi-annual treatment frequency (TF) to measure antibiotic consumption. Multiple linear mixed models were used to investigate the effects of time, farm size, region and farm management category on the treatment frequency. The study yielded significant time changes with p-values below 0.001 in antibiotic administration with a decreasing median TF in piglets from 3.8 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 1.1-10.6) to 1.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.2-4.5) and in fattening pigs from 5.1 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 0.2-15.4) to 0.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.1-6.7). Meanwhile the TF fluctuated between 8.2 and 12.2 in weaners during the observational period (IQRs between zero (lower quartile) and 37.9 (upper quartile)). Piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings belonging to the upper third of the holdings in size used significantly more antibiotics than the other holdings investigated. Particularly for weaner and fattening pig holdings, a higher TF was noted for farms without breeding units. The region was only a significant factor in weaners. In conclusion, for 2011, 2013 and 2014, the present study shows a clear reduction in antibiotic treatment frequency in German pig holdings. In addition, the association with various factors such as herd size and farm organization on the antibiotic usage frequency is indisputable. Therefore, these factors should be included in monitoring systems and considered when evaluating intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hemme
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Ruddat
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Werner
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa van Rennings
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Hockenhull J, Turner AE, Reyher KK, Barrett DC, Jones L, Hinchliffe S, Buller HJ. Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a rapid evidence assessment of stakeholder practices and beliefs. Vet Rec 2017; 181:510. [PMID: 28847873 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food-producing animals throughout the world are likely to be exposed to antimicrobial (AM) treatment. The crossover in AM use between human and veterinary medicine raises concerns that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) may spread from food-producing animals to humans, driving the need for further understanding of how AMs are used in livestock practice as well as stakeholder beliefs relating to their use. A rapid evidence assessment (REA) was used to collate research on AM use published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2016. Forty-eight papers were identified and reviewed. The summary of findings highlights a number of issues regarding current knowledge of the use of AMs in food-producing animals and explores the attitudes of interested parties regarding the reduction of AM use in livestock. Variation between and within countries, production types and individual farms demonstrates the complexity of the challenge involved in monitoring and regulating AM use in animal agriculture. Many factors that could influence the prevalence of AMR in livestock are of concern across all sections of the livestock industry. This REA highlights the potential role of farmers and veterinarians and of other advisors, public pressure and legislation to influence change in the use of AMs in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Hockenhull
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrea E Turner
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kristen K Reyher
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David C Barrett
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Hinchliffe
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Henry J Buller
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Schaekel F, May T, Seiler J, Hartmann M, Kreienbrock L. Antibiotic drug usage in pigs in Germany-Are the class profiles changing? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182661. [PMID: 28841685 PMCID: PMC5571922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance is triggered by the use of antibiotic drugs. Therefore, the consumption of antibiotics in livestock is monitored, and different measures may be applied if the usage of antibiotic drugs seems inappropriate. Unfortunately, the surveillance of antibiotic consumption is not standardised, and surveillance systems differ. In Germany, the food quality assurance system QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH (QS) began the documentation of antibiotic drug usage in pigs in 2012 in a private economic based database, and for its members, documentation has been mandatory in all pig age groups since 2014. In this investigation, we calculated the distribution of the antibiotics use per pig age group and half-year, and the percentage of the active substances used from overall treatments within German pig holdings from 1 July, 2013 to 30 June, 2015. In fattening pigs, the median of the treatment frequency is 4.3 in 2013-2 and exhibits a decreasing trend in this time period up to 2.1 in 2015-1. In weaners the median ranged between 11.3 in 2014-2 and 5.8 in 2013-2. The median of sucklers varies between 21.6 and 25.0. In sucklers and weaners, a clear temporal trend is not seen to date. The share of the active substances differs between the age groups. In fattening pigs, mostly tetracyclines and penicillines were used, occurring in approximately 60% of the total treatments. In weaners, amoxicillin and colistin have the highest shares of the treatment frequency, at approximately 60%. The treatment frequencies of macrolides and penicillines have the highest share in sucklers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schaekel
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas May
- QS, Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Murphy D, Ricci A, Auce Z, Beechinor JG, Bergendahl H, Breathnach R, Bureš J, Duarte Da Silva JP, Hederová J, Hekman P, Ibrahim C, Kozhuharov E, Kulcsár G, Lander Persson E, Lenhardsson JM, Mačiulskis P, Malemis I, Markus-Cizelj L, Michaelidou-Patsia A, Nevalainen M, Pasquali P, Rouby JC, Schefferlie J, Schlumbohm W, Schmit M, Spiteri S, Srčič S, Taban L, Tiirats T, Urbain B, Vestergaard EM, Wachnik-Święcicka A, Weeks J, Zemann B, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Fernandez Escamez PS, Girones R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Wahlström H, Baptiste K, Catry B, Cocconcelli PS, Davies R, Ducrot C, Friis C, Jungersen G, More S, Muñoz Madero C, Sanders P, Bos M, Kunsagi Z, Torren Edo J, Brozzi R, Candiani D, Guerra B, Liebana E, Stella P, Threlfall J, Jukes H. EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04666. [PMID: 32625259 PMCID: PMC7010070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA and EMA have jointly reviewed measures taken in the EU to reduce the need for and use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, and the resultant impacts on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Reduction strategies have been implemented successfully in some Member States. Such strategies include national reduction targets, benchmarking of antimicrobial use, controls on prescribing and restrictions on use of specific critically important antimicrobials, together with improvements to animal husbandry and disease prevention and control measures. Due to the multiplicity of factors contributing to AMR, the impact of any single measure is difficult to quantify, although there is evidence of an association between reduction in antimicrobial use and reduced AMR. To minimise antimicrobial use, a multifaceted integrated approach should be implemented, adapted to local circumstances. Recommended options (non-prioritised) include: development of national strategies; harmonised systems for monitoring antimicrobial use and AMR development; establishing national targets for antimicrobial use reduction; use of on-farm health plans; increasing the responsibility of veterinarians for antimicrobial prescribing; training, education and raising public awareness; increasing the availability of rapid and reliable diagnostics; improving husbandry and management procedures for disease prevention and control; rethinking livestock production systems to reduce inherent disease risk. A limited number of studies provide robust evidence of alternatives to antimicrobials that positively influence health parameters. Possible alternatives include probiotics and prebiotics, competitive exclusion, bacteriophages, immunomodulators, organic acids and teat sealants. Development of a legislative framework that permits the use of specific products as alternatives should be considered. Further research to evaluate the potential of alternative farming systems on reducing AMR is also recommended. Animals suffering from bacterial infections should only be treated with antimicrobials based on veterinary diagnosis and prescription. Options should be reviewed to phase out most preventive use of antimicrobials and to reduce and refine metaphylaxis by applying recognised alternative measures.
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Kempf I, Jouy E, Chauvin C. Colistin use and colistin resistance in bacteria from animals. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:598-606. [PMID: 27836380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colistin has been used in veterinary medicine for decades, mainly for the prevention and treatment of Enterobacteriaceae infections. However, data regarding colistin resistance in bacteria from animals and food of animal origin are relatively scarce, partly because there are methodological difficulties hampering the analysis of susceptibility to colistin. Most data regarding clinical isolates are related to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The resistance percentages are sometimes high for pathogenic strains, and the mcr-1 gene has been detected in pathogenic E. coli isolates from pigs, cattle and poultry in different countries. The prevalence of colistin resistance in Salmonella from healthy animals is usually low but depends on the proportion of intrinsically colistin-resistant serotypes. For indicator E. coli, the resistance levels are often very low, although higher levels have been observed in Asia. The mcr-1 gene has been detected in indicator E. coli from pigs, cattle, poultry and their products. Thus, there is an urgent need to re-assess the use of colistin in livestock throughout the world to ensure a global strategy for preserving this last-resort antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kempf
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Eric Jouy
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire Chauvin
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
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Use of colistin-containing products within the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA): development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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van Rennings L, von Münchhausen C, Ottilie H, Hartmann M, Merle R, Honscha W, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Cross-sectional study on antibiotic usage in pigs in Germany. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119114. [PMID: 25785688 PMCID: PMC4364977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To be able to analyze the relationship between the level of resistance and the use of antimicrobials, it is necessary to collect detailed data on antimicrobial usage. For this reason, data on antimicrobial use on 495 pig farms from entire Germany were collected and analyzed. In Germany, each application and dispensing of medicines to food-producing animals is documented in detail obligatorily by the veterinarian. This information was collected retrospectively for the year 2011. The analyses undertook separate examinations on the age groups sow, piglet, weaner and fattening pig; both the route of administration and indication per active ingredient, and active ingredient class, were evaluated. In total, 20,374 kg of antimicrobial substances were used in the study population. Tetracyclines were used in highest amounts, followed by beta-lactams, trimethoprim-sulfonamides and macrolides. Concerning the frequency of using an active substance per animal, polypeptides were most commonly administered. In all age groups, respiratory infections were the main indication for using antimicrobials, followed by intestinal diseases in piglets, weaners and fattening pigs and diseases of reproductive organs in sows. Over a period of 100 days, the median number of treatment days with one antimicrobial substance for piglets was 15 days, for weaners about 6 days, for fattening pigs about 4 days and for sows about 1 day. A multifactorial ANOVA was conducted to investigate which factors are associated with the treatment frequency. The factors "veterinarian" and "age group" were related to the treatment frequency, just as the interaction between "veterinarian" and "farm size" as well as the interaction between "veterinarian" and "age group".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa van Rennings
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christiane von Münchhausen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henry Ottilie
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Walther Honscha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Moreno MA. Surveillance of antimicrobial use in animals in the EU. Vet Rec 2014; 175:400-1. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.g6235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Av de Puerta de Hierro; s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
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Moreno MA. Opinions of Spanish pig producers on the role, the level and the risk to public health of antimicrobial use in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Trauffler M, Griesbacher A, Fuchs K, Köfer J. Antimicrobial drug use in Austrian pig farms: plausibility check of electronic on-farm records and estimation of consumption. Vet Rec 2014; 175:402. [PMID: 25053268 PMCID: PMC4215275 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electronic drug application records from farmers from 75 conventional pig farms were revised and checked for their plausibility. The registered drug amounts were verified by comparing the farmers' records with veterinarians' dispensary records. The antimicrobial consumption was evaluated from 2008 to 2011 and expressed in weight of active substance(s), number of used daily doses (nUDD), number of animal daily doses (nADD) and number of product-related daily doses (nPrDD). All results were referred to one year and animal bodyweight (kg biomass). The data plausibility proof revealed about 14 per cent of unrealistic drug amount entries in the farmers' records. The annual antimicrobial consumption was 33.9 mg/kg/year, 4.9 UDDkg/kg/year, 1.9 ADDkg/kg/year and 2.5 PrDDkg/kg/year (average). Most of the antimicrobials were applied orally (86 per cent) and at group-level. Main therapy indications were metaphylactic/prophylactic measures (farrow-to-finish and fattening farms) or digestive tract diseases (breeding farms). The proportion of the ‘highest priority critically important antimicrobials’ was low (12 per cent). After determination of a threshold value, farms with a high antimicrobial use could be detected. Statistical tests showed that the veterinarian had an influence on the dosage, the therapy indication and the active substance. Orally administered antimicrobials were mostly underdosed, parenterally administered antimicrobials rather correctly or overdosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trauffler
- Institute of Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - A Griesbacher
- Division for Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Zinsendorfgasse 27/1, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - K Fuchs
- Division for Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Zinsendorfgasse 27/1, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - J Köfer
- Institute of Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
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De Briyne N, Atkinson J, Pokludová L, Borriello SP. Antibiotics used most commonly to treat animals in Europe. Vet Rec 2014; 175:325. [PMID: 24899065 PMCID: PMC4215272 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Heads of Medicines Agencies and the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe undertook a survey to gain an insight into European prescribing of antibiotics for animals, in particular to highlight the diseases for which antibiotics are most commonly said to be prescribed and which different classes, including human critically important antibiotics (CIAs). The survey was completed by 3004 practitioners from 25 European countries. Many older antibiotics (eg, penicillins, tetracyclines) are cited most frequently as the prescribed classes to treat the main food producing species. The frequency of citation of non-CIAs predominates. CIAs are mostly frequently cited to be prescribed for: urinary diseases in cats (62 per cent), respiratory diseases in cattle (45 per cent), diarrhoea in cattle and pigs (respectively 29 per cent and 34 per cent), locomotion disorders in cattle (31 per cent), postpartum dysgalactia syndrome complex in pigs (31 per cent) and dental disease in dogs (36 per cent). Clear ‘preferences’ between countries can be observed between antibiotic classes. The use of national formularies and guidance helps to drive responsible use of antibiotics and can significantly reduce the extent of use of CIAs. A more widespread introduction of veterinary practice antibiotic prescribing policies and monitoring obedience to these should ensure more widespread compliance with responsible use guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N De Briyne
- Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, Avenue Tervueren 12, Brussels 1040, Belgium
| | - J Atkinson
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Woodham Lane New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3LS, UK
| | - L Pokludová
- Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S P Borriello
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Woodham Lane New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3LS, UK
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Moreno MA. Survey of quantitative antimicrobial consumption per production stage in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Spain. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000002. [PMID: 26392868 PMCID: PMC4562438 DOI: 10.1136/vropen-2013-000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To characterise antimicrobial use (AMU) per production stage in terms of drugs, routes of application, indications, duration and exposed animals in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Spain. Design Survey using a questionnaire on AMU during the six months prior to the interview, administered in face-to-face interviews completed from April to October 2010. Participants 108 potentially eligible farms covering all the country were selected using a multistage sampling methodology; of these, 33 were excluded because they did not fulfil the participation criteria and 49 were surveyed. Results The rank of the most used antimicrobials per farm and production stage and administration route started with polymyxins (colistin) by feed during the growing and the preweaning phases, followed by β-lactams by feed during the growing and the preweaning phases and by injection during the preweaning phase. Conclusions The study demonstrates that the growing stage (from weaning to the start of finishing) has the highest AMU according to different quantitative indicators (number of records, number of antimicrobials used, percentage of farms reporting use, relative number of exposed animals per farm and duration of exposure); feed is the administration route that produces the highest antimicrobial exposure based on the higher number of exposed animals and the longer duration of treatment; and there are large differences in AMU among individual pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Moreno
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain ; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Butaye
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunolgy; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre; VAR-CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99 B-1180 Ukkel Belgium
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