1
|
McDonnell S, Gutierrez M, Leonard FC, O'Brien T, Kearney P, Swan C, Madigan G, Bracken E, McLernon J, Griffin M, O'Sullivan CM, Egan J, Prendergast DM. A survey of food-borne and antimicrobial resistance-harbouring bacteria in meat by-products from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:9. [PMID: 35538509 PMCID: PMC9088083 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ireland, meat by-products (MBP) harvested at knackeries from farmed animals that have not died of an infectious or systemic disease are legally permitted to be fed to dogs in kennels and packs of hounds. There is limited information available on the risks of spreading foodborne bacteria or antimicrobial resistant (AMR) determinants to dogs, their handlers or the associated environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of Salmonella serovars, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter species, enterococci, their associated AMR determinants and the level of Escherichia coli in samples of MBP from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. For this purpose, 313 fresh and 208 frozen MBP samples from 22 knackeries, 16 swabs of mincing equipment from two of the knackeries and 138 swabs from kennels adjacent to seven of the knackeries were collected and processed over a 12-month period. Results From the 521 MBP samples analysed, a total of 77 Salmonella (14.8%), 101 L. monocytogenes (19.4%), 12 Campylobacter (2.3%), 271 Enterococcus faecalis (52.0%) and 127 Enterococcus faecium (24.4%) strains were recovered. The 154 analysed environmental samples from kennels and mincing equipment yielded 194 isolates (3 Salmonella, 85 E. coli, 76 E. faecalis and 30 E. faecium.). E. coli was quantifiable in 423 of the 521 MBP samples with log counts per gram ranging between 1 and 6. AMR characterisation of 168 E. coli, enterococci and Salmonella isolates from MBP and environmental samples showed high levels of AMR including multi-drug resistance (MDR) with 63.6%, 9.1%, 29% and 45.8% of E. coli, Salmonella, E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively showing resistance to three or more antimicrobials (MDR) Conclusions The findings of this survey confirm that MBP from fallen animals contain high levels of zoonotic and AMR-harbouring bacteria that pose a risk of transmission to dogs, their handlers, and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McDonnell
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tony O'Brien
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Pat Kearney
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Catherine Swan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gillian Madigan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Elaine Bracken
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Joanne McLernon
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Margaret Griffin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ciaran M O'Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Egan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Prendergast
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prevalence and Genomic Investigation of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Companion Animals in Hangzhou, China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050625. [PMID: 35625269 PMCID: PMC9137667 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a group of bacteria that constitutes the leading cause of diarrheal diseases, posing a great disease burden worldwide. There are numerous pathways for zoonotic Salmonella transmission to humans; however, the role of companion animals in spreading these bacteria is largely underestimated in China. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in pet dogs and cats in Hangzhou, China, and characterize the antimicrobial resistance profile and genetic features of these pet-derived pathogens. In total, 137 fecal samples of pets were collected from an animal hospital in Hangzhou in 2018. The prevalence of Salmonella was 5.8% (8/137) in pets, with 9.3% (5/54) of cats and 3.6% (3/83) of dogs being Salmonella positive. By whole-genome sequencing (WGS), in silico serotyping, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 26 pet-derived Salmonella isolates were identified as Salmonella Dublin (ST10, n = 22) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST19, n = 4). All of the isolates were identified as being multidrug-resistant (MDR), by conducting antimicrobial susceptibility testing under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The antibiotics of the most prevalent resistance were streptomycin (100%), cotrimoxazole (100%), tetracycline (96.20%), and ceftriaxone (92.30%). Versatile antimicrobial-resistant genes were identified, including floR (phenicol-resistant gene), blaCTX-M-15, and blaCTX-M-55 (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes). A total of 11 incompatible (Inc) plasmids were identified, with IncA/C2, IncFII(S), and IncX1 being the most predominant among Salmonella Dublin, and IncFIB(S), IncFII(S), IncI1, and IncQ1 being the most prevailing among Salmonella Typhimurium. Our study applied WGS to characterize pet-derived Salmonella in China, showing the presence of MDR Salmonella in pet dogs and cats with a high diversity of ARGs and plasmids. These data indicate a necessity for the regular surveillance of pet-derived pathogens to mitigate zoonotic diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Usmael B, Abraha B, Alemu S, Mummed B, Hiko A, Abdurehman A. Isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and risk factors assessment of non-typhoidal Salmonella from apparently healthy and diarrheic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:37. [PMID: 35033077 PMCID: PMC8760800 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs are one of the important asymptomatic carriers of antimicrobial resistant and potentially pathogenic strains of Salmonella. They can harbor large bacterial load in the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes which can be shed in their feces with the possibility of transmission to humans. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella, assessing the risk factors for dog’s Salmonella carriage, and profiling the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates among housed dogs in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 415 rectal swab samples were collected from randomly selected dogs. Samples were examined for non-typhoidal Salmonella using standard bacteriologic culture and biochemical tests. The disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test) was employed to evaluate the isolates for their susceptibility against five antimicrobials. Results Non-typhoidal Salmonella were isolated from 26 (6.3%) of the rectal swab samples, with significantly higher occurrence in diarrheic (15.2%) than non-diarrheic (5.5%) dogs. The risk of Salmonella harboring was significantly higher in female dogs than in male dogs (OR = 2.5, p = 0.027). Dogs fecal shedding of Salmonella was relatively higher in households who used offal as a main feed type for their dogs (23.1%; 95% CI = 5–53.8) than those who used leftover food (10.1%; 95% CI = 5.7–16.1) and practiced mixed feeding system (17%; 95% CI = 7.6–30.8). Salmonella isolates showed higher resistance to ampicillin (41.7%), while all isolates were fully susceptible to gentamicin. Moreover, 58.3% of Salmonella isolates showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Majorities (72.7%) of the dog owners had no awareness on the risk of zoonotic salmonellosis from dog and all of the respondents use bare hand to clean dog kennel. Conclusion Our study reveals the importance of both diarrheic and apparently healthy housed dogs in the harboring and shedding of antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella. The risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella spread among pet owners is not negligible, especially in households who use offal as main feed type. Therefore, an integrated approach such as: proper dog handling practices; continuous evaluation of antimicrobial resistance; and rational use of antimicrobials in the field of veterinary sector are necessary to tackle the problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belisa Usmael
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Bruk Abraha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sisay Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Bahar Mummed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Hiko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdallahi Abdurehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramos CP, Diniz AN, Ribeiro MG, de Paula CL, Costa ÉA, Sonne L, Pereira ST, Lopes CEB, Rennó MC, Silva ROS. Enteric Organisms Detected in Feces of Dogs With Bloody Diarrhea: 45 Cases. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100549. [PMID: 34044173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bloody diarrhea is a common condition in dogs, but studies evaluating the enteropathogens involved specifically in adult dogs are scarce. In the present study, stool samples from 45 adult dogs with bloody diarrhea were evaluated for the four enteric organisms mainly reported in these cases: canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp. In addition, the samples were also tested for coronavirus, rotavirus, Giardia spp., and Escherichia coli pathotypes to provide a better understanding of possible co-occurrence. Vaccination status, diet, and clinical outcome were also obtained when available. CPV-2b was identified in 17 dogs (37.8%), being the most frequent cause of bloody diarrhea, including completely vaccinated adult dogs. Toxigenic C. difficile and C. perfringens netF+ were detected in 6 (13.3%) and 5 (11.1%) dogs, in some cases in a co-occurrence with other enteric organisms. Three fatal cases of salmonellosis were identified in dogs fed a raw meat-based diet, raising the risks associated with this increasing practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Nádia Diniz
- Veterinary School. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), MG, Brazil
| | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lechinski de Paula
- UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Sonne
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cilia G, Fratini F, Turchi B, Ebani VV, Turini L, Bilei S, Bossù T, De Marchis ML, Cerri D, Bertelloni F. Presence and Characterization of Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in Wild Boar Hunting Dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris) in Tuscany (Italy). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1139. [PMID: 33923497 PMCID: PMC8073554 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) used for wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunting may represent incidental hosts for several zoonotic pathogens. This investigation aimed to evaluate the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes in sera and rectal swabs collected from 42 domestic hunting dogs in the Tuscany region (Italy). Regarding Leptospira, 31 out of 42 serum samples (73.8%) were positive and serogroup Pomona was the most detected (71.4%) at titers between 1:100 and 1:400. Four Salmonella isolates (9.52%) were obtained, all belonging to serotype Infantis; two of them showed antimicrobial resistance to streptomycin, while pipB and sopE presence was assessed in all but one isolate. Concerning Yersinia enterocolitica, seven isolates (16.7%) were obtained, six belonging to biotype 1 and one to biotype 4. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalothin, and ampicillin was detected. Biotype 4 presented three of the virulence genes searched (ystA, ystB, inv), while isolates of biotype 1 showed only one gene. No Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from dog rectal swabs. The results suggest that hunting dogs are exposed to different bacterial zoonotic agents, potentially linked to their work activity, and highlight the possible health risks for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.V.E.); (L.T.); (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.V.E.); (L.T.); (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.V.E.); (L.T.); (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.V.E.); (L.T.); (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.V.E.); (L.T.); (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Stefano Bilei
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, 00178 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (T.B.); (M.L.D.M.)
| | - Teresa Bossù
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, 00178 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (T.B.); (M.L.D.M.)
| | - Maria Laura De Marchis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, 00178 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (T.B.); (M.L.D.M.)
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.V.E.); (L.T.); (D.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.V.E.); (L.T.); (D.C.); (F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hanekom J, Pazzi P, Rautenbach Y, Henning A. Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium bacteraemia in a puppy with canine parvoviral enteritis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hanekom
- Companion Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Paolo Pazzi
- Companion Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Yolandi Rautenbach
- Companion Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Alischa Henning
- Paraclinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bataller E, García-Romero E, Llobat L, Lizana V, Jiménez-Trigos E. Dogs as a source of Salmonella spp. in apparently healthy dogs in the Valencia Region. Could it be related with intestinal lactic acid bacteria? BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:268. [PMID: 32746827 PMCID: PMC7398315 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although salmonellosis is considered one of the most important food-borne zoonotic diseases in Europe, close contact between dogs and their owners can also be a potential source of Salmonella spp. for humans. This study assessed the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in apparently healthy dogs in the Valencian Region, eastern Spain. Moreover, a macroscopic comparison of lactic acid bacteria in both Salmonella-positive and Salmonella-negative dogs was carried out. RESULTS Of a total of 325 dogs sampled, 6 (1.85%) were positive for Salmonella spp. with 3 different serotypes, Havana (3), Mikawasima (2) and monophasic Typhimurium (1). All isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except monophasic S. Typhimurium, which was resistant to ampicillin. Finally, macroscopic results revealed that lactic acid bacteria had higher heterogeneity in the Salmonella-negative dogs than in the Salmonella-positive dogs. Although the results in our study showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp., raw food has been suggested as a risk factor for bacteria in dog faeces. CONCLUSIONS Public awareness campaigns on good hygiene practices, especially after handling canine faeces or raw food, are necessary. Furthermore, to reduce the potential transmission of bacteria, dogs should be fed food that has been properly cooked, as raw or undercooked food can be a source of zoonotic pathogens. Moreover, further studies must be performed to determine the relationship between lactic acid bacteria and Salmonella spp. in dog faeces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bataller
- Research Group Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (PROVAGINBIO), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, València, Spain.
| | - E García-Romero
- Grupo Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, C/ Campus Universitario 7, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Llobat
- Research Group Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (PROVAGINBIO), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, València, Spain
| | - V Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Jiménez-Trigos
- Research Group Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (PROVAGINBIO), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, València, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Binagia EM, Levy NA. <p><em>Salmonella</em> Mesenteric Lymphadenitis Causing Septic Peritonitis in Two Dogs</p>. Vet Med (Auckl) 2020; 11:25-30. [PMID: 32161715 PMCID: PMC7051806 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s238305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This report describes two cases of Salmonella mesenteric lymphadenitis leading to septic peritonitis in two young dogs. The cases were similar in presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and length of hospitalization. Both cases presented with clinical signs of vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever and were treated successfully via surgical debridement, omentalization, and antibiotic therapy. Both cases grew multi-drug resistant Salmonella spp. with resistance to ampicillin sulbactam, which is a common empiric antibiotic choice for cases of canine septic peritonitis. In both cases, the source of Salmonella is proposed to be the raw diet that preceded the septic peritonitis diagnosis. While Salmonella mesenteric lymphadenitis has been reported in humans and pigs, to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of Salmonella mesenteric lymphadenitis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Binagia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nyssa A Levy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Nyssa A Levy Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI48824, USATel +1 517-355-6571Fax +1 517-432-4091 Email
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gobeli Brawand S, Keller C, Overesch G. Outbreak of salmonellosis in cattle caused by the unusual
Salmonella
serotype Stockholm. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gudrun Overesch
- Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernInstitute of Veterinary BacteriologyBernSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Distinct fermentation and antibiotic sensitivity profiles exist in salmonellae of canine and human origin. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:15. [PMID: 29482521 PMCID: PMC5828451 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica is a recognised cause of diarrhoea in dogs and humans, yet the potential for transfer of salmonellosis between dogs and their owners is unclear, with reported evidence both for and against Salmonella as a zoonotic pathogen. A collection of 174 S. enterica isolates from clinical infections in humans and dogs were analysed for serotype distribution, carbon source utilisation, chemical and antimicrobial sensitivity profiles. The aim of the study was to understand the degree of conservation in phenotypic characteristics of isolates across host species. Results Serovar distribution across human and canine isolates demonstrated nine serovars common to both host species, 24 serovars present in only the canine collection and 39 solely represented within the human collection. Significant differences in carbon source utilisation profiles and ampicillin, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol sensitivity profiles were detected in isolates of human and canine origin. Differences between the human and canine Salmonella collections were suggestive of evolutionary separation, with canine isolates better able to utilise several simple sugars than their human counterparts. Generally higher minimum inhibitory concentrations of three broad-spectrum antimicrobials, commonly used in veterinary medicine, were also observed in canine S. enterica isolates. Conclusions Differential carbon source utilisation and antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in pathogenic Salmonella isolated from humans and dogs are suggestive of distinct reservoirs of infection for these hosts. Although these findings do not preclude zoonotic or anthroponotic potential in salmonellae, the separation of carbon utilisation and antibiotic profiles with isolate source is indicative that infectious isolates are not part of a common reservoir shared frequently between these host species.
Collapse
|
11
|
Amadi VA, Hariharan H, Arya G, Matthew‐Belmar V, Nicholas‐Thomas R, Pinckney R, Sharma R, Johnson R. Serovars and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from non-diarrhoeic dogs in Grenada, West Indies. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:26-34. [PMID: 29468078 PMCID: PMC5813114 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide. Dogs may harbour Salmonella in their intestines and can easily shed Salmonella in the environment with the possibility of transmission to humans. Thus, monitoring is essential to understand the role of dogs in zoonotic transmission. The objectives of this study were to determine the shedding of Salmonella by owned, apparently healthy dogs in Grenada, West Indies, to identify the serovars, and to examine their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Faecal samples collected during August to October, 2016 from 144 non-diarrhoeic owned dogs were examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. Eight (5.6%) of the tested animals were culture positive, yielding 35 Salmonella isolates that belonged to six serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica. These were serovars Arechavaleta from two dogs, Arechavaleta and Montevideo from one dog, and Javiana, Rubislaw, Braenderup and Kiambu from one dog each. All these serovars have been reported as causes of human salmonellosis globally. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests on 35 isolates showed absence of resistance to the currently used drugs for cases of human salmonellosis, including ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. One isolate (2.9%) was resistant to neomycin, two isolates (5.7%) showed intermediate susceptibility to neomycin, and another (2.9%) had intermediate susceptibility to tetracycline. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars from dogs in Grenada. This study shows that dogs in Grenada may be involved in the epidemiology of salmonellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Amadi
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Harry Hariharan
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Gitanjali Arya
- Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Salmonella Reference LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaNational Microbiology at GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Vanessa Matthew‐Belmar
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Roxanne Nicholas‐Thomas
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Rhonda Pinckney
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Ravindra Sharma
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Roger Johnson
- Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Salmonella Reference LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaNational Microbiology at GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Milodowski EJ, Lamb CR, Lee KCL. Salmonella
hepatic abscess as a sequel to liver lobectomy and biopsy in a dog with hepatocellular adenoma. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher R Lamb
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Karla C L Lee
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arsevska E, Singleton D, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Williams N, Jones PH, Smyth S, Heayns B, Wardeh M, Radford AD, Dawson S, Noble PJM, Davies RH. Small animal disease surveillance: GI disease and salmonellosis. Vet Rec 2017; 181:228-232. [PMID: 28864509 DOI: 10.1136/vr.j3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Presentation for gastrointestinal (GI) disease comprised 2.2 per cent of cat, 3.2 per cent of dog and 2.2 per cent of rabbit consultations between April 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017Diarrhoea and vomiting without blood were the most frequently reported GI disease clinical signs (34.4 and 38.9 per cent in cats and 42.8 and 37.3 per cent in dogs, respectively)The mean percentage of samples testing positive for Salmonella in dogs was double that in cats (0.82 per cent and 0.41 per cent, respectively) from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2016In dogs, autumn was associated with a greater proportion of Salmonella-positive sample submissions; no clear suggestion of seasonal variation in cats was observedIn both cats and dogs, isolates belonging to Salmonella enterica group B serotypes were the most common (68.9 per cent in cats and 55.0 per cent in dogs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arsevska
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.,* These authors contributed equally
| | - David Singleton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.,* These authors contributed equally
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.,* These authors contributed equally
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Steven Smyth
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Bethaney Heayns
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Maya Wardeh
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Peter J M Noble
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Bacteriology Department, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shah DH, Paul NC, Sischo WC, Crespo R, Guard J. Population dynamics and antimicrobial resistance of the most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella serotypes. Poult Sci 2017; 96:687-702. [PMID: 27665007 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is the most predominant bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. Due to the risk of human infection associated with poultry products and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella also poses a significant challenge to commercial poultry production. During the last decade (2002 to 2012), the 12 most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella serotypes (MPPSTs) were frequently and consistently isolated from poultry products in the United States. These MPPSTs and their percent prevalence in poultry products include Kentucky (4%), Enteritidis (2%) Heidelberg (2%), Typhimurium (2%), S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (0.31%), Montevideo (0.20%), Infantis (0.16%) Schwarzengrund (0.15%), Hadar (0.15%), Mbandaka (0.13%), Thompson (0.12%), and Senftenberg (0.04%). All MPPSTs except Kentucky are among the top 30 clinically significant serotypes that cause human illnesses in the United States. However with the exception of a few widely studied serotypes such as S. Enteritidis and Typhimurium, the ecology and epidemiology of the majority of MPPSTs still remain poorly investigated. Published data from the United States suggests that MPPSTs such as Heidelberg, Typhimurium, Kentucky, and Sentfenberg are more likely to be multi-drug resistant (MDR, ≥3 antimicobial classes) whereas Enteritidis, Montevideo, Schwarzengrund, Hadar, Infantis, Thompson, and Mbandaka are generally pan-susceptible or display resistance to fewer antimicobials. In contrast, the majority of MPPSTs isolated globally have been reported to display MDR phenotype. There also appears to be an international spread of a few MDR serotypes including Kentucky, Schwarzengrund, Hadar, Thomson, Sentfenberg, and Enteritidis, which may pose significant challenges to the public health. The current knowledge gaps on the ecology, epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance of MPPSTs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willium C Sischo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology
| | - Jean Guard
- Egg Quality and Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, GA 30605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meidinger K, Schellenberg S, Gobeli Brawand S. Persistent bacteriuria in a dog caused by
Salmonella enterica
subspecies
enterica
serovar Indiana. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Meidinger
- Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernInstitute of Veterinary BacteriologyBernSwitzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reimschuessel R, Grabenstein M, Guag J, Nemser SM, Song K, Qiu J, Clothier KA, Byrne BA, Marks SL, Cadmus K, Pabilonia K, Sanchez S, Rajeev S, Ensley S, Frana TS, Jergens AE, Chappell KH, Thakur S, Byrum B, Cui J, Zhang Y, Erdman MM, Rankin SC, Daly R, Das S, Ruesch L, Lawhon SD, Zhang S, Baszler T, Diaz-Campos D, Hartmann F, Okwumabua O. Multilaboratory Survey To Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1350-1368. [PMID: 28202802 PMCID: PMC5405253 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02137-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven laboratories collaborated to determine the periodic prevalence of Salmonella in a population of dogs and cats in the United States visiting veterinary clinics. Fecal samples (2,965) solicited from 11 geographically dispersed veterinary testing laboratories were collected in 36 states between January 2012 and April 2014 and tested using a harmonized method. The overall study prevalence of Salmonella in cats (3 of 542) was <1%. The prevalence in dogs (60 of 2,422) was 2.5%. Diarrhea was present in only 55% of positive dogs; however, 3.8% of the all diarrheic dogs were positive, compared with 1.8% of the nondiarrheic dogs. Salmonella-positive dogs were significantly more likely to have consumed raw food (P = 0.01), to have consumed probiotics (P = 0.002), or to have been given antibiotics (P = 0.01). Rural dogs were also more likely to be Salmonella positive than urban (P = 0.002) or suburban (P = 0.001) dogs. In the 67 isolates, 27 unique serovars were identified, with three dogs having two serovars present. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 66 isolates revealed that only four of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Additional characterization of the 66 isolates was done using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Sequence data compared well to resistance phenotypic data and were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This study suggests an overall decline in prevalence of Salmonella-positive dogs and cats over the last decades and identifies consumption of raw food as a major risk factor for Salmonella infection. Of note is that almost half of the Salmonella-positive animals were clinically nondiarrheic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Reimschuessel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Grabenstein
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Jake Guag
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah M Nemser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyunghee Song
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Junshan Qiu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyran Cadmus
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristy Pabilonia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Timothy S Frana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kimberly H Chappell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beverly Byrum
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew M Erdman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Russell Daly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Seema Das
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Laura Ruesch
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Dubraska Diaz-Campos
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Faye Hartmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ogi Okwumabua
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leahy AM, Cummings KJ, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Rankin SC, Hamer SA. Evaluation of FaecalSalmonellaShedding Among Dogs at Seven Animal Shelters across Texas. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:515-521. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Leahy
- Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | | | | | | | - S. A. Hamer
- Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lowden P, Wallis C, Gee N, Hilton A. Investigating the prevalence of Salmonella in dogs within the Midlands region of the United Kingdom. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:239. [PMID: 26381479 PMCID: PMC4574458 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intimate relationship between dogs and their owners has the potential to increase the risk of human exposure to bacterial pathogens. Over the past 40 years, there have been several reports on transmission of salmonellae from dogs to humans. This study therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the faeces of dogs from the Midlands region of the United Kingdom to assess exposure risk and potential for zoonotic transmission. Results A total of 436 apparently healthy dogs without diarrhoea from households (n = 126), rescue centres (n = 96), boarding kennels (n = 43), retired greyhound kennels (n = 39) and a pet nutrition facility (n = 132) were investigated for Salmonella shedding. Faecal samples were processed by an enrichment culture based method. The faeces from one dog (0.23 %; 95 % confidence limit 0.006 %, 1.27 %) was positive for Salmonella. The species was S. enterica subspecies arizonae. Conclusion This study showed that the prevalence of Salmonella from faeces from apparently healthy dogs from a variety of housing conditions is low; however, Salmonella shedding was still identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preena Lowden
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Corrin Wallis
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, LE14 4RB, UK.
| | - Nancy Gee
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, LE14 4RB, UK.
| | - Anthony Hilton
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leonard F. Salmonella
infection and carriage: the importance of dogs and their owners. Vet Rec 2014; 174:92-3. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.g367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Finola Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| |
Collapse
|