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Sladky KK. Treatment of Pain in Reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:43-64. [PMID: 36402488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of clinical analgesic use in reptiles. Currently, μ-opioid agonist drugs are the standard of care for analgesia in reptiles. Reptile pain is no longer considered a necessary part of recovery to keep the reptile from becoming active too early. Rather, treating pain allows for the reptile to begin normalizing their behavior. This recognition of pain and analgesia certainly benefits our reptile patients and greatly improves reptile welfare, but it also benefits our students and house officers, who will carry the torch and continue to demand excellence in reptile medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt K Sladky
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
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Antunes BN, DA Costa D, DE Ataide MW, Moreira AV, Pedrotti LF, JÚnior FS, Nhoato CS, Stadler RA, Silva MAM, Brun MV. Coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral ovariosalpingectomy in a d`Orbigny slider (Trachemys dorbigni) using a digital otoscope. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1802-1807. [PMID: 33071253 PMCID: PMC7804040 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the unilateral prefemoral coelioscopic-assisted approach for ovariosalpingectomy in a d`Orbigny slider (Trachemys dorbigni) using a digital otoscope. Twenty healthy turtles were randomly assigned to one of two groups, for right (GR; n=10) or left (GL; n=10) prefemoral access, for coelioscopic-assisted ovariosalpingectomy. Anesthesia and surgery times, body weight, and ovary/oviduct weight data were recorded. Anesthesia and surgery times did not differ significantly between the groups. Wound closure was the most time-consuming surgical step. Ovary and body weights significantly affected the exposure time of the ipsilateral and contralateral ovaries, respectively. Two intraoperative complications were reported. All the animals recovered uneventfully. The digital otoscope can be safely and effectively used for coelioscopic-assisted single-access, unilateral prefemoral ovariosalpingectomy in d`Orbigny slider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Nascimento Antunes
- Department of Small Animal Clinics, Center of Rural Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000, 97105-900, Camobi, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Diego DA Costa
- Veterinery Hospital of Passo Fundo, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, 99052-630, São José, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Michelli Westphal DE Ataide
- Department of Small Animal Clinics, Center of Rural Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000, 97105-900, Camobi, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.,Veterinery Hospital of Passo Fundo, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, 99052-630, São José, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Allana Valau Moreira
- Veterinery Hospital of Passo Fundo, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, 99052-630, São José, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Pedrotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinics, Center of Rural Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000, 97105-900, Camobi, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Francisco Schulz JÚnior
- Veterinery Hospital of Passo Fundo, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, 99052-630, São José, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Schmitz Nhoato
- Veterinery Hospital of Passo Fundo, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, 99052-630, São José, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Renan Alves Stadler
- Gramado Zoo, RS 115, 95670-000, Várzea Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Veloso Brun
- Department of Small Animal Clinics, Center of Rural Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000, 97105-900, Camobi, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
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Hatt JM, Kummrow M, Wenger S, Clauss M. Orchiectomy in Testudo species: technical aspects and effect on courtship behaviour. Vet Rec 2019; 184:555. [PMID: 30878949 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Courtship behaviour of tortoises includes biting, ramming, chasing, same-sex sexual behaviour, and it commonly is excessive in European tortoise species kept as pets. As a result, males are kept individually. To assess the effect of orchiectomy on excessive courtship behaviour in European tortoises, 50 tortoises (Testudo graeca , T hermanni and T marginata ) underwent endoscopically assisted orchiectomy from April through September 2013 to 2017. Statistical analyses were performed in relation to species, body mass, testicular size and season and owners were invited to fill out a follow-up questionnaire. Body mass of the tortoises ranged from 334 to 2645 g (mean 1056 g) and the age from 5 to estimated 60 years. Testicular length ranged from 1.4 to 7.0 cm (mean 2.7 cm) and testicular mass from 0.6 to 12.6 g (mean 3.9 g). A complete or partial reduction (allowing group-housing) of the excessive courtship behaviour was noted by 95 per cent of owners and 59 per cent of the owners reported a noticeable change of behaviour within a month of surgery. Given the seasonal variation in testicular size, the best period for castrations in male European tortoises is shortly after brumation (April, May), when testes are proportionally smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maya Kummrow
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Proença LM, Divers SJ. Coelioscopic and Endoscope-Assisted Sterilization of Chelonians. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 18:555-70. [PMID: 26336003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elective sterilization is a safe and well-established surgical procedure performed in dogs and cats worldwide. Conversely, chelonian sterilization has been mostly performed therapeutically, because of the intricate anatomy and difficult access to the reproductive organs, and consequently, reproductive problems and diseases remain common. With the advance of veterinary endoscopy, novel techniques of soft tissue prefemoral coelioscopic and endoscope-assisted sterilization have been published, and preventative chelonian sterilization is now a reality. Nevertheless, extrapolations between species should be carefully considered, and further studies are warranted. This article summarizes and describes the current coelioscopic and coelioscope-assisted sterilization techniques for chelonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M Proença
- VCA Animal Hospitals, 12401 West Olympic Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA.
| | - Stephen J Divers
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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