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Borriello G, Valentini F, Cagnotti G, Capucchio MT, Ferrini S, Zoppi S, D'Angelo A, Bellino C. Assessing lung consolidation in goats using different ultrasonographic techniques. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10458-1. [PMID: 38958816 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Goats are often affected by respiratory diseases and, despite ultrasonography can assess lung consolidations in several species, it is rarely used in these animals. So, this study evaluated the effectiveness of on-farm lung ultrasonography in detecting lung consolidations on 27 goats. The goats, scheduled for slaughter, underwent complete clinical examinations and lung ultrasonography. For the latter, both sides of the thorax were divided in four quadrants and examined using convex and linear probes before and after shaving the hair. Each quadrant was classified based on presence/absence of lung consolidation and maximum consolidation's depth (4-point scale: 0 healthy; 1 depth < 1 cm; 2 depth < 3 cm; 3 depth > 3 cm). The lungs were examined at necropsy, 66% of goats exhibited lung consolidations and sensitivity (83%-89%), specificity (100%), and κ coefficient values (0.67-0.72) were high with all techniques. An higher (p ≤ 0.01) percentage of class 1 lesions were found at necropsy compared to all the ultrasonographic techniques. All the ultrasonographic techniques effectively detected lung consolidation deeper than 1 cm. So, ultrasonography seems an effective tool for lung examination in goats with chronic pneumonia. The examination using the linear or the convex probes without shaving the hair could be a promising tool for the on-field diagnosis of pneumonia, although further research on larger sample sizes are necessary to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Borriello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Valentini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Turin, Italy
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Crilly JP. How useful is transthoracic ultrasonography for detecting ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in sheep? Vet Rec 2022; 191:119-121. [PMID: 35929713 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cousens C, Ewing DA, McKendrick IJ, Todd H, Dagleish MP, Scott PR. Efficacy of high-throughput transthoracic ultrasonographic screening for on-farm detection of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1797. [PMID: 35788936 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high-throughput on-farm transthoracic ultrasound (TUS) to screen for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), an infectious ovine disease of increasing concern. No other routine diagnosis of preclinical OPA is available, or any vaccine or treatment. METHODS More than 80,000 rapid TUS scans were applied on farms with a history of OPA. The TUS results from a convenience sample of 171 TUS-negative and 269 TUS-positive sheep were compared with postmortem histology/immunohistochemistry results, the 'gold standard' reference test for OPA diagnosis. These results, together with new data on within-flock prevalence, allowed estimation of the efficacy of rapid TUS screening to identify OPA (defined as tumours of larger than 1 cm) on-farm. RESULTS The TUS screening had an estimated specificity of 0.998 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.998-0.999) and an estimated sensitivity of between 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72-0.79) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97-0.99) depending on the presumed false-negative rate applied to the calculation. CONCLUSION High-throughput TUS should be considered for screening to identify individual sheep with OPA and has potential application to indicate flocks at low risk of OPA. However, lower efficacy is likely if conducted by less experienced persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Ewing
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iain J McKendrick
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Todd
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip R Scott
- Capital Veterinary Services, West Latchfields, Haddington, UK
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Davies P, Strugnell B, Waine K, Wessels M, Cousens C, Willison I. To scan or not to scan? Efficacy of transthoracic ultrasonography for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma screening in a large commercial UK sheep flock. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1578. [PMID: 35347736 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transthoracic ultrasonography (TTUS) is currently the only widely used method to diagnose preclinical or subclinical ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in the live sheep. However, little is known about the test characteristics of TTUS. METHODS One thousand and seventy-four breeding ewes in a flock with evidence of low OPA prevalence underwent TTUS by an experienced operator. Fifty-one sheep were diagnosed with OPA and underwent gross postmortem examination (PME). RESULTS Lesions consistent with OPA were found in only 24% (12/51) of the culled ewes. Thirty-five percent (18/51) of culled ewes had gross lesions consistent with other pulmonary disease and 41% (21/51) had no detectable gross lesions on PME. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed OPA in only the 12 animals identified with OPA lesions from PME. CONCLUSION Great caution should be exercised when deciding if TTUS is an appropriate screening test in groups of sheep where OPA prevalence may be anticipated to be low. TTUS is a subjective test and thus individual operator ability will influence the sensitivity and specificity of TTUS for OPA diagnosis while the underlying prevalence influences the eventual positive predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peers Davies
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, February 2022. Vet Rec 2022; 190:187-191. [PMID: 35244238 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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González-Fernández E, Staderini M, Marland JRK, Gray ME, Uçar A, Dunare C, Blair EO, Sullivan P, Tsiamis A, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Smith S, Terry JG, Argyle DJ, Walton AJ, Mount AR, Bradley M, Murray AF. In vivo application of an implantable tri-anchored methylene blue-based electrochemical pH sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113728. [PMID: 34763151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of robust implantable sensors is important in the successful advancement of personalised medicine as they have the potential to provide in situ real-time data regarding the status of health and disease and the effectiveness of treatment. Tissue pH is a key physiological parameter and herein, we report the design, fabrication, functionalisation, encapsulation and protection of a miniaturised, self-contained, electrochemical pH sensor system and characterisation of sensor performance. Notably for the first time in this environment the pH sensor was based on a methylene blue redox reporter which showed remarkable robustness, accuracy and sensitivity. This was achieved by encapsulation of a self-assembled monolayer containing methylene blue entrapped within a Nafion layer. Another powerful feature was the incorporation, within the same implanted device, of a fabricated on-chip Ag/AgCl reference electrode - vital in any electrochemical sensor, but often ignored. When utilised in vivo, the sensor allowed accurate tracking of externally induced pH changes within a naturally occurring ovine lung cancer model, and correlated well with single point laboratory measurements made on extracted arterial blood, whilst enabling in vivo time-dependent measurements. The sensors functioned robustly whilst implanted, and maintained in vitro function once extracted and together, these results demonstrate proof-of-concept of the ability to sense real-time intratumoral tissue pH changes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva González-Fernández
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Matteo Staderini
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jamie R K Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Mark E Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ahmet Uçar
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK; School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Camelia Dunare
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Ewen O Blair
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Andreas Tsiamis
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Stephen N Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stewart Smith
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Jonathan G Terry
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - David J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anthony J Walton
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Andrew R Mount
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Alan F Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK.
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Neoplasia-Associated Wasting Diseases with Economic Relevance in the Sheep Industry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020381. [PMID: 33546178 PMCID: PMC7913119 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review three neoplastic wasting diseases affecting sheep generally recorded under common production cycles and with epidemiological and economic relevance in sheep-rearing countries: small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA), ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA). SIA is prevalent in Australia and New Zealand but present elsewhere in the world. This neoplasia is a tubular or signet-ring adenocarcinoma mainly located in the middle or distal term of the small intestine. Predisposing factors and aetiology are not known, but genetic factors or environmental carcinogens may be involved. OPA is a contagious lung cancer caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and has been reported in most sheep-rearing countries, resulting in significant economic losses. The disease is clinically characterized by a chronic respiratory process as a consequence of the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is based on the detection of JSRV in the tumour lesion by immunohistochemistry and PCR. In vivo diagnosis may be difficult, mainly in preclinical cases. ENA is a neoplasia of glands of the nasal mucosa and is associated with enzootic nasal tumour virus 1 (ENTV-1), which is similar to JSRV. ENA enzootically occurs in many countries of the world with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. The pathology associated with this neoplasia corresponds with a space occupying lesion histologically characterized as a low-grade adenocarcinoma. The combination of PCR and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis is advised.
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De Las Heras M, Reséndiz RA, González-Sáinz JM, Ortín A. Exogenous Small Ruminant Betaretrovirus Envelope Protein Is Detected in Draining Lymph Nodes in Contagious Respiratory Tumors of Sheep and Goats. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:361-368. [PMID: 33357120 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820980711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Contagious respiratory tumors of sheep and goats are epithelial neoplasms of the lung and nasal cavities. They are associated with oncogenic betaretroviruses known as jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and enzootic nasal tumor retrovirus of sheep and goats. We investigated the presence of the envelope protein (ENV) of these retroviruses in retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes using a specific monoclonal antibody by immunohistochemistry methods, single-labeled or combined with ovine B or T lymphocytes or macrophage cell markers. Samples of lymph nodes, fixed in formalin and zinc fixative, were obtained from paraffin-embedded material. Four groups of samples were used: 24 natural cases of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), 13 of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep (ENAS), 19 of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of goats (ENAG), and 14 control samples. ENV was detected by single labeling in cortical lymphoid follicles. Six of 24 OPA samples were positive and only in those from sheep with extensive neoplasia. Immunolabeling was detected in 5/13 ENAS and 10/19 ENAG samples. Positive labeling was found either in the intercellular spaces, membranes, or cytoplasm of cells in follicles. Control samples were not correspondingly labeled. Double immunohistochemistry demonstrated co-labeling of ENV and CD21 (B cells and follicular dendritic cells) in all samples, CD14 (macrophage) in OPA samples, and Pax-5 (B cells) in ENAG samples, but not with CD8 or CD4 (T lymphocytes). These results demonstrate the presence of betaretrovirus ENV proteins in nontumor cells in regional lymph nodes in sheep and goats with contagious respiratory tumors.
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Marland JR, Gray ME, Dunare C, Blair EO, Tsiamis A, Sullivan P, González-Fernández E, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Parys MM, Dyson A, Singer M, Kunkler IH, Potter MA, Mitra S, Terry JG, Smith S, Mount AR, Underwood I, Walton AJ, Argyle DJ, Murray AF. Real-time measurement of tumour hypoxia using an implantable microfabricated oxygen sensor. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Gray ME, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Meehan J, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. A Novel Translational Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Model for Human Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:534. [PMID: 31316911 PMCID: PMC6611418 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cell line and in vivo murine models have historically dominated pre-clinical cancer research. These models can be expensive and time consuming and lead to only a small percentage of anti-cancer drugs gaining a license for human use. Large animal models that reflect human disease have high translational value; these can be used to overcome current pre-clinical research limitations through the integration of drug development techniques with surgical procedures and anesthetic protocols, along with emerging fields such as implantable medical devices. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally-occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease has similar histological classification and oncogenic pathway activation to that of human lung adenocarcinomas making it a valuable model for studying human lung cancer. Developing OPA models to include techniques used in the treatment of human lung cancer would enhance its translational potential, making it an excellent research tool in assessing cancer therapeutics. In this study we developed a novel OPA model to validate the ability of miniaturized implantable O2 and pH sensors to monitor the tumor microenvironment. Naturally-occurring pre-clinical OPA cases were obtained through an on-farm ultrasound screening programme. Sensors were implanted into OPA tumors of anesthetized sheep using a CT-guided trans-thoracic percutaneous implantation procedure. This study reports the findings from 9 sheep that received sensor implantations. Time taken from initial CT scans to the placement of a single sensor into an OPA tumor was 45 ± 5 min, with all implantations resulting in the successful delivery of sensors into tumors. Immediate post-implantation mild pneumothoraces occurred in 4 sheep, which was successfully managed in all cases. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of the use of naturally-occurring OPA cases as a pre-clinical surgical model. Through the integration of techniques used in the treatment of human lung cancer patients, including ultrasound, general anesthesia, CT and surgery into the OPA model, we have demonstrated its translational potential. Although our research was tailored specifically for the implantation of sensors into lung tumors, we believe the model could also be developed for other pre-clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R K Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gray ME, Meehan J, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Ward C, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Model to Improve Lung Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31106157 PMCID: PMC6498990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major worldwide health concern; although advances in patient management have improved outcomes for some patients, overall 5-year survival rates are only around 15%. In vitro studies and mouse models are commonly used to study lung cancer and their use has increased the molecular understanding of the disease. Unfortunately, mouse models are poor predictors of clinical outcome and seldom mimic advanced stages of the human disease. Animal models that more accurately reflect human disease are required for progress to be made in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. Similarities in pulmonary anatomy and physiology potentially make sheep better models for studying human lung function and disease. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease is endemic in many countries throughout the world and has several features in common with human lung adenocarcinomas, including histological classification and activation of common cellular signaling pathways. Here we discuss the in vivo and in vitro OPA models that are currently available and describe the advantages of using pre-clinical naturally occurring OPA cases as a translational animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. The challenges and options for obtaining these OPA cases for research purposes, along with their use in developing novel techniques for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in response to treatment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. K. Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Scott PR, Dagleish MP, Cousens C. Development of superficial lung lesions monitored on farm by serial ultrasonographic examination in sheep with lesions confirmed as ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma at necropsy. Ir Vet J 2018; 71:23. [PMID: 30450192 PMCID: PMC6219085 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-018-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This ultrasonographic study monitored lesions involving the lung surface suspected to be the early stages of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) tumours over 4 months in commercially farmed sheep. The enlargement of these lesions defined ultrasonographically, which likely represent the development of OPA tumours, have important implications for ultrasound screening schedules in veterinary management plans attempting to eliminate OPA by test-and-cull. Results The lungs of 58 adult Scottish Blackface sheep with ultrasonographic changes at the lung surface consistent with early OPA tumours were examined two to six times over 40 to 290 days. Lesion development, represented in early video recordings by 2–3 mm lesions involving the visceral pleural and comet tails, then a decreasing length of the hyperechoic line representing the normal visceral pleura and increasing depth of the sharply-demarcated and largely uniform hypoechoic areas into the lung parenchyma, was found in 26 of the 58 sheep. The rate at which the sonographic lesions progressed varied considerably and in 10 of 17 Group 1 sheep developed quickly from an estimated depth of 2–30 mm up to 70 mm between 60 and 120 days later. These sonographic lesions were confirmed as OPA at necropsy; histological changes of concurrent bacterial infection were detected in one of these 10 Group 1 sheep. Thirty-one sheep had sonographic changes ≤30 mm consistent with very early OPA at the first examination which had reduced or were not observed at subsequent examination. Five of these 31 sheep were necropsied, 3 had small OPA lesions while 2 had no significant pathology. Conclusion Lesions involving the visceral pleura, with sonographic changes consistent with previous published findings of early OPA, developed over 40–120 days to large masses in 10 of 17 Group 1 sheep with the provisional sonographic diagnosis confirmed histologically at necropsy. While it is possible that atalectic lung could have caused some of the minor sonographic changes there was no microscopic evidence of pathologies other than OPA in nine of 10 Group 1 sheep. We conclude that some small tumours progress to large tumours within 3 months questioning the assumption that OPA is a slow growing tumour in adult sheep taking several years to cause clinical disease. The findings that a proportion of small ultrasonographic lesions are not found again at subsequent scanning illustrates the challenges of interpreting small (< 1–2 cm) lesions during rapid whole flock ultrasonographic examination and we continue to recommend re-scanning suspicious sonographic changes 2 months later. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13620-018-0134-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Scott
- Capital Veterinary Services, West Latchfields, Scotland, EH41 4JN UK
| | - M P Dagleish
- 2Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Scotland, Penicuik EH26 0PZ UK
| | - C Cousens
- 2Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Scotland, Penicuik EH26 0PZ UK
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Lee AM, Wolfe A, Cassidy JP, McV Messam LL, Moriarty JP, O'Neill R, Fahy C, Connaghan E, Cousens C, Dagleish MP, McElroy MC. First confirmation by PCR of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in Ireland and prevalence of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in adult sheep at slaughter. Ir Vet J 2017; 70:33. [PMID: 29270288 PMCID: PMC5735933 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is characterised by the development of invariably fatal lung tumours primarily in adult sheep. High infection rates and disease prevalence can develop during initial infection of flocks, leading to on-farm economic losses and animal welfare issues in sheep with advanced disease. The disease has been reported in Ireland and is notifiable, but the presence of JSRV has never been confirmed using molecular methods in this country. Additionally, due to the difficulties in ante-mortem diagnosis (especially of latently-infected animals, or those in the very early stages of disease), accurate information regarding national prevalence and distribution is unavailable. This study aimed to confirm the presence of JSRV in Ireland and to obtain estimates regarding prevalence and distribution by means of an abattoir survey utilising gross examination, histopathology, JSRV-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and SU protein specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine the lungs of adult sheep. Results Lungs from 1911 adult sheep were examined macroscopically in the abattoir and 369 were removed for further testing due to the presence of gross lesions of any kind. All 369 were subject to histopathology and RT-PCR, and 46 to IHC. Thirty-one lungs (31/1911, 1.6%) were positive for JSRV by RT-PCR and/or IHC but only ten cases of OPA were confirmed (10/1911, 0.5%) Four lung tumours not associated with JSRV were also identified. JSRV-positive sheep tended to cluster within the same flocks, and JSRV-positive sheep were identified in the counties of Donegal, Kerry, Kilkenny, Offaly, Tipperary, Waterford and Wicklow. Conclusions The presence of JSRV has been confirmed in the Republic of Ireland for the first time using molecular methods (PCR) and IHC. In addition, an estimate of OPA prevalence in sheep at slaughter and information regarding distribution of JSRV infection has been obtained. The prevalence estimate appears similar to that of the United Kingdom (UK). Results also indicate that the virus has a diverse geographical distribution throughout Ireland. These data highlights the need for further research to establish national control and monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Marie Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Locksley L McV Messam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - John P Moriarty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Ronan O'Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Claire Fahy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Emily Connaghan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Maire C McElroy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, June 2017. Vet Rec 2017; 181:11-15. [PMID: 28667139 DOI: 10.1136/vr.j3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Current and emerging issues: update on Schmallenberg virusHighlights from the scanning surveillance networkUpdate on international disease threatsFocus on recognising clinical avian botulism in wild waterbirdsThese are among matters discussed in the Animal and Plant Health Agency's (APHA's) disease surveillance report for June 2017.
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Dudek K, Lutnicki K, Bednarek D, Marczuk J, Kycko A, Reichert M. Changes in blood parameters induced by experimental jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infection. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the changes of blood parameters in 12 three-week-old Polish Merino sheep subjected to experimental jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection.
Material and Methods: Haematological (WBC with leukocyte subpopulations: GRA, LYM, MID, and RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, HGB, HCT, PLT, and MPV) and biochemical blood parameters (acid/base balance, cation/anion content, and gasometry) were determined in blood samples collected one month after JSRV infection, then at four-week intervals for five consecutive months.
Results: A decrease in RBC, HCT, MCV, PLT, MPV, and LYM values in comparison with controls was found in the last month of observation. On the other hand, at the same time, an increase in HGB, MCH, MCHC, WBC, MID, and GRA indices was observed. Moreover, at the end of experiment blood gasometric indices such as pCO2, HCO3, and tCO2, and Na and K ion concentrations were higher in the affected lambs than in the healthy animals. The pH values of the challenged animals exhibited less alkaline character than in the case of controls, which was associated with a decrease in O2% saturation. However, the majority of differences between JSRV inoculated and control groups was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The observed changes in the examined blood parameters can be considered as prodromal symptoms in the preclinical phase of adenocarcinoma development associated with JSRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lutnicki
- Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bednarek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan Marczuk
- Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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