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Canright A, Bescoby S, Dickson J. Evaluation of a 3D Computer Model of the Equine Paranasal Sinuses as a Tool for Veterinary Anatomy Education. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 50:234-242. [PMID: 35324419 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of anatomical systems is vital for clinical veterinary practice. However, students often find it difficult to transfer skills learned from textbooks to real-life practice. In this study, a three-dimensional computer model representing equine paranasal sinus anatomy (3D-ESM) was created and evaluated for its contribution to student understanding of the 3D dynamic nature of the system. Veterinary students and equine professionals at the University of Bristol were randomly allocated into experimental (3D model) and control (2D lecture) groups. A pre-/post-study design was used to evaluate the efficacy of the 3D model through a pre-/post-multiple-choice question (MCQ) anatomical knowledge exam and a pre-/post-questionnaire gathering information on participant demographics, confidence, and satisfaction. No statistically significant difference was found between 3D and 2D groups' post-MCQ exam scores (t39 = 1.289, p = .205). 3D group participant feedback was more positive than 2D group feedback, and 3D group satisfaction scores on Likert questions were significantly higher (t118 = -5.196, p < .001). Additionally, confidence scores were significantly higher in the 3D group than in the 2D group immediately following the study (p < .05). Participants' open-text responses indicated they found the 3D model helpful in learning the complex anatomy of the equine paranasal sinuses. Findings suggest the 3D-ESM is an effective educational tool that aids in confidence, enjoyment, and knowledge acquisition. Though it was not better than traditional methods in terms of anatomy knowledge exam scores, the model is a valuable inclusion into the veterinary anatomy curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie Dickson
- University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
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Kutara K, Ono T, Hisaeda K, Inoue Y, Henmi C, Sho K, Ohnishi A, Ohzawa E, Une Y, Iwata E, Shibano K, Asanuma T, Kitagawa H. An anatomical study of the skull, the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae and paranasal sinuses in normal Noma horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:624-632. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Tetsushi Ono
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Yoichi Inoue
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Chizuka Henmi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kadekaru Sho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohnishi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Emi Ohzawa
- Noma Horse Preservation Society 8 Noma Imabari Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Eri Iwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Taketoshi Asanuma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
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Köhler L, Schulz-Kornas E, Vervuert I, Gittel C, Winter K, Berner D, Gerlach K. Volumetric measurements of paranasal sinuses and examination of sinonasal communication in healthy Shetland ponies: anatomical and morphometric characteristics using computed tomography. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:41. [PMID: 33478485 PMCID: PMC7818571 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite clinical importance and frequent occurrence of sinus disease, little is known about the size of paranasal sinuses and their communication in ponies and small horses. To examine the shape and volume of the paranasal sinuses and evaluate the sinonasal communication, three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) datasets of 12 healthy adult Shetland ponies were performed and analysed. Linear measurements of head length and width were taken. Using semi-automatic segmentation, 3D-models of all sinus compartments were created. Volumetric measurement of the seven sinus compartments were conducted and statistical analysis was performed. Sinus volumes were compared between the left and right sinuses and the relation to age and head size was evaluated. Results Structure and shape of the paranasal sinus system in Shetland ponies was similar to that of large horses. All seven sinus compartments on each side of the head were identified (rostral maxillary sinus, ventral conchal sinus, caudal maxillary sinus, dorsal conchal sinus, middle conchal sinus, frontal sinus, sphenopalatine sinus). The existence of a bilateral cranial and a caudal system formed by a maxillary septum was visible in all 12 individuals. The volumetric sizes of the left and right sinuses did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). A positive correlation between the size of the paranasal sinuses and the head length was shown. A relation between sinus volumes and age could not be proved in adult ponies aged > six years. Communication between single sinus compartments was identified. Furthermore, communication with the nasal cavity over the nasomaxillary aperture (Apertura nasomaxillaris) and a common sinonasal channel (Canalis sinunasalis communis) as well as its splitting up into a rostral and a caudolateral channel could be seen. Examination of the sinonasal communication was challenging and only a descriptive evaluation was possible. Conclusions Our findings concerning the size, shape and volumetric dimensions of Shetland pony CT images could help improve CT interpretation of abnormal clinical cases as well as aiding clinicians to develop and select appropriate instruments for medical inspection and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Köhler
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ellen Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Weizmann Centre for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology (MPWC), Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Endodontics and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, (IAND), , An den Tierkliniken 9, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gittel
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Queens Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Berner
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Leipzig, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Gerlach K, Vervuert I, Gittel C, Köhler L, Schmidt N, Winter K, Berner D, Troillet A, Schulz-Kornas E. An anatomical study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae and middle nasal conchae in normal Shetland ponies: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:431-438. [PMID: 33331012 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine paranasal sinuses are susceptible to inflammation. Insufficient drainage through the nasal passages and meatus may lead to the accumulation of inspissated purulent discharge. Particularly in ponies, these anatomical structures are suspected to be relatively small. To date, there are no reports considering the morphology of nasal conchal bullae in small horse breeds such as Shetland ponies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the size of the conchal bullae and the medial nasal conchae of Shetland ponies and their relation to the skull dimension using computed tomography. Reconstructed images of healthy adult heads of Shetland ponies were used. Linear skull measurements as well as two cranial indices of the head dimensions were taken. Length, width and height of the dorsal and ventral conchal bullae and the medial nasal conchae were measured in relation to the skull and compared with the data of skulls of large breed horses. The anatomical proportions of pony heads were characterized by a smaller cranial index and a greater nasal index than those of large breed horses. Shetland ponies showed a longer cranial length compared with the nasal length. Heads are consistently smaller, and the relationship of the bullae to the head length was also smaller than those measured in large breed horses. A negative correlation between the head and bullae size was found. In conclusion, this study suggests that Shetland ponies have distinguishing proportions of the head. These findings are relevant for clinical examination and surgical treatment of equine sinus disease in those breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics (IAND), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gittel
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Lisa Köhler
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nane Schmidt
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Berner
- Royal Veterinary College, Equine Referral Hospital, University of London, London, UK
| | - Antonia Troillet
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ellen Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology (MPWC), Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Pouyet M, Bonilla A. Extra‐nasal approach to access the dorsal and ventral conchal bullae in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pouyet
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal Saint‐Hyacinthe Québec Canada
| | - A.G. Bonilla
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal Saint‐Hyacinthe Québec Canada
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Abstract
The nasal conchal bullae (dorsal and ventral) are separate, air-filled structures within their respective dorsal and ventral nasal conchae. Computed tomography scans have assisted with the increasing diagnosis of empyema of the nasal conchae. This condition is usually associated with dental or sinus disease. Drainage of affected bullae is considered critical for resolution of clinical signs. The ventral conchal bullae can be easily viewed with a standard 10 mm diameter flexible endoscopy via the middle nasal meatus. This approach can also be used for fenestration of the bullae, using a diode laser, equine laryngeal forceps, or bipolar vessel sealing device.
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Pigott J. Equine Sinus Surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:613-639. [PMID: 33067095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of the equine paranasal sinuses is critical to understand to assess the extent of the disease process, the optimal surgical approach, and the ability to drain through the normal nasomaxillary pathway. By following established anatomic landmarks, direct sinus access can be used to further explore the sinus compartments, remove compromised cheek teeth, remove any purulent debris or feed contamination, and establish drainage. Many complications can be avoided or minimized by thoroughly evaluating all sinus compartments and critically assessing the ability of the sinus to drain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pigott
- Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, 111 Plainfield Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003, USA.
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Schwieder A, Pfarrer C, Ohnesorge B, Staszyk C, Bienert-Zeit A. Comparative studies on the histological characteristics of equine nasomaxillary aperture and paranasal sinus mucosa considering topographic and age-related differences. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:34. [PMID: 32576268 PMCID: PMC7310435 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Horses may acquire a range of paranasal sinus diseases. Clinical studies show slight differences regarding anatomical regions and age. Histopathological examination of tissue samples could play an important role in the diagnostic process. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the histological appearance of the paranasal sinus mucosa (PSM) and the nasomaxillary aperture mucosa (NAM) is essential. The objective of this study was to determine topographic and age-related differences within the healthy equine PSM. In addition, we aimed to gain detailed knowledge of the histological appearance of the NAM in comparison to the PSM. Results The PSM had an average height of 75.72 ± 44.48 μm with a two-row pseudostratified columnar epithelium of 13.52 ± 4.78 μm. The parameters mucosal height, epithelial height and number of goblet cells revealed significant dependency of the sample site and age group. The maxillary and dorsal conchal sinus showed the highest values for these parameters. In terms of age, younger horses showed a significantly higher total mucosal height in contrast to a significantly lower epithelial height than older horses. Positive correlation was seen between the epithelial height and number of goblet cells. The NAM had an average height of 820.27 ± 653.21 μm. Its pseudostratified epithelium was usually arranged in three rows and had an average height of 44.9 ± 12.78 μm. The number of goblet cells in the NAM was five times higher than in the PSM. Serous glands were found in only 4% of the PSM samples and 100% of the NAM samples. Conclusions There are significant histological differences between different paranasal sinus sites and between different groups of age. This may be related to an altered susceptibility for certain pathologies. The striking difference in the histological appearance of the NAM compared to the PSM could be due to an enhanced role in mucociliary clearance. Further studies are necessary to improve the understanding of mucosal function in specific paranasal sinus compartments and mucosal changes generated by different diseases.
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IDENTIFICATION OF A NASOCONCHAL PARANASAL SINUS IN THE WHITE RHINOCEROS ( CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 49:444-449. [PMID: 29900774 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0185.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African rhinoceros are poached for their horns using indiscriminate and aggressive methods. Rhinoceros that survive these attacks often have severe facial trauma, and treatment is limited by a lack of understanding and published information of the normal anatomy. This study was performed to investigate and describe the anatomy of the most commonly injured area of the head of the white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum). Two white rhinoceros cadaver heads were imaged by computed tomography and grossly dissected. A combined dorsal conchal sinus and nasal sinus (named the nasoconchal sinus) was identified and confirmed to be readily exposed by horn removal. The nasoconchal sinus communicates via a relatively large opening with the middle nasal meatus of the nasal cavity. Awareness of the combined sinus space and its single communicating pathway will assist with accurate assessment and treatment of trauma to the dorsal facial region of the white rhinoceros.
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Bach FS, Böhler A, Schieder K, Handschuh S, Simhofer H. Surgical enlargement of the nasomaxillary aperture and transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus: Two surgical techniques to improve sinus drainage in horses. Vet Surg 2019; 48:1019-1031. [PMID: 30968454 PMCID: PMC6767416 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate 2 surgical techniques for establishing and/or improving paranasal sinus drainage in cadaver heads and horses with sinusitis and evaluate the feasibility of postoperative transnasal sinus endoscopy. Study design Ex vivo study (equine cadaver heads) and case series. Sample population Nine adult equine cadaver heads and 8 horses with recurrent sinusitis. Methods For the ex vivo study, the following procedures were performed on 9 cadaver heads: preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (heads 1–6), endoscopy‐guided transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus (TCVCS) and surgical enlargement of the nasomaxillary aperture (SENMAP) on opposite sides (heads 1–3), combined TCVCS and SENMAP on both sides (heads 4–9), evaluation of sinus drainage before and after surgery (heads 7–9), and postoperative transnasal endoscopy (heads 4–9). For the case series, 8 horses with secondary sinusitis were treated in standing position with SENMAP and/or TCVCS and postoperative transnasal endoscopy. Results Sinonasal communications were successfully created in all cadavers and affected live horses. Transnasal endoscopy of all sinuses except the middle conchal sinus was possible in heads 4–9 and in all clinical cases. Sinus drainage was improved (P = .028) by combining techniques. Blood loss in live horses ranged from 0.5–5.5 L (1.95 ± 1.5) per horse. Sinusitis resolved in all affected horses during follow‐up of 3.2–25.5 months (13.5 ± 8.5). Conclusion Transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus and SENMAP consistently created large sinonasal communications, facilitating sinus endoscopy and improving sinus drainage. Clinical significance Transnasal conchotomy of the ventral conchal sinus and SENMAP are viable options to treat horses with sinusitis and anatomical obstructions of the sinonasal communications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Böhler
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Schieder
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Simhofer
- Equine University Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Giavitto AE, Barakzai SZ. Radiographic identification of the equine dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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