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Hubbell JAE, Muir WW, Gorenberg E, Hopster K. A review of equine anesthetic induction: Are all equine anesthetic inductions "crash" inductions? J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105130. [PMID: 38879096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Horses are the most challenging of the common companion animals to anesthetize. Induction of anesthesia in the horse is complicated by the fact that it is accompanied by a transition from a conscious standing position to uncconconscious recumbency. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on induction of anesthesia with a focus on the behavioral and physiologic/pharmacodynamic responses and the actions and interactions of the drugs administered to induce anesthesia in the healthy adult horse with the goal of increasing consistency and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William W Muir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emma Gorenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Klaus Hopster
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Liu L, Abouelfetouh MM, Salah E, Sun R, Nan S, Ding M, Ding Y. Determination of the Minimum Infusion Rate of Alfaxalone Combined with Electroacupuncture in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102989. [PMID: 34680008 PMCID: PMC8532749 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Goats have been used as animal models in research and are increasingly kept as pets like dogs and cats. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is increasingly used in companion animals. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been proven to produce analgesia, therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EA on alfaxalone-based TIVA in goats. In this current study, the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of alfaxalone was determined in a combination with EA. The findings found that EA reduces the alfaxalone MIR required to prevent purposeful movement of the extremities in response to standardized noxious. In conclusion, EA provided analgesia, reduced the MIR of alfaxalone-based IV anesthesia, and thereby alleviated the adverse cardiorespiratory effects associated with alfaxalone anesthesia in goats. Abstract Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is increasingly used in companion animals. The effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on alfaxalone-based TIVA has not been previously reported in goats. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of alfaxalone required to prevent purposeful movement of the extremities in response to standardized noxious stimulation during its combination with EA in goats. Twelve clinically healthy goats weighing 18.5 ± 2 kg were randomly assigned to two groups (six goats/group). Alfaxalone alone (ALF group) and alfaxalone combined with EA (EA-ALF group). In the EA-ALF, alfaxalone was administered 30 min after EA stimulation. For induction of anesthesia, a bolus of alfaxalone was given at 3 mg/kg IV, and an infusion dose of 9.6 mg/kg/h was initially set for maintenance. The MIR of alfaxalone in both groups was determined by testing for responses to stimulation (clamping on a digit with Vulsellum forceps) at 10-min intervals after induction of anesthesia till the entire period of the experiment. Cardiopulmonary parameters and nociceptive threshold were measured throughout anesthesia. The median alfaxalone MIR was significantly lower in the EA-ALF group than the ALF group [9 (4.8–9.6) and 12 (11.4–18)], respectively; p = 0.0035). In the ALF group, goats anesthetized with MIR showed a significant increase in heart rate and cardiac output (p < 0.0001 and 0.0312, respectively), and decrease in respiratory rate (p < 0.0001), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (p = 0.0081), and rectal temperature (p = 0.0046) compared with those in the EA-ALF. Additionally, goats in the EA-ALF showed a higher nociceptive threshold than those in the ALF group (p < 0.0001). EA provided analgesia, reduced the MIR of alfaxalone-based IV anesthesia and thereby alleviated the adverse cardiorespiratory effects associated with alfaxalone anesthesia in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (M.M.A.); (E.S.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mahmoud M. Abouelfetouh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (M.M.A.); (E.S.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Eman Salah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (M.M.A.); (E.S.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Rui Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (M.M.A.); (E.S.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Sha Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (M.M.A.); (E.S.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (M.M.A.); (E.S.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (M.M.A.); (E.S.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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