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Ni A, Li Y, Isa AM, Wang P, Shi L, Fan J, Ge P, Jiang L, Sun Y, Ma H, Chen J. Prevalence Study of Trichomonas gallinae in Domestic Pigeons in Northeastern Beijing and Experimental Model of Trichomoniasis in White King Squabs Measuring In Situ Apoptosis and Immune Factors in Crop and Esophagus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1869. [PMID: 38997981 PMCID: PMC11240329 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) is a flagellated protozoan and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, or canker, in birds. In the current study, the prevalence of T. gallinae was firstly investigated in five breeds. According to the results of the prevalence study, White King pigeons were selected as the experimental animals. A total of 135 White King squabs at one day of age were randomly divided into two groups and raised in separate isolators. The challenged group (N = 100) was challenged intranasally with 5 × 106 parasites/mL of the T. gallinae strain, and the control group (N = 35) was intranasally administered medium of equivalent volume. At 1, 2, 3 and 5 days post infection (DPIs), the crops and esophagi were collected for RNA extraction and formaldehyde fixation. The results showed that prevalence of T. gallinae in the five breeds ranged from 27.13% (White Carneau) to 43.14% (White King). After the challenge, mild microscopic lesions were observed in both tissues. Apoptosis rates were higher in the challenged group than in the control group at 2 and 5 DPIs in the crop and at 1, 2 and 7 DPIs in the esophagus. For both tissues, relative expression of IL-1β increased dramatically at the beginning and decreased at 5 DPIs, and TGF-β increased stably in the challenged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Adamu Mani Isa
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Panlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pingzhuang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Martínez JPH, de Giacometi M, de Mello AB, Martins KR, Cunha RC, Soares MP, Oliveira CB, França RT. First reported case of Trichomonas gallinae infection in red-breasted toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus). Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100962. [PMID: 38199700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the infection and diagnosis of the protozoan morphologic complex Trichomonas gallinae in a baby red-breasted toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus). Nodular lesions on the soft palate and edema in the oral cavity were observed macroscopically. Microscopically, a granuloma with multiple layers of necrosis interspersed with inflammatory polymorphonuclear infiltrates was observed. Parasitism was confirmed by parasitological diagnosis, isolation of the flagellates in culture medium, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Flanking internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the sequences were analyzed phylogenetically using MEGA 11 software. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1/5.8S rRNA/ITS2 sequences demonstrated high nucleotide identity with two Trichomonas sequences available in GenBank, which were more closely related to T. vaginalis (99%) than to T. gallinae (98%). In addition to being potential transmitters of this protozoan, rigorous monitoring of infectious and parasitic diseases in wild bird populations is essential for their preservation. The forms of transmission of Trichomonas sp. favor the occurrence of the disease in many non-Columbiformes species, which is essential for the monitoring of this disease in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjorie de Giacometi
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexia Brauner de Mello
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Kaue Rodriguez Martins
- Departament of Medicine Veterinary Preventive, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Casquero Cunha
- Departament of Medicine Veterinary Preventive, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro P Soares
- Departament of Medicine Veterinary Preventive, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Belmonte Oliveira
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Trichomonosis in Austrian Songbirds—Geographic Distribution, Pathological Lesions and Genetic Characterization over Nine Years. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101306. [PMID: 35625152 PMCID: PMC9137778 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early summer of 2012, sudden mass mortality among songbirds, particularly in greenfinches (Chloris chloris, syn: Carduelis chloris) was observed in Austria, which was caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae. This pathogen induced fibrinonecrotic ingluvitis and/or esophagitis, leading to impairment of food intake and ultimately death due to starvation. The pathogen was successfully detected within the lesions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and chromogenic in situ hybridization. The epizootic resulted in a significant decline in the Austrian greenfinch population. Continuing passive surveillance in the subsequent years (2013–2020) revealed that the condition occurred each year and was present in the entire country. Genetic characterization of the pathogen showed the presence of an identical strain irrespective of geographical location, bird species, and year.
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Chavatte JM, Giraud P, Esperet D, Place G, Cavalier F, Landau I. An outbreak of trichomonosis in European greenfinches Chloris chloris and European goldfinches Carduelis carduelis wintering in Northern France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:21. [PMID: 30957740 PMCID: PMC6452646 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian trichomonosis is a common and widespread disease, traditionally affecting columbids and raptors, and recently emerging among finch populations mainly in Europe. Across Europe, finch trichomonosis is caused by a single clonal strain of Trichomonas gallinae and negatively impacts finch populations. Here, we report an outbreak of finch trichomonosis in the wintering populations of Chloris chloris (European greenfinch) and Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch) from the Boulonnais, in northern France. The outbreak was detected and monitored by bird ringers during their wintering bird ringing protocols. A total of 105 records from 12 sites were collected during the first quarter of 2017, with 46 and 59 concerning dead and diseased birds, respectively. Fourteen carcasses from two locations were necropsied and screened for multiple pathogens; the only causative agent identified was T. gallinae. Genetic characterization was performed by four markers (small subunit ribosomal RNA, hydrogenosomal iron-hydrogenase, and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 genes, and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region) and confirmed the T. gallinae strain to be A1, which affects the finch populations of Europe. This was also confirmed by an ITS-based phylogenetic analysis which further illustrated the diversity of the Trichomonas infecting birds. Preliminary data on the survival and dispersion of infected birds were obtained from ring-returns of diseased individuals. The anthropogenic spread of diseases through bird feeding practices is highlighted and some suggestions to prevent pathogen transmission via backyard supplementary feeders for garden birds are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Chavatte
- UMR 7245 MCAM MNHN CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, CP52, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France - Cap-Ornis Baguage, 10 Rue de la Maladrerie, 59181 Steenwerck, France
| | - Philippe Giraud
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse du Pas-de-Calais (LDA 62), 2 Rue du Genévrier, SP18, 62022 Arras Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Esperet
- Laboratoire Labéo Manche, 1352 Avenue de Paris, CS 33608, 50008 Saint-Lô Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Place
- Cap-Ornis Baguage, 10 Rue de la Maladrerie, 59181 Steenwerck, France
| | - François Cavalier
- Cap-Ornis Baguage, 10 Rue de la Maladrerie, 59181 Steenwerck, France
| | - Irène Landau
- UMR 7245 MCAM MNHN CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, CP52, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Madani SA, Arabkhazaeli F, Eram N. TRICHOMONOSIS in a Flock of Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata). J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kunca T, Smejkalova P, Cepicka I. Trichomonosis in Eurasian sparrowhawks in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015. [PMID: 26198549 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kunca
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Smejkalova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Cepicka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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The potential role of oral pH in the persistence of Trichomonas gallinae in Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii). J Wildl Dis 2013; 50:50-5. [PMID: 24171574 DOI: 10.7589/2012-12-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan Trichomonas gallinae, affects a variety of species worldwide including avivorious raptors. Existing information suggests that the disease is most prevalent in young birds, and differential susceptibility to trichomoniasis among individuals in different age groups was documented in Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) nesting in Tucson, Arizona. In that population, 85% of nestling Cooper's Hawks had T. gallinae in their oral cavity, compared to only 1% of breeding-age hawks. Trichomonads generally are sensitive to environmental pH and we explored the possibility that differences in oral pH may contribute to the differential prevalence of infection between age groups. We measured the pH of the fluid in the oral cavity in 375 Cooper's Hawks from three age groups (nestlings, fledglings, and breeding age) in Tucson, Arizona, in 2010 and 2011 and clinically tested for T. gallinae in a subsample of hawks. Oral pH of nestlings (∼ 6.8) was 7.3 times less acidic than in fledgling or breeding Cooper's Hawks (∼ 6.1). The incidence of T. gallinae was higher in nestlings (16%) than in either fledglings or breeding hawks (0%). Our findings indicate that oral pH becomes more acidic in Cooper's Hawks soon after they leave the nest. Trichomonas gallinae thrives when pH is between 6.5 and 7.5 (optimum 7.2), but is less viable in more acidic conditions. Higher levels of acidity in the oral cavity of fledglings and breeding Cooper's Hawks may reduce their susceptibility to trichomoniasis, and play a role in the differential prevalence of infection among age groups.
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Hamodi H. Prevalence and Pathology of Trichomoniasis in Free – Living Urban Pigeons in the City of Mosul, Iraq. Vet World 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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MILLET CORALIEO, CABLE JOANNE, LLOYD DAVID. The Diplomonad Fish Parasite Spironucleus vortens Produces Hydrogen. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2010; 57:400-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Willette M, Ponder J, Cruz-Martinez L, Arent L, Bueno Padilla I, de Francisco ON, Redig P. Management of select bacterial and parasitic conditions of raptors. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2009; 12:491-517, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19732706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Raptors are susceptible to a broad array of established and emerging bacterial and parasitic diseases, including babesiosis, chlamydiosis, clostridiosis, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, malaria, mycobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, trichomoniasis, and pododermatitis. Many of these conditions are opportunistic and can be easily managed or averted with proper preventive measures related to captive management, husbandry and diet, and veterinary care. Once infected, treatment must be prompt, appropriate, and judicious. This article examines the significance, diagnosis, management, and prevention of select bacterial and parasitic pathogens of raptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Willette
- The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Silvanose CD, Samour JH, Naldo JL, Bailey TA. Oro‐pharyngeal protozoa in captive bustards: Clinical and pathological considerations. Avian Pathol 2007; 27:526-30. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pennycott T, Lawson B, Cunningham A, Simpson V, Chantrey J. Necrotic ingluvitis in wild finches. Vet Rec 2005; 157:360. [PMID: 16170010 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.12.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Klaphake
- The University of Tennessee, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, 37996-4544, USA.
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Naldo JL, Samour JH. Radiographic Findings in Captive Falcons in Saudi Arabia. J Avian Med Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1647/2003-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Naldo JL, Samour JH. Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in Falcons in Saudi Arabia. J Avian Med Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1647/2002-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Samour JH, Naldo JL. Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Trichomoniasis in Falcons in Saudi Arabia. J Avian Med Surg 2003. [DOI: 10.1647/2001-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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SAMOUR JAIMEH. Pseudomonas aeruginosaStomatitis as a Sequel to Trichomoniasis in Captive Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug). J Avian Med Surg 2000. [DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742(2000)014[0113:pasaas]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Samour
- Fahad bin Sultan Falcon Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Pennycott TW. Carriage of trichomonads, Hexamita species and Blastocystis species by adult pheasants. Vet Rec 1998; 143:142-3. [PMID: 9725187 DOI: 10.1136/vr.143.5.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T W Pennycott
- Avian Health Unit, SAC Veterinary Services, Auchincruive, Ayr
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