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Santana MDS, Hoppe EGL, Carraro PE, Calchi AC, de Oliveira LB, Bressianini do Amaral R, Mongruel ACB, Machado DMR, Burger KP, Barros-Batestti DM, Machado RZ, André MR. Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks from Brazil, with evidence of putative new genotypes of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and hemoplasmas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2808-e2831. [PMID: 35717607 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate, by molecular techniques, the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae, Bartonellaceae, Rickettsiaceae, Mycoplasmataceae, Coxiellaceae e Babesiidae/Theileriidae agents in blood samples of free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks in southeastern Brazil. For this purpose, 67 blood samples and 265 ticks (264 Amblyomma sculptum and one A. ovale) were analyzed. In the screening for Anaplasmataceae agents by a PCR assay based on the 16S rRNA gene, 5.97% blood samples and 50.54% ticks were positive. In the PCR assay for Ehrlichia spp. based on the dsb gene, 9.24% of ticks were positive. Despite the low occurrence, a possible new 16S rRNA genotype of Anaplasma sp. was detected in a wild boar's blood sample. According to phylogenetic analyses based on the groEL, gltA, sodB genes and ITS (23S-5S rRNA) intergenic region, it was found that A. sculptum and A. ovale ticks collected from wild boars carry Ehrlichia genotypes phylogenetically associated with E. ewingii, E. ruminantium, and new Ehrlichia genotypes previously detected in horses, peccaries, and ticks collected from jaguars. In the screening for hemoplasmas by a qPCR based on the 16S rRNA gene, 88.06% of blood samples and 8.69% of ticks were positive. Mycoplasma suis, M. parvum and a possible new hemoplasma genotype were detected in wild boars in southeastern Brazil. In the screening for Bartonella spp. using a nuoG-based qPCR assay, 3.8% of tick samples were positive. Phylogenetic inferences positioned four nuoG and one r gltA Bartonella sequences into the same clade as Bartonella machadoae. No blood or tick samples from wild boars showed to be positive in the qPCR for Coxiella burnetii based on the IS1111 gene. On the other hand, only 1.6% of ticks was positive in the nested PCR assay for piroplasmids based on the 18S rRNA gene. A 18S rRNA sequence detected in a pool of A. sculptum nymphs was phylogenetically close to Cytauxzoon felis sequences previously detected in cats from the United States. Rickettsia sp. closely related to R. bellii was detected in a pool of A. sculptum nymphs. This is the first report of hemoplasmas, B. machadoae and Cytauxzoon spp. in A. sculptum. Wild boars and associated ticks do not seem to participate in the epidemiological cycle of C. burnetii in the region studied. This invasive mammal species may act as a potential disperser of ticks infected with Ehrlichia spp., Bartonella spp., hemotropic mycoplasmas, and Cytauxzoon, and may bring important epidemiological implications in the transmission of bartonelosis, ehrlichiosis, hemoplasmosis, and cytauxzoonosis to humans and animals, more specifically to horses, rodents, pigs, and cats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Souza Santana
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Carraro
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Calchi
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Laryssa Borges de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Bressianini do Amaral
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Dália Monique Ribeiro Machado
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Paes Burger
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Darci Moraes Barros-Batestti
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences/University State Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Stadler J, Ade J, Hermanns W, Ritzmann M, Wentzel S, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE. Clinical, haematological and pathomorphological findings in Mycoplasma suis infected pigs. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:214. [PMID: 34112157 PMCID: PMC8193878 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma suis (M. suis) belongs to the group of haemotrophic mycoplasmas and is known as the causative agent of infectious anaemia in pigs. In the last few years valuable insights into the mechanism of adhesion and invasion, shedding patterns and cell tropism of M. suis were gained by the use of new molecular techniques. However, details on M. suis induced lesions as well as the distribution of M. suis in different organs are still lacking. Therefore, seven splenectomised pigs were experimentally infected and clinical and laboratory investigations as well as a detailed histopathological examination were performed. Detection and quantification of M. suis DNA in blood and various tissue samples was done using a quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS During the course of experimental infection, periodically occurring signs of infectious anaemia of pigs including severe icteroanaemia, fever, apathy and anorexia were observed. In addition, dermatological manifestations such as haemorrhagic diathesis presenting as petechiae occurred. The most important haematological alterations were normochromic, normocytic anaemia, hypoglycaemia as well as increased bilirubin and urea concentrations. Necropsy revealed predominant evidence of haemolysis with consecutive anaemia, as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation. M. suis was found in all investigated tissues with the highest copy numbers found in the kidneys. In Giemsa stained sections M. suis was only detected red blood cell (RBC)-associated. CONCLUSION In the present study, no RBC independent sequestration of M. suis was detected in organs of experimentally infected pigs. Pathological findings are most likely resulting from haemolysis, consecutive anaemia as well as from disseminated intravascular coagulation and subsequent organ impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Julia Ade
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Wentzel
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Bordin LC, Gava D, Sonalio K, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Zanella JRC, Morés N, de Oliveira LG, Vaz EK. Investigation of hemotropic Mycoplasmas in fetuses and sows with reproductive failure. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 12:100175. [PMID: 33912728 PMCID: PMC8065215 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine eperythrozoonosis or porcine hemoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycoplasma suis and is distributed worldwide. This study investigated the occurrence of porcine hemothropic mycoplasmas (PHMs) in fetuses and sows with reproductive failure. Two hundred and seventy-six samples (80 sows' blood and 196 fetal tissue samples) from 27 farms with reproductive disorders were evaluated. The PHMs DNA was detected in 15 out of 80 (18.7%) sows but it was not detected in the fetuses. The bacterial load ranged from 1.32 × 102 to 2.61 × 105 copies/µL. From the 27 tested herds, 11 (40.7%) showed at least one positive sow per farm. The majority of the reproductive problems observed in PMHs positive sows were stillborn fetuses (46.7%) and stillborn associated with fetal mummification (26.7%). So, we evidenced that porcine hemoplasmas circulate among sows in Brazilian herds, however, its real impact on reproductive problems remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Animal Health Laboratory, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Karina Sonalio
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, FCAV/Unesp, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nelson Morés
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Animal Health Laboratory, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Knackfuss Vaz
- Santa Catarina State University, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Lages, SC, Brazil
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Sonalio K, Perles L, Gatto IRH, do Amaral RB, Almeida HMS, Galdeano JVB, Vieira RFC, André MR, de Oliveira LG. Genetic diversity of emerging hemotropic mycoplasmas in domestic pigs from Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1162-1174. [PMID: 32748550 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis and Mycoplasma parvum bind strongly to erythrocytes and may cause clinical hemoplasmosis in swine, affecting several age groups. Mycoplasma spp. infected animals may be asymptomatic carriers and/or show nonspecific clinical signs. In Brazil, information on genetic diversity associated with porcine hemoplasmas (PH) has not been described yet. Therefore, this study has aimed to detect, quantify and characterize the genetic diversity of PH in finishing pigs from technified farms in the state of Goiás, central-western Brazil. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-blood samples from 450 swine belonging to 30 different farms from Goiás state were collected at the slaughterhouse. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were performed for the molecular detection and quantification of PH 16S rRNA gene fragments. Cloning and sequencing of 16S and 23S rRNA amplicons were performed to evaluate the genetic diversity. Moreover, a questionnaire was applied to each farm manager to obtain epidemiological information about the herd. The results on qPCR showed herd occurrence of 68.89% for PH. Quantification values (starting quantity [SQ]) ranged from 8.43 × 10-1 to 4.69 × 106 copies/µl, and 52.71% of the samples presented SQ values equal or lower than 1 × 103 copies/µl. Risk factors were not evaluated once all farms had at least one positive animal. However, Spearman's coefficient test revealed that the occurrence of PH was inversely associated with the number of farrows per week, weaned piglets per week, and weight at slaughter. Phylogenetic analysis based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods showed that the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene sequences obtained from five samples formed a single cluster closely related to M. parvum. Genotype analysis using DNASP software confirmed seven and four different 16S and 23S rRNA genotypes among the cloned amplicons, indicating that there are several genotypes of M. parvum circulating in individual pigs and among pig farms in central-western Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Lívia Perles
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Renan B do Amaral
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Henrique M S Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marcos R André
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Brissonnier M, Normand V, Lebret A, Moalic PY, Guyomard AS, Bachy V, Berton P, Auvigne V, Bouchet F, Boulbria G. Frequency of infection with Mycoplasma suis in gestating sows using qPCR on ten commercial French herds, and impact of the infection on clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:13. [PMID: 32626596 PMCID: PMC7329402 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Brissonnier
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice - ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Etienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice - ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Etienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal Pontivy, France
| | - Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice - ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Etienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal Pontivy, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Moalic
- Labofarm Finalab Veterinary Laboratory Group, 4 rue Théodore Botrel, 22600 Loudéac, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Guyomard
- Labofarm Finalab Veterinary Laboratory Group, 4 rue Théodore Botrel, 22600 Loudéac, France
| | - Véronique Bachy
- Orbio Finalab Veterinary Group, 12 rue du 35ème regiment d'aviation, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice - ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Etienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal Pontivy, France
| | | | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice - ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Etienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal Pontivy, France
| | - Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice - ZA de Gohélève, rue Joseph et Etienne Montgolfier, 56920 Noyal Pontivy, France
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Stadler J, Willi S, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M, Ade J, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE. Detection of Mycoplasma suis in pre-suckling piglets indicates a vertical transmission. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:252. [PMID: 31324179 PMCID: PMC6642596 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of Mycoplasma (M.) suis mainly occurs via iatrogenic or zootechnical manipulations or due to ranking fights. Other transmission routes including ingestion of secretes/excretes; blood-sucking arthropods and intra-uterine transmission have thought to play an epidemiological role without being experimentally proven. To investigate a vertical transmission of M. suis under field conditions blood samples from pre-suckling piglets and their corresponding dam were examined for M. suis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 21 farms in Southern Germany. Results A total of 14.35% of the 474 blood samples from pre-suckling piglets reacted qPCR positive. Additionally, M. suis was detected in 65 (31.25%) of the 208 sows at farrowing. On farm level, 16 (76.2%) of the 21 farms had at least one M. suis positive animal. M. suis positive farms had an average of 0.41 more stillborn piglets per litter than M. suis negative farms (p = 0.007). Conclusion The present study provides further insights into M. suis infection dynamics as it is the first detection of M. suis in piglets immediately after birth prior to colostrum intake and the first large scale investigation of M. suis in sows at farrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Willi
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Julia Ade
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Martins MSDS, Silva LD, Miranda LM, Lima CAA, Amaral RBD, Machado RZ, André MR, Braga MDSCO, Rosário CJRMD, Melo FA, Pereira JG. Molecular detection of Mycoplasma suis in extensive pig production systems in the State of Maranhão, northeast Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:306-309. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Mycoplasma suis is a bacterium that causes hemoplasmosis in pigs. This agent is capable of adhering to the surface of porcine erythrocytes, inducing structural changes on these cells. In Brazil, there are few reports about the disease, its causal agent, and the economic impact of this pathogen on pig production systems and farm sanitation. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of M. suis in extensive swine farms located in the counties of Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita and Rosario, State of Maranhão, northeast Brazil. For such purpose, 64 blood samples of pigs from these facilities were tested for M. suis using a 16S rRNA gene-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); 82.3%, 65.2% and 25% of blood samples of swine from farms in the cities of Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita and Rosario were positive for M. suis by qPCR, respectively. This study shows, for the first time, that M. suis circulates in pig populations from the state of Maranhão, Northeast Brazil.
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Toledo MA, Leite AI, Gonçalves LR, Sousa KCMD, Amaral RBD, Silva GCPD, Machado RZ, André MR. High occurrence of Mycoplasma suis infection in swine herds from non-technified farms in Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:414-417. [PMID: 27982298 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis, the etiological agent of swine hemoplasmosis, has been neglected in swine herds around the world. Swine hemoplasmosis is frequently associated with hemolytic anemia, disgalacty, infertility and immunosuppression, and it results in significant economic losses. This study investigates the occurrence of M. suis in non-technified swine herds in the northeastern region of Brazil using quantitative PCR (qPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene. Between March and August 2013, blood samples from 147 swine were collected during slaughter in the city of Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. One hundred and twelve samples (76.19%) were positive for M. suis by qPCR assays. The range of Cqs and quantification (copies of a M. suis-16S rRNA gene fragment/µL) was 20.86-37.89 and 1.64×101-6.64×107, respectively. One can conclude that M. suis infection have high occurrence (76,19%) in non-technified swine-rearing systems in Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aparecida Toledo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexandro Iris Leite
- Departamento de Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Keyla Carstens Marques de Sousa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Renan Bressianini do Amaral
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Swine are used in biomedical research as models for biomedical research and for teaching. This chapter covers normative biology and behavior along with common and emerging swine diseases. Xenotransplantation is discussed along with similarities and differences of swine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery; Institute of Comparative Medicine; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Michael Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA
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Identification of Mycoplasma suis MSG1 interaction proteins on porcine erythrocytes. Arch Microbiol 2014; 197:277-83. [PMID: 25344885 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion protein MSG1 mediating adherence to porcine erythrocytes in Mycoplasma suis (M. suis) invasion has been identified previously. In order to determine the host membrane proteins that interact with MSG1, recombinant His-tagged MSG1 (rMSG1) was used to screen for interacting proteins in the protein extracts of porcine erythrocyte membrane. Potential rMSG1-interacting proteins were initially identified as band 3 and β-actin with molecular weight of 46 and 45 kDa, respectively. Immune fluorescence results showed that rMSG1 can specifically bind with the β-actin of HeLa, BHK-21, and HEK-293A cells, respectively. RNA interference assays further demonstrated that the interaction between β-actin and rMSG1 on HeLa cells was specific and dose dependent. Confocal microscopy showed that both rMSG1 and M. suis can partially co-localize with β-actin on the surface of porcine erythrocytes. Pull-down assays showed that rMSG1 can directly interact with β-actin. Our study is the first to report the interaction of MSG1 with β-actin, which will be of help to understand the pathogenesis of M. suis and develop a cultivation system.
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Song Q, Zhang W, Song W, Liu Z, Khan MK, He L, Fang R, Li P, Zhou Y, Hu M, Zhao J. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Mycoplasma suis infection in pig farms in central China. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:215-21. [PMID: 25081945 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis, the causative agent of porcine infectious anemia, causes large economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 69 pig farms in Hubei Province, China, from November 2011 to August 2013 to ascertain the prevalence and associated risk factors of M. suis. Four thousand and four blood samples from pigs of all the age groups were tested for M. suis antibodies using the established rMSG1-ELISA assay. Among these 4004 samples, 1615 blood samples from multiparous sows were examined to identify the association between seroprevalence and different seasons. Information on risk factors collected from farmers or attending veterinarians was recorded on a pre-designed questionnaire. The overall test seroprevalence of M. suis infection at the animal level was 31.9% (1277/4004; 95% CI: 30.5%, 33.4%), whereas at the farm level, this value was 95.65% (66/69; 95% CI: 87.8%, 99.1%). The seroprevalence of M. suis was higher in replacement gilts (40.6%; 95% CI: 35.1%, 46.3%), multiparous sows (48.2%; 95% CI: 45.8%, 50.7%) and boars (44.4%; 95% CI: 34.5%, 54.8%), as compared to piglets (13.0%; 95% CI: 9.4%, 17.3%), weaned-piglets (10.8%; 95% CI: 8.9%, 13.0%), and growing-finishing pigs (25.0%; 95% CI: 22.0%, 28.3%). In terms of seasons, the prevalence of M. suis in pigs was significantly higher in summer (65.3%; 95% CI: 61.0%, 69.5%) and autumn (65.0%; 95% CI: 59.0%, 70.6%) compared to spring (30.1%; 95% CI: 26.0%, 34.4%) and winter (36.4%; 95% CI: 31.4%, 41.5%). Farm-level risk factors were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The associated factors retained in the final multivariable logistic regression model were drug treatment, presence of mosquitoes and flies, and frequency of disinfection. Drug treatment (OR=0.24; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.88; P=0.031) and frequency of disinfection (OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.90; P=0.035) were protective factors, and the presence of mosquitoes and flies (OR=5.994; 95% CI: 1.56, 23.00; P=0.009) was a risk factor for M. suis infection on farms. The results of the present study provide the first insight into the impact of associated determinants on M. suis infection in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Weijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Weijiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zehua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Muhammad Kasib Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Nosocomial Infection, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, PR China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
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12
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Dietz S, Mack SL, Hoelzle K, Becker K, Jannasch C, Stadler J, Ritzmann M, Hoelzle LE. Quantitative PCR analysis of Mycoplasma suis shedding patterns during experimental infection. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:581-5. [PMID: 25037994 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The uncultivable hemotrophic bacterium Mycoplasma suis causes infectious anemia in pigs worldwide. The mechanisms by which M. suis is transmitted from pig to pig are largely unknown. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating urine, feces, saliva, nasal and vaginal secrets as well as environmental samples for the presence of M. suis DNA to get insights into potential transmission routes. Seven pigs were experimentally infected with M. suis KI3806. Samples were taken for 8 days post infection (p.i.). A quantitative LightCycler msg1 PCR was used to detect and quantify M. suis. Shedding was found in saliva as well as nasal and vaginal secrets from day 6 p.i. on with a quantity of 3.4 × 10(2) to 2.7 × 10(5)M. suis/swab. In urine M. suis DNA could be detected in 100.0% of the samples from day 6 p.i. on with a quantity of 4.7 × 10(2) to 6.3 × 10(5)M. suis per mL. When shedding patterns were correlated to the median bacterial blood loads shedding was observed at loads of 2.0 × 10(9)-7.0 × 10(10)M. suis per mL blood. No M. suis DNA could be amplified from feces. Dust and water samples of the pig drinking troughs were positive for M. suis on days 2 and 6 post infection, air samples were M. suis-negative throughout the experiment. Our results indicate that blood independent direct transmission as well as indirect transmission via environmental contamination could play a role in the epidemiology of M. suis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dietz
- Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Medicine (with Animal Clinic), University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah-Lena Mack
- Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Medicine (with Animal Clinic), University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Medicine (with Animal Clinic), University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carolin Jannasch
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Medicine (with Animal Clinic), University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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13
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Watanabe Y, Fujihara M, Suzuki J, Sasaoka F, Nagai K, Harasawa R. Prevalence of swine hemoplasmas revealed by real-time PCR using 16S rRNA gene primers. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1315-8. [PMID: 22673723 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoplasma is a tribal name for epierythrocytic mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma suis and M. parvum which are currently recognized in pigs as causative of porcine hemoplasmosis. Here, we report a real-time PCR assay for differential detection of these swine hemoplasma species by using allelic primers in the16S rRNA gene, and its application to survey for hemoplasma infections in pigs. Universal primers and species-specific primers were designed and evaluated by using swine blood samples positive in hemoplasmas. Mycoplasma suis and M. parvum infections were both confirmed by universal primers, and mixed infections were clearly distinguished by species-specific primers. Further, we applied this real-time PCR assay to 120 swine blood specimens from clinically healthy pigs in eleven farms in Japan, and found six (5.0%) were positive for M. suis and 18 (15.0%) were positive for M. parvum, and three (2.5%) were mixed infection by both hemoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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14
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Development and evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase gene antigen for the detection of Mycoplasma suis antibodies. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:48-50. [PMID: 21940024 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant ppa protein of Mycoplasma suis migrated to 21 kDa. Using this antigen, an ELISA system to detect the antibody against M. suis infection in swine was established. The rELISA demonstrated 98.5% specificities among negative samples and 96.9% sensitivity among positive samples with M. suis infection. A comparison of this ELISA system with an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) test using 132 swine samples revealed that the positive rate was 34.0% in ELISA and 28.0% in IHA. Compared with IHA, the present rELISA system using recombinant ppa antigen significantly improves the specificity, sensitivity, and stability for serodiagnosis of M. suis infection in swine.
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15
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Guimaraes AMS, Vieira RFC, Poletto R, Vemulapalli R, Santos AP, de Moraes W, Cubas ZS, Santos LC, Marchant-Forde JN, Timenetsky J, Biondo AW, Messick JB. A quantitative TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of Mycoplasma suis. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:417-25. [PMID: 21575112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a TaqMan probe-based, highly sensitive and specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection and quantification of Mycoplasma suis in the blood of pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS Primers and probes specific to Myc. suis 16S rRNA gene were designed. The qPCR assay's specificity, detection limit, intra- and inter-assay variability were evaluated and its performance was compared with a Myc. suis conventional PCR assay (cPCR). Blood of two experimentally infected pigs, 40 Indiana pigs, 40 Brazilian sows and 28 peccaries were tested. The assay detected as few as ten copies of Myc. suis plasmids and was 100-fold more sensitive than the cPCR. No cross-reactivity with nontarget pig mycoplasmas was observed. An average of 1·62 × 10(11) and 2·75 × 10(8) target copies ml(-1) of blood were detected in the acutely and chronically infected pigs, respectively. Three (7·5%) pigs and 32 (80·0%) sows were positive while all peccaries were negative for Myc. suis. CONCLUSION The developed qPCR assay is highly sensitive and specific for Myc. suis detection and quantification. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY TaqMan qPCR is an accurate and quick test for detection of Myc. suis infected pigs, which can be used on varied instrumentation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Guimaraes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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16
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Guimaraes AMS, Santos AP, SanMiguel P, Walter T, Timenetsky J, Messick JB. Complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma suis and insights into its biology and adaption to an erythrocyte niche. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19574. [PMID: 21573007 PMCID: PMC3091866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis, the causative agent of porcine infectious anemia, has never been cultured in vitro and mechanisms by which it causes disease are poorly understood. Thus, the objective herein was to use whole genome sequencing and analysis of M. suis to define pathogenicity mechanisms and biochemical pathways. M. suis was harvested from the blood of an experimentally infected pig. Following DNA extraction and construction of a paired end library, whole-genome sequencing was performed using GS-FLX (454) and Titanium chemistry. Reads on paired-end constructs were assembled using GS De Novo Assembler and gaps closed by primer walking; assembly was validated by PFGE. Glimmer and Manatee Annotation Engine were used to predict and annotate protein-coding sequences (CDS). The M. suis genome consists of a single, 742,431 bp chromosome with low G+C content of 31.1%. A total of 844 CDS, 3 single copies, unlinked rRNA genes and 32 tRNAs were identified. Gene homologies and GC skew graph show that M. suis has a typical Mollicutes oriC. The predicted metabolic pathway is concise, showing evidence of adaptation to blood environment. M. suis is a glycolytic species, obtaining energy through sugars fermentation and ATP-synthase. The pentose-phosphate pathway, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, pyruvate dehydrogenase and NAD+ kinase are missing. Thus, ribose, NADH, NADPH and coenzyme A are possibly essential for its growth. M. suis can generate purines from hypoxanthine, which is secreted by RBCs, and cytidine nucleotides from uracil. Toxins orthologs were not identified. We suggest that M. suis may cause disease by scavenging and competing for host' nutrients, leading to decreased life-span of RBCs. In summary, genome analysis shows that M. suis is dependent on host cell metabolism and this characteristic is likely to be linked to its pathogenicity. The prediction of essential nutrients will aid the development of in vitro cultivation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. S. Guimaraes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- CAPES-Fulbright Program, Ministério da Educação, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMSG); (JBM)
| | - Andrea P. Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Phillip SanMiguel
- Purdue Genomics Core Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Thomas Walter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanne B. Messick
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMSG); (JBM)
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17
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WATANABE Y, FUJIHARA M, OBARA H, NAGAI K, HARASAWA R. Two Genetic Clusters in Swine Hemoplasmas Revealed by Analyses of the 16S rRNA and RNase P RNA Genes. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1657-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku WATANABE
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Bremen Vet Center
| | - Masatoshi FUJIHARA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hisato OBARA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Kazuya NAGAI
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Ryô HARASAWA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
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18
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Hu Z, Yin J, Shen K, Kang W, Chen Q. Outbreaks of hemotrophic mycoplasma infections in China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1139-40. [PMID: 19624945 PMCID: PMC2744233 DOI: 10.3201/eid1507.090174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Zhou RQ, Nie K, Huang HC, Hu SJ, Zhou ZY, Luo HL. Phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma suis isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequence in China. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:855-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Hoelzle LE. Haemotrophic mycoplasmas: recent advances in Mycoplasma suis. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:215-26. [PMID: 18358641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are uncultivable, small epicellular, cell wall less, tetracycline-sensitive bacteria that attach to the surface of host erythrocytes. Today, haemotrophic mycoplasmas are found in a large number of animals, with Mycoplasma suis being the porcine pathogen. Haemoplasmas can cause infections which are clinically marked, either by an overt life-threatening haemolytic anaemia or a mild chronic anaemia, by illthrift, infertility, and immune suppression. The life cycle of haemoplasmas on the surface of nucleus-less red blood cells is unique for mycoplasma and therefore, it is evident that these haemotrophic pathogens must have features that allow them to colonise and replicate on red blood cells. However, the mechanisms of adhesion and replication of M. suis on erythrocytes, for instance, as well as the significance of metabolic interchanges between the agent and the target cells, are completely unknown to date. Far from having gained clear insight into the clinical significance of the haemoplasmas, our knowledge about the physiology, genetics, and host-pathogen interaction of this novel group of bacteria within the Mollicutes order is rather limited. This can be explained primarily by the unculturability of these bacteria. The enormous advances in molecular biology witnessed in recent years have had a major impact on several areas of biological sciences, i.e. the fields of modern medical bacteriology and infectious diseases. This review describes progress made in research of the pathobiology of M. suis these past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Hoelzle
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Hoelzle LE, Hoelzle K, Harder A, Ritzmann M, Aupperle H, Schoon HA, Heinritzi K, Wittenbrink MM. First identification and functional characterization of an immunogenic protein in unculturable haemotrophic Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma suis HspA1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 49:215-23. [PMID: 17328755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic structures of the haemotrophic Mycoplasma suis, an epicellular parasite of porcine erythrocytes, are largely unknown due to its unculturability. In this study, serological proteome and mass spectrometry analyses allowed the characterization of M. suis proteins targeted by the porcine antibody response: two proteins with characteristics of heat shock proteins, two proteins with characteristics of glycolytic enzymes, a RNA helicase- and an actin-like protein. The DnaK-like protein of M. suis (HspA1) was further analysed genetically and functionally. Its encoding gene (M. suis a1 gene) is 1.830 bp in size and corresponds to a 67 kDa protein. Immunoelectron microscopy verified the surface accessibility of HspA1 in M. suis. Recombinant HspA1 expressed in Escherichia coli demonstrated ATPase activity and antigenicity in experimentally infected pigs. In conclusion, this first identification and recombinant expression of an antigenic protein of M. suis provides the basis for the development of vaccines and new in vitro diagnostic assays.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial
- Mass Spectrometry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Mycoplasma/genetics
- Mycoplasma/immunology
- Open Reading Frames
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteome/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Su D, Li XB, Wang ZJ, Wang L, Wu WX, Xu JQ. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of imidocarb dipropionate in swine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:366-70. [PMID: 17610411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A two-way crossover study was performed in eight healthy young pigs to determine the pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate (IMDP) following intravenous (2 mg/kg b.w.) and intramuscular (2 mg/kg b.w.) administrations. Each animal received one intravenous and one intramuscular injection with a 30-day washout period between the two-treatments. Plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with UV detector at regular intervals for up to 24 h post-injection. Intravenous plasma concentration profiles best fit a three-compartmental model yielding a mean system clearance (Cl((s))) of 558 mL/kg.h and a mean half-life of 13.91 h. Mean imidocarb AUC((0-infinity)) (microg.h/mL), V(c) (L/kg), V(d(area))(L/kg) and MRT((0-t)) (h) values were 3.58, 0.11, 14.36 and 1.46, respectively. Compartmental modeling of imidocarb, after intramuscular administration produced best fit for two-compartmental model yielding mean Kalpha (h(-1)), Cmax (microg/mL), tmax (h), and bioavailability (%) of 3.89, 2.02, 0.54, and 86.57 for the 2 mg/kg dose level. The present studies showed that IMDP was rapidly absorbed, widely distributed, and slowly eliminated. No adverse effects were observed in any of the pigs after i.v. and i.m. administrations of IMDP. The favorable PK behavior, such as the long half-life, acceptable bioavailability indicated that it is likely to be effective in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Hoelzle LE, Helbling M, Hoelzle K, Ritzmann M, Heinritzi K, Wittenbrink MM. First LightCycler real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of Mycoplasma suis in clinical samples. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 70:346-54. [PMID: 17586075 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis cannot be cultivated in vitro. Therefore, PCR-based methods are irreplaceable for the diagnosis of M. suis infections especially when clinical symptoms are not evident. Currently, no easy and reliable method allowing the quantitative detection of M. suis is available. This report describes the development of a quantitative LightCycler PCR assay based on the msg1 gene of M. suis (LC MSG1 PCR). No PCR signals were obtained with closely related haemotrophic and non-haemotrophic mycoplasmas, with other bacteria, and with M. suis-free blood and tissue arguing for a high analytical specificity. Test sensitivity was found to be 100%, and test specificity 96.7%. To test the diagnostic suitability of the LC MSG1 PCR, 25 pigs with clinical porcine eperythrozoonosis and 25 healthy pigs were investigated. All ill pigs revealed a positive real-time PCR result whereas only one healthy pig was detected to be M. suis-infected. M. suis was quantitatively detected in 19 blood specimens of 100 sows from Switzerland and in 17 of 160 post-weaning piglets from Germany. In conclusion, this new LC MSG1 PCR assay represents a powerful tool for the improvement of the current M. suis diagnosis and for prevalence and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 270, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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24
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Yuan C, Yang Z, Zhu J, Cui L, Hua X. Effect of an Immunosuppressor (Dexamethasone) on Eperythrozoon Infection. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31:661-4. [PMID: 17287887 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the relationship between the infection rate of Eperythrozoon suis and the status of the immune system. Four pigs with chronic eperythrozoonosis were divided into experimental and control groups. Immunosuppression of the experimental group was accomplished by injecting with high-dose glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) on 3 consecutive days. Microscopic examination of blood smears was performed to observe the change of infection rate after administration. The blood samples of each group were collected on day 7 after administration for half-nested PCR assay. The microscopic results showed that the infection rate of the experimental group rose distinctly by 40 h late and remained at 90% in the days following administration. No changes were observed in the control group. PCR results showed a single expected 250 bp fragment in each group, which validated the positive microscopic results. This study demonstrated the significant effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on Eperythrozoon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yuan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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