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Okur S, Yanmaz LE, Senocak MG, Ersöz U, Gölgeli A, Turgut F, Orhun OT, Kocaman Y. Comparison of intraocular pressure in New Zealand White rabbits measured using rebound and applanation tonometers and four different methods of physical restraint. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:251-258. [PMID: 37306141 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2224277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained in rabbits using rebound (TV) and applanation (TPV) tonometers with four different methods of physical restraint. METHODS A total of 20 New Zealand White rabbits (40 eyes) were included in this study. IOP readings were obtained from both eyes using the two different tonometers. The rabbits were placed on a table and restrained by wrapping in a cloth (Method I), by scruffing with rear support (Method II), by wrapping in a cloth and cupped in the hands (Method III), or by a box restrainer (Method IV). RESULTS The mean IOP measurement obtained by TPV was higher than that obtained with the TV for all handling methods. Mean differences (TV-TPV, in mmHg) in IOP were -5.3 (95% Cl = -6.5 to -4.1) for Method 1, -4.7 (95% Cl = -6.2 to -3.29) for Method II, -4.9 (95% Cl = -6.2 to -3.7) for Method III and -7.6 (95% Cl = -9.2 to -5.9) for Method IV. Using the TV tonometer, mean IOP for Method IV was higher than for Method I (mean difference 2.1 (95% Cl = 1.1-3.1)), whereas using the TPV tonometer, mean IOP for Method IV was significantly higher than Method I, II, and III (mean differences: 4.4 (95% Cl = 2.6-5.9), 3.7 (95% Cl = 2-5.3) and 3.8 (95% Cl = 2-5.4), respectively). According to Bland-Altman plots, IOP readings for TPV tended to be higher than those for TV with all handling methods, but with a lack of agreement. The mean difference and 95% limits of agreement for the differences between TV and TPV were -5.4 mmHg (-12.5-1.9 mmHg), -4.7 mmHg (-12.9-3.5 mmHg), -4.9 mmHg (-12-2.2 mmHg), and -7.5 mmHg (-17.4-2.3 mmHg), with Methods I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Comparing TV and TPV, only 7.5%, 12.5%, 27.5%, and 15% of IOP measurements from 20 rabbits were within the range considered clinically acceptable for IOP (± 2 mmHg) for Method I, II, III, and IV, respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In conclusion, the physical restraint method should be recorded when IOP is measured in rabbits, and TV and TPV tonometers cannot be used interchangeably (high bias and low proportion of measurements within ± 2 mmHg).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okur
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - L E Yanmaz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - M G Senocak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - U Ersöz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A Gölgeli
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - F Turgut
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - O T Orhun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Y Kocaman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Yoshida M, Motokawa M, Endo H. Osteological and vascular morphology and electrolyte homeostasis of sea turtles. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1001-1009. [PMID: 35650112 PMCID: PMC9353092 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea turtles have well developed lacrimal glands for their electrolyte homeostasis. In turtles, stapedial artery and palatine artery send branches to supply orbital region, but supply artery
for lacrimal glands was not identified. Micro-CT scans showed dorsoventrally large lacrimal glands of sea turtle are supplied by both stapedial artery and palatine artery. The circulatory
pattern in cranial region was reconstructed based on the micro-CT scans, showing that sea turtle has basically similar pattern with the common snapping turtle: stapedial artery supplies
orbital region and mandibular artery is ramified from stapedial artery. We also investigate the foramen stapedio-temporalis in turtles using osteological specimens. The
foramen stapedio-temporalis, where the stapedial artery passes through, has different size among four families of turtles. We compared the sum of cross sections of left
and right foramen stapedio-temporalis since homeostasis of one individual is maintained by a pair of lacrimal glands. The size difference may reflect primarily the share of
stapedial artery against palatine artery in cranial circulation pattern and blood supply of orbital regions. Our observations confirmed a significantly larger cross-section in the
foramen stapedio-temporalis of sea turtles than other freshwater/terrestrial turtles. Since the circulatory pattern is shared, the size difference of foramen
stapedio-temporalis reflects the amount of arterial blood supply to lacrimal glands. Therefore, the size of the foramen stapedio-temporalis may indicate marine
adaptation of turtles and are applicable to both fossil and osteological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Yoshida
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Hideki Endo
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
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Kane LP, Keller KA, Salpeter EM, de Araujo NLLC, Dower N, Welle KR, Martins BDC, Fleming KMS. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in healthy adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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COMPARISON OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT USING REBOUND AND APPLANATION TONOMETRY IN LOGGERHEAD ( CARETTA CARETTA) SEA TURTLES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:604-609. [PMID: 34130403 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) estimates in healthy eyes of Caretta caretta using rebound tonometry in comparison with applanation tonometry. Twenty-three healthy C. caretta (housed at the Marine Turtle Research Center) without preexisting ophthalmic disease were enrolled in the study. IOP measurements were obtained by the same ophthalmologist, with the turtle in ventral recumbency between 2:30 p.m. and 4:30 p.m., using a rebound tonometer (RT; TonoVet) in dog calibration mode, and after topical anesthesia, an applanation tonometer (AT; Tono-Pen) in both eyes. The average of three readings per instrument was used for analysis. The agreement between the two tonometers was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Moreover, differences in IOP between the two tonometers were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Moderate agreement was found between the two tonometers (ICC, 0.663; 95% confidence interval, 0.206-0.857). The median, Q1, and Q3 IOP obtained with AT (6.2, 4.7, and 9.1 mm Hg) were significantly lower (P = 0.001) than that obtained with RT (9.7, 8.3, and 11.6 mm Hg). It was not possible to obtain an instrument automatically generated mean of four values with AT because of retraction of the globe by the animals, and IOP measurement was unsuccessful in 7 eyes. In conclusion, IOP readings from the RT were statistically higher than those from the AT. RT proved to be more feasible because of the light, short-lasting contact with the cornea.
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A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS INFLUENCING INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN BROOK TROUT ( SALVELINUS FONTINALIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:1012-1016. [PMID: 33480583 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference intervals of intraocular pressure (IOP) are poorly described in piscine species as the factors that may influence it. Rebound tonometry was used to measure IOP in 28 adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) anesthetized in a buffered solution of 60 mg/L tricaine methanesulfonate (n = 16) or restrained with electronarcosis (n = 12) at 16 mA. There was no significant effect of the eye side, sex, fish origin, and body weight, but IOP values were significantly higher with electronarcosis (mean ± SD: 16.4 ± 5.0 mm Hg) than with immersion anesthesia (10.8 ± 3.3 mm Hg; P = 0.0017). The same restraint method should be used for comparison with previously published IOP values or when evaluating individual variations over time.
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OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION FINDINGS AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN SIX SPECIES OF ANURA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:845-852. [PMID: 31926514 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete ophthalmic exam, including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, is key to diagnosing ocular diseases such as uveitis and glaucoma in frogs. We performed complete ophthalmic anterior segment examinations and IOP rebound tonometry measurements using two different settings (other "p" and canine "d") for six anuran species. The objectives were to describe common ocular abnormalities found in these species, to compare IOP values between different tonometer settings, and to compare IOPs between species. Examinations revealed abnormalities including cataracts (11/98 total eyes), lenticular sclerosis (10/98) and lipid keratopathy (9/98). IOP was measured with the TonoVet® and the ranges (oculus uterque, OU mm Hg other "p" setting, canine "d" setting) were giant waxy monkey tree frogs (Phyllomedusa bicolor) (3.5-7.6; 6.5-11.7; n = 5), mission golden-eyed tree frogs (Trachycephalus resinifictrix) (7.0-9.7, 13.2-15.7; n = 6), boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas) (0.8-5.5, 5.7-10.5; n = 13), Mexican giant tree frogs (Pachymedusa dacnicolor) (3.8-5.0, 8.3-11.8; n = 3), Lake Titicaca frogs (Telmatobius culeus) (8.8-10.5, 14.0-17.2; n = 8), and mossy tree frogs (Theloderma corticale) (9.7-11.0, 15.7-17.0; n = 5). The TonoVet canine "d" setting IOP measurements were statistically higher (P = 0.01) than the other "p" setting measurements for all species except the giant waxy monkey tree frogs. IOP was significantly lower for giant waxy monkey tree frog eyes with cataracts (P < 0.05) with the other "p" setting. IOP did not statistically differ in eyes with lenticular sclerosis. IOP can be measured by rebound tonometer in anurans, but more research is needed for species-specific references using consistent settings.
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Petritz OA, Westermeyer HD, Whitehead MC, Christiansen EF, Lohmann KJ, Lohmann CMF, Lewbart GA. Effective mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) following topical administration of rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:37-43. [PMID: 31120194 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the combined mydriatic effects of topical rocuronium bromide and phenylephrine in juvenile loggerhead turtles and identify any adverse effects associated with treatment. ANIMALS STUDIED Eleven juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). PROCEDURES Four 20 μL drops of rocuronium bromide and four 20 μL drops of 10% phenylephrine were placed into the right eye at 2-minute intervals of 5 turtles, while the same volume of saline was administered to six control turtles. A pupilometer recorded pupil measurements at rest and following a light stimulus at 2, 15, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 minutes following delivery of the final drop to the ocular surface. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also measured at similar time points. RESULTS The nonilluminated and light-stimulated pupillary diameter of the right eye of treated turtles was significantly greater than baseline starting at 120 and 15 minutes, respectively. Light-stimulated pupillary diameter of treated eyes was greater than that of control eyes from time 15 minutes until the end of the treatment period. No systemic side effects were noted over a 24 hours period following treatment and all turtles showed normal behavior and appetite. No mydriasis was noted in either eye at 24 hours and the anterior segment was normal. CONCLUSIONS A combination of topical ophthalmic rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine is safe and effective for mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hans D Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michelle C Whitehead
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Gregory A Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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ASSESSMENT OF A VISUAL SCORING SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING ANEMIA IN MALE EASTERN BOX TURTLES ( TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:977-982. [PMID: 30592917 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0045.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) regularly admits wild eastern box turtles (EBT) ( Terrapene carolina carolina) for treatment and rehabilitation. Adult males of this species generally have an impressive red coloration of the iris, a feature commonly used to differentiate them from their brown-eyed female conspecifics. Male EBTs that present often display marked pallor of the eyes, which has accompanied clinical anemia. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between eye color and packed cell volume (PCV) in adult male EBTs, and to assess the accuracy of using eye color to predict PCV. Eye-color scoring cards were created using Adobe Creative Cloud Photoshop®. Each card was composed of blocks displaying progressively lighter tints of a red hue, with a number (score) assigned to each block. Five-block, six-block, and nine-block scoring cards were prepared, with lower numbers (scores) corresponding to lighter hues. To determine the variation in subjective color scores assigned by different human observers, 85 individuals were asked to score EBT eye color in three animals using each of the three scoring cards. Eye color of adult male EBTs that presented to the TRT ( n = 18) and those housed at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences ( n = 6) were scored using each of the three cards, immediately preceding venipuncture of the occipital sinus for determination of PCV. All animals were scored by at least two individuals. Turtles with low scores (pale eyes) using all three scoring cards consistently had lower PCVs. The five- and six-block scorecards had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% while the nine-block score card had a PPV of 71.4%. This specific and noninvasive method for estimating PCV of male EBTs is clinically desirable in both rehabilitation and hospital settings.
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MEASURING INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN WHITE'S TREE FROGS (LITORIA CAERULEA) BY REBOUND TONOMETRY: COMPARING DEVICE, TIME OF DAY, AND MANUAL VERSUS CHEMICAL RESTRAINT METHODS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:413-419. [PMID: 28749263 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0268r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases reported in frogs include uveitis and glaucoma, which are associated with changes in intraocular pressure (IOP). The objectives of this study were to characterize the normal IOP for White's tree frogs ( Litoria caerulea ) using two types of rebound tonometers, and to assess whether time of day or method of restraint affected IOP. Eighteen conscious, unrestrained, ophthalmologically normal frogs were used to measure IOP using TonoVet® and TonoLab® tonometers, at three time points during the day. In a subset of 12 frogs, IOP was measured while under manual restraint using the TonoVet. Anesthesia was induced in 9 frogs using two different concentrations of MS-222 (0.5 g/L and 2 g/L) in order to evaluate for changes in IOP with the TonoVet. Mean (± SD) IOP values for the TonoLab (16.8 ± 3.9 mm Hg) were significantly higher than TonoVet values (14.7 ± 1.6 mm Hg; P < 0.01). TonoVet IOP values did not significantly change with time of day. TonoLab values were significantly lower in the evening (1600-1800; 14.5 ± 3.1 mm Hg), compared with morning and midday measurements (0800-1000 and 1200-1400; 18.0 ± 3.8 mm Hg; P < 0.01). Manually restrained frogs had significantly lower IOP (13.4 ± 1.5 mm Hg) compared with unrestrained frogs (15.3 ± 1.2 mm Hg; P < 0.01). Chemical restraint did not cause significant changes in IOP. Intraocular pressure can be measured with both types of rebound tonometers in White's tree frogs, but time of day and manual restraint can affect IOP values.
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Cordeiro de Araujo NLL, Santos Raposo AC, Muramoto C, Santos de Meneses ÍD, Bittencourt MV, Martins Filho EF, Oriá AP. Evaluation of Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in Green Iguanas ( Iguana iguana ). J Exot Pet Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rajaei SM, Asadi F, Rajabian MR, Ostadhassan H, Crasta M. Effect of body position, eyelid manipulation, and manual jugular compression on intraocular pressure in clinically normal cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Karaj Branch; Islamic Azad University; Alborz Iran
| | - Faezeh Asadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Semnan; Semnan Iran
| | | | - Hesam Ostadhassan
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Karaj Branch; Islamic Azad University; Alborz Iran
| | - Manuela Crasta
- Eye Clinic Visionvet; Via Enrico Fermi 65 San Giovanni in Persiceto Bologna Italy
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Zouache MA, Eames I, Samsudin A. Allometry and Scaling of the Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humour Flow Rate in Vertebrate Eyes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151490. [PMID: 26990431 PMCID: PMC4798774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, intraocular pressure (IOP) is required to maintain the eye into a shape allowing it to function as an optical instrument. It is sustained by the balance between the production of aqueous humour by the ciliary body and the resistance to its outflow from the eye. Dysregulation of the IOP is often pathological to vision. High IOP may lead to glaucoma, which is in man the second most prevalent cause of blindness. Here, we examine the importance of the IOP and rate of formation of aqueous humour in the development of vertebrate eyes by performing allometric and scaling analyses of the forces acting on the eye during head movement and the energy demands of the cornea, and testing the predictions of the models against a list of measurements in vertebrates collated through a systematic review. We show that the IOP has a weak dependence on body mass, and that in order to maintain the focal length of the eye, it needs to be an order of magnitude greater than the pressure drop across the eye resulting from gravity or head movement. This constitutes an evolutionary constraint that is common to all vertebrates. In animals with cornea-based optics, this constraint also represents a condition to maintain visual acuity. Estimated IOPs were found to increase with the evolution of terrestrial animals. The rate of formation of aqueous humour was found to be adjusted to the metabolic requirements of the cornea, scaling as Vac(0.67), where Vac is the volume of the anterior chamber. The present work highlights an interdependence between IOP and aqueous flow rate crucial to ocular function that must be considered to understand the evolution of the dioptric apparatus. It should also be taken into consideration in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa A. Zouache
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Eames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Gornik KR, Pirie CG, Marrion RM, Wocial JN, Innis CJ. Ophthalmic variables in rehabilitated juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles(Lepidochelys kempii). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:673-80. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.6.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN SOUTHERN ROCKHOPPER (EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME) AND MACARONI PENGUINS (EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS): EVALUATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:223-35. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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MEASUREMENT OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE USING TONOVET® IN EUROPEAN POND TURTLE (EMYS ORBICULARIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:421-2. [PMID: 26056909 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0234r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two captive adult European pond turtles (12 males and 10 females) were unrestrained without sedation while intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by means of a Tonovet®. Mean±SD IOP values between 8 and 10 am for all turtles were 5.42±0.96 mm Hg (range, 3-9 mm Hg). IOP between the right and left eye and between males and females was not significantly different. There was no correlation between IOP and body weight or body length of animals.
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Espinheira Gomes F, Brandão J, Sumner J, Kearney M, Freitas I, Johnson J, Cutler D, Nevarez J. Survey of ophthalmic anterior segment findings and intraocular pressure in 95 North American box turtles (Terrapene spp.). Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:93-101. [PMID: 25683768 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the ophthalmic biomicroscopy findings and intraocular pressures (IOP) in a captive population of box turtles and to determine whether a relationship exists between body morphometrics or health status and IOP. PROCEDURES Hundred and three box turtles (69 Gulf coast, 24 three-toed, one ornate, one eastern, and eight unidentified) were triaged into three different color-coded groups: green (healthy), yellow (abnormal physical examination with no need for immediate care), and red (immediate care required). Both eyes were evaluated by rebound tonometry and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Body weight and morphometric data were recorded. RESULTS Intraocular pressures measurements were available for 190 eyes, slit-lamp biomicroscopy was available for 170 eyes, and morphometric data were available for 81 turtles. IOP in Gulf coast turtles (138 eyes) was 6.7 ± 1.4 mmHg OU. IOP in three-toed turtles (48 eyes) was 8.3 ± 1.5 mmHg OU, which was significantly higher than in Gulf coast turtles (P < 0.0001). No significant IOP differences were noted between genders in both subspecies (P = 0.768). There was a correlation between IOP and health status in three-toed turtles only. There was a mild negative correlation between morphometrics and IOP in Gulf coast and three-toed turtles. Fifteen of 87 turtles had unilateral corneal or lenticular opacities; 3/87 had bilateral corneal or lenticular disease; and 3/87 had adnexal abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Different subspecies of box turtles have different normal intraocular pressures as measured by rebound tonometry, which was influenced by the animals' health status in one subspecies. Some morphometric parameters were found to be associated with IOP. Box turtles are often affected with ophthalmic abnormalities of unknown clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Espinheira Gomes
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - João Brandão
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Julia Sumner
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michael Kearney
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Inês Freitas
- Hospital Veterinário de Aveiro, Avenida da Universidade 215, 3810-489, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - James Johnson
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Daniel Cutler
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Javier Nevarez
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Somma AT, Lima L, Lange RR, Turner-Giannico A, Montiani-Ferreira F. The eye of the red-eared slider turtle: morphologic observations and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18 Suppl 1:61-70. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André T. Somma
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR); Rua dos Funcionários; 1540 80035-050 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Leandro Lima
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR); Rua dos Funcionários; 1540 80035-050 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Rogério R. Lange
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR); Rua dos Funcionários; 1540 80035-050 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Amália Turner-Giannico
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR); Rua dos Funcionários; 1540 80035-050 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory; Federal University of Paraná (UFPR); Rua dos Funcionários; 1540 80035-050 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
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Oriá AP, Silva RMM, Pinna MH, Oliveira AVD, Ferreira PRB, Martins Filho EF, Meneses IDS, Requião KG, Ofri R. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests in captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) in Salvador, northeast Brazil. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18 Suppl 1:46-52. [PMID: 24783966 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria). A total of 52 animals, approximately 20-30 years old, were studied. METHOD Ophthalmic diagnostic tests included culturing of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora in summer and winter, evaluation of tear production using Schirmer tear test (STT) and endodontic absorbent paper point tear test in two different environmental temperatures (EAPPTT-1 at 32 °C and EAPPTT-2 at 18 °C), cytology of conjunctival cells, B-mode ultrasonography, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), and applanation tonometry (in two different positions). RESULTS In both seasons, Gram-positive bacteria were predominant. Median (± IQR/2) STT was 12.0 ± 3.5 mm/min, EAPPTT-1 was 15.9 ± 0.7 mm/15 s, and EAPPTT-2 was 15.4 ± 0.4 mm/min (OD) and 17.8 ± 1.0 mm/min (OS). Anterior chamber depth was 1.0 ± 0.1 mm, lens axial length was 2.3 ± 0.1 mm, vitreous chamber depth was 4.3 ± 0.2 mm, and axial globe length was 7.7 ± 0.3 mm. PFL was 11.7 ± 1.7 mm. Intraocular pressure was 11.5 ± 2.8 mmHg for males and 14.0 ± 3.5 mmHg for females (dorsoventral position) and 18.0 ± 3.2 mmHg for males and 24.1 ± 3.0 mmHg for females (ventrodorsal position with inclination of 45°). The ophthalmic parameters reported here can aid in the diagnosis of eye diseases in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
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Ruiz T, Campos WNS, Peres TPS, Gonçalves GF, Ferraz RHS, Néspoli PEB, Sousa VRF, Ribeiro AP. Intraocular pressure, ultrasonographic and echobiometric findings of juvenile Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18 Suppl 1:40-5. [PMID: 24450942 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the ultrasonographic and echobiometric findings in the eyes of juvenile Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare). ANIMALS Twenty-two healthy caimans from a breeding farm in Brazilian Pantanal. PROCEDURES Intraocular pressure was measured under physical restraint and topical anesthesia by applanation tonometry. Five individual measurements of each eye were recorded by the same examiner. B-mode ultrasonography was performed with a 10-MHz linear transducer, and the anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous depth, and axial globe length were measured. Unpaired and paired t-tests were used to assess data. Pearson's test was used to assess correlations between IOP and ocular structures (P < 0.05). RESULTS Mean ± SD IOP of the 44 eyes studied was 9.56 ± 2.69 mmHg, (range 5.4-15.6 mmHg). IOP did not differ significantly between right and left eyes or between genders (P > 0.05). Echobiometric measurements did not differ significantly between eyes and genders (P > 0.05). Intraocular structures measured in male and female subjects were, respectively, 2.61 ± 0.13 and 2.55 ± 0.18 mm for anterior chamber depth, 7.60 ± 0.17 and 7.54 ± 0.20 mm for lens thickness, 6.83 ± 0.20 and 6.90 ± 0.22 mm for vitreous chamber depth, and 17.55 ± 0.25 and 17.54 ± 0.29 mm for axial globe length. Correlations were not observed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Reference values of tonometry and distances of intraocular structures of Yacare caiman were described. IOP did not correlate with echobiometric measurements in this crocodilian. The ultrasonographic appearance was similar to other domestic and wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Ruiz
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Agronomy, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 2367 Fernando Correia Avenue, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
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Delgado C, Mans C, McLellan GJ, Bentley E, Sladky KK, Miller PE. Evaluation of rebound tonometry in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:261-7. [PMID: 25097909 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate feasibility and accuracy of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by rebound tonometry in adult red-eared slider turtles and determine the effects of manual and chemical restraint on IOP. ANIMAL STUDIED Seventeen adult red-eared slider turtles. PROCEDURES Intraocular pressure was measured with TonoLab® and TonoVet® tonometers in conscious, unrestrained turtles. To evaluate the effects of manual restraint, turtles were restrained by digital pressure on the rostral head or proximal neck. The effect of two chemical restraint protocols (dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam [DKM] and dexmedetomidine, ketamine [DK] subcutaneously) on IOP was evaluated. Triplicate TonoLab® and TonoVet® readings were compared with direct manometry in three ex vivo turtle eyes. RESULTS TonoLab® correlated better with manometry at IOPs < 45 mmHg than TonoVet® (linear regression slopes of 0.89 and 0.30, respectively). Mean (±SD) IOP in unrestrained conscious turtles was significantly lower (P < 0.01) with TonoLab® (10.02 ± 0.66 mmHg) than with TonoVet® (11.32 ± 1.57 mmHg). Manual neck restraint caused a significant increase in IOP (+6.31 ± 5.59 mmHg), while manual rostral head restraint did not. Both chemical restraint protocols significantly reduced IOP (DKM: −1.0 ± 0.76 mmHg; DK: −1.79 ± 1.17) compared with measurements in conscious unrestrained turtles. CONCLUSIONS Chemical and manual neck restraint affected IOP. Rostral head restraint had no significant effect on IOP and is, therefore, recommended as the appropriate restraint technique in red-eared slider turtles. TonoLab® measurements estimated actual IOP more accurately, within physiologic range, than measurements obtained using the TonoVet®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherlene Delgado
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Oriá AP, Oliveira AVD, Pinna MH, Martins Filho EF, Estrela-Lima A, Peixoto TC, Silva RMMD, Santana FO, Meneses ÍDS, Requião KG, Ofri R. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, orbital anatomy, and adnexal histology of the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 18 Suppl 1:30-9. [PMID: 24171896 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for selected diagnostic tests, and to describe the orbital anatomy and adnexal histology of the broad-snouted caiman. METHOD A total of 35 Caiman latirostris that were free of obvious ocular diseases were used to measure the parameters in this investigation. Ages ranged from 5 to 15 years. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests were conducted, including evaluation of tear production with Schirmer Tear test-1 (STT1), culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, applanation tonometry, conjunctival cytology, nictiating membrane incursion frequency test (NMIFT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), palpebral fissure length measurement (PFL) and B-mode ultrasonography. Adnexal histology and skull samples were studied. RESULTS Mean (±SD) STT1 was 3.4 ± 3.6 mm/min (95% confidence interval of 2.01-4.78 mm/min), intraocular pressure (IOP) was 12.9 ± 6.2 mmHg, NMIFT was 6.0 ± 3.5, EAPPTT was 17.1 ± 2.5 mm/min, PFL was 28.9 ± 3.0 mm, anterior chamber depth was 3.1 ± 0.3 mm, lens axial length was 8.4 ± 0.6 mm, vitreous chamber depth was 7.9 ± 0.7 mm and axial globe length was 19.9 ± 1.3 mm. For all animals evaluated, Bacillus sp., Diphteroids and Staphylococcus sp. were predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, 500, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, Salvador, 40170-110, Brazil
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Labelle AL, Steele KA, Breaux CB, Mitchell MA. Tonometry and Corneal Aesthesiometry in the Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-22.1-2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Labelle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Kirsten A. Steele
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Carrie B. Breaux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Mark A. Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Selleri P, Di Girolamo N, Andreani V, Guandalini A, D'Anna N. Evaluation of intraocular pressure in conscious Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni) by means of rebound tonometry. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1807-12. [PMID: 23106468 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni). ANIMALS 26 outdoor-housed Hermann's tortoises (13 males and 13 females); body weight ranged from 255 to 2,310 g, and age ranged from 4 to > 50 years. PROCEDURES After a preliminary ophthalmic evaluation was performed, IOP was measured by means of a rebound tonometer in both eyes of each tortoise. Three measurements were obtained for each eye; successive measurements were obtained from alternate eyes. Each measurement was based on the mean of 6 values automatically provided by the rebound tonometer. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate correlations between variables and to identify sex- or size-related IOP variations, and changes in IOP over multiple measurements. RESULTS Mean ± SEM IOP of the 52 eyes was 15.74 ± 0.20 mm Hg (range, 9 to 22 mm Hg). Results for t tests did not reveal significant differences in IOP between the right and left eyes or between males and females. A significant moderate negative correlation (r = -0.41; r(2) = 0.169) between IOP and body weight was detected. Results of repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant increase in IOP over multiple measurements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rebound tonometry was a practical and rapid means of determining IOP in small- to medium-sized tortoises that required minimal manual restraint of the animals. Establishing IOP values in healthy Hermann's tortoises will provide a reference frame for use during complete ophthalmic examinations, thus allowing clinicians to diagnose a broader spectrum of ocular pathological conditions in tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Selleri
- Clinica per Animali Esotici, Centro Veterinario Specialistico, Via Sandro Giovannini 53,00137 Rome, Italy
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Di Girolamo N, Andreani V, Guandalini A, Selleri P. Evaluation of intraocular pressure in conscious ferrets (Mustela putorius furo
) by means of rebound tonometry and comparison with applanation tonometry. Vet Rec 2013; 172:396. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Di Girolamo
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
| | - V. Andreani
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - A. Guandalini
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - P. Selleri
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
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OCULAR HEALTH ASSESSMENT, TEAR PRODUCTION, AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN THE ANDROS ISLAND IGUANA (CYCLURA CYCHLURA CYCHLURA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:116-23. [DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Broadwater JJ, Schorling JJ, Herring IP, Pickett JP. Ophthalmic examination findings in adult pygmy goats (Capra hicus). Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:269-73. [PMID: 17760703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document normal ophthalmic findings and ocular abnormalities in captive adult pygmy goats. ANIMALS STUDIED Ten healthy adult pygmy goats (five male, five female; 5-11 years of age; 26-45 kg body mass) underwent complete ophthalmic examinations. PROCEDURE Direct illumination, diffuse and slit-beam biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, IOP measurements and Schirmer tear tests were performed. TonoVet rebound tonometry, followed by topical application of 0.5% ophthalmic proparacaine, and Tono-Pen XL applanation tonometry were performed in each eye to obtain estimates of IOP. RESULTS Ophthalmic abnormalities included corneal scars and pigmentation, incipient cataracts, lenticular sclerosis, and vitreal veiling. Mean STT values were 15.8 mm/min, with a range of 10-30 mm/min. Mean IOP values were 11.8 mmHg for TonoVet-D, with a range of 9-14 mmHg; 7.9 mmHg for TonoVet-P, with a range of 6-12 mmHg; and 10.8 mmHg for Tono-Pen XL, with a range of 8-14 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS Ophthalmic examination findings in adult pygmy goats, including normal means and ranges for STT and IOP measurements, using applanation and rebound tonometry, are provided.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) in adult yellow-footed tortoises using applanation tonometry. ANIMALS Fifteen healthy adult captive yellow-footed tortoises (eight males and seven females). PROCEDURES Intraocular pressures were estimated for tortoises by using an applanation tonometer after topical anesthesia. Body length, measured from nuchal to anal scutes, ranged from 27.5 to 57.2 cm. Five measurements from each eye were obtained by a single observer in an ambient temperature of approximately 30 degrees C. RESULTS Mean +/- SEM IOP of 30 eyes of 15 yellow-footed tortoises was 14.2 +/- 1.2 mmHg. Range of IOP was 6-30 mmHg for tortoises. Significant differences were detected neither between right and left eyes (P = 0.357) of individual tortoises, nor between males and females (P = 0.524). Observer's readability was good (intraclass coefficient = 0.65), and IOP did not change over the ordered five measurements. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in IOP between males and females in this specie. Tonometry values for normal eyes may represent a useful diagnostic methodology for recognition and treatment of ocular diseases in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Selmi
- Faculdade Anhembi Morumbi São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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