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Kerro Dego O, Vidlund J. Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356259. [PMID: 38863450 PMCID: PMC11165426 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are the most frequently diagnosed etiological agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci that cause mastitis are broadly divided into Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). NAS is mainly comprised of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) and some coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci. Current staphylococcal mastitis control measures are ineffective, and dependence on antimicrobial drugs is not sustainable because of the low cure rate with antimicrobial treatment and the development of resistance. Non-antimicrobial effective and sustainable control tools are critically needed. This review describes the current status of S. aureus and NAS mastitis in dairy cows and flags areas of knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center-Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, University of Tennessee, Walland, TN, United States
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Nesaraj J, Grinberg A, Laven R, Biggs P. Genomic epidemiology of bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus in New Zealand. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109750. [PMID: 37099864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the genomes of 188 bovine-mastitis-causing S. aureus isolates obtained over a 17-year period from more than 65 dairy farms across New Zealand. The analysis revealed a unique pattern of dominance over the entire period of study, of clonal complex 1, sequence type 1 (CC1/ST1), which accounted for ∼75% of the isolates. CC1/ST1 was also the commonest lineage infecting humans in New Zealand in the same period, but most bovine CC1/ST1 analysed in this study carried the genes coding for the bovine-adaptive bicomponent leucocidin lukF and lukM and lacked the corresponding human-adaptive lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes. Typical ruminant-associated lineages, such as ST97, ST151 and CC133 were also observed. Cluster analyses of the core and accessory genomes revealed genomic segregations according to the CCs, but lack of segregation based on the geographical location or collection year, suggesting a stable population in space and time. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of genomic markers of host adaptation to cattle in S. aureus CC1/ST1, a lineage commonly associated with humans, worldwide. The temporal clonal stability observed would enable the development of a S. aureus vaccine for New Zealand cattle, which is unlikely to undergo substantial reduction of efficacy due to clonal drifts or shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabin Nesaraj
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Alex Grinberg
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Cardoso CV, Barbosa EV, Liberal MHT, Chagas EFD. Transgenic technology: the strategy for the control and prevention of bovine staphylococcal mastitis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang D, Zhang L, Zhou X, He Y, Yong C, Shen M, Szenci O, Han B. Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from bovine mastitis in Ningxia, China. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9560-9569. [PMID: 27771092 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureusis the leading pathogen involved inbovine mastitis, but knowledgeabout antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus resulting in bovine mastitis in Ningxia, China, is limited. Therefore, antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of Staph. aureus were carried out. A total of 327 milk samples from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis in 4 regions of Ningxia were used for the isolation and identification of pathogens according to phenotypic and molecular characteristics. Antimicrobial susceptibility against 22 antimicrobial agents was determined by disk diffusion. The presence of 8 virulence genes in Staph. aureus isolates was tested by PCR. Genotypes of isolates were investigated based on RAPD. Results showed that 35 isolates obtained from mastitis milk samples were identified as Staph. aureus. The isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole (100%), penicillin G (94.3%), ampicillin (94.3%), erythromycin (68.6%), azithromycin (68.6%), clindamycin (25.7%), amoxicillin (11.4%), and tetracycline (5.7%). All of the isolates contained one or more virulence genes with average (standard deviation) of 6.6±1.6. The most prevalent virulence genes were hlb (97.1%), followed by fnbpA, hla, coa (94.3% each), nuc (85.7%), fnbpB (80%), clfA (77.1%), and tsst-1 (40%). Nine different gene patterns were found and 3 of them were the dominant gene combinations (77.1%). Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=35) were divided into 6 genotypes by RAPD tying, the genotypes III and VI were the most prevalent genotypes. There was greatvariation in genotypes of Staph. aureus isolates, not only among different farms, but also within the same herd in Ningxia province. The study showed a high incidence of Staph. aureus with genomic variation of resistance genes, which is matter of great concern in public and animal health in Ningxia province of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yulong He
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Changfu Yong
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Shapotou District, Zhongwei, Ningxia 755000, China
| | - Mingliang Shen
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, Ningxia 753000, China
| | - Otto Szenci
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Szent István Egyetem Large Animal Research Group, Üllő - Dóra major, H-2225 Hungary
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Hoernig K, Donovan D, Pithua P, Williams F, Middleton J. Evaluation of a lysostaphin-fusion protein as a dry-cow therapy for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4638-4646. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:357-72. [PMID: 21968538 PMCID: PMC3208832 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by a wide range of organisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas and algae. Many microbial species that are common causes of bovine mastitis, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus also occur as commensals or pathogens of humans whereas other causative species, such as Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or Staphylococcus chromogenes, are almost exclusively found in animals. A wide range of molecular typing methods have been used in the past two decades to investigate the epidemiology of bovine mastitis at the subspecies level. These include comparative typing methods that are based on electrophoretic banding patterns, library typing methods that are based on the sequence of selected genes, virulence gene arrays and whole genome sequencing projects. The strain distribution of mastitis pathogens has been investigated within individual animals and across animals, herds, countries and host species, with consideration of the mammary gland, other animal or human body sites, and environmental sources. Molecular epidemiological studies have contributed considerably to our understanding of sources, transmission routes, and prognosis for many bovine mastitis pathogens and to our understanding of mechanisms of host-adaptation and disease causation. In this review, we summarize knowledge gleaned from two decades of molecular epidemiological studies of mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle and discuss aspects of comparative relevance to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Le Maréchal C, Jardin J, Jan G, Even S, Pulido C, Guibert JM, Hernandez D, François P, Schrenzel J, Demon D, Meyer E, Berkova N, Thiéry R, Vautor E, Le Loir Y. Staphylococcus aureus seroproteomes discriminate ruminant isolates causing mild or severe mastitis. Vet Res 2011; 42:35. [PMID: 21324116 PMCID: PMC3052181 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in ruminants. In ewe mastitis, symptoms range from subclinical to gangrenous mastitis. S. aureus factors or host-factors contributing to the different outcomes are not completely elucidated. In this study, experimental mastitis was induced on primiparous ewes using two S. aureus strains, isolated from gangrenous (strain O11) or subclinical (strain O46) mastitis. Strains induced drastically distinct clinical symptoms when tested in ewe and mice experimental mastitis. Notably, they reproduced mild (O46) or severe (O11) mastitis in ewes. Ewe sera were used to identify staphylococcal immunoreactive proteins commonly or differentially produced during infections of variable severity and to define core and accessory seroproteomes. Such SERological Proteome Analysis (SERPA) allowed the identification of 89 immunoreactive proteins, of which only 52 (58.4%) were previously identified as immunogenic proteins in other staphylococcal infections. Among the 89 proteins identified, 74 appear to constitute the core seroproteome. Among the 15 remaining proteins defining the accessory seroproteome, 12 were specific for strain O11, 3 were specific for O46. Distribution of one protein specific for each mastitis severity was investigated in ten other strains isolated from subclinical or clinical mastitis. We report here for the first time the identification of staphylococcal immunogenic proteins common or specific to S. aureus strains responsible for mild or severe mastitis. These findings open avenues in S. aureus mastitis studies as some of these proteins, expressed in vivo, are likely to account for the success of S. aureus as a pathogen of the ruminant mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Le Maréchal
- INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France.
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van den Borne BHP, Nielen M, van Schaik G, Melchior MB, Lam TJGM, Zadoks RN. Host adaptation of bovine Staphylococcus aureus seems associated with bacteriological cure after lactational antimicrobial treatment. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2550-8. [PMID: 20494163 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of diseases in multiple species. Some sequence types (ST) are observed in a variety of hosts, whereas other strains are mainly associated with bovine mastitis, suggesting host adaptation. We propose that host adaptation of Staph. aureus may influence bacteriological cure of bovine subclinical mastitis after antimicrobial treatment. To test this hypothesis, multilocus sequence typing was performed on Staph. aureus isolates from 60 treated and 79 untreated control quarters that were obtained from well-defined cohorts of dairy cows from a recently conducted randomized field trial on early treatment of subclinical mastitis. Bovine-associated ST were distinguished from non-bovine-associated ST based on the literature and public databases. The association between host adaptation and bacteriological cure was investigated using population-averaged logistic regression models. Thirteen ST were identified, with approximately 80% of isolates belonging to bovine-associated ST. The odds for cure were around 2.5 times as high for non-bovine-associated ST as for bovine ST in treated quarters, whereas no difference in spontaneous cure was observed in untreated control quarters. In addition, host adaptation was related to known predictors of cure, such as penicillin susceptibility and somatic cell count. All isolates belonging to non-bovine-associated ST were resistant to penicillin, whereas the majority of isolates belonging to bovine-associated ST were penicillin susceptible. Penicillin-resistant bovine-associated strains were associated with high somatic cell counts compared with other strains. The correlation between penicillin resistance, cell counts, and host adaptation may affect the association between host adaptation and cure. For diagnostic purposes, a simple and fast alternative to multilocus sequence typing of Staph. aureus to determine host adaptation may be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H P van den Borne
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Atalla H, Gyles C, Wilkie B, Leslie K, Mallard B. Somatic cell scores and clinical signs following experimental intramammary infection of dairy cows with a Staphylococcus aureus small colony variant (S. aureus SCV) in comparison to other bovine strains. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:326-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The global dairy industry, the predominant pathogens causing mastitis, our understanding of mastitis pathogens and the host response to intramammary infection are changing rapidly. This paper aims to discuss changes in each of these aspects. Globalisation, energy demands, human population growth and climate change all affect the dairy industry. In many western countries, control programs for contagious mastitis have been in place for decades, resulting in a decrease in occurrence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis and an increase in the relative impact of Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli mastitis. In some countries, Klebsiella spp. or Streptococcus dysgalactiae are appearing as important causes of mastitis. Differences between countries in legislation, veterinary and laboratory services and farmers' management practices affect the distribution and impact of mastitis pathogens. For pathogens that have traditionally been categorised as contagious, strain adaptation to human and bovine hosts has been recognised. For pathogens that are often categorised as environmental, strains causing transient and chronic infections are distinguished. The genetic basis underlying host adaptation and mechanisms of infection is being unravelled. Genomic information on pathogens and their hosts and improved knowledge of the host's innate and acquired immune responses to intramammary infections provide opportunities to expand our understanding of bovine mastitis. These developments will undoubtedly contribute to novel approaches to mastitis diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rn Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK.
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Mørk T, Tollersrud T, Kvitle B, Jørgensen HJ, Waage S. Genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ovine intramammary infections in Norway. Vet Microbiol 2005; 106:265-73. [PMID: 15778033 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and eighty-four Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from mammary secretions from 332 ewes kept for meat production were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The ewes were from 242 flocks located in 13 counties distributed in four regions of Norway. In total, 64 different pulsotypes were identified, 31 of these were represented by a single isolate. Fifty-nine percent of the isolates belonged to one of five closely related pulsotypes. This group of pulsotypes occurred in all the counties. Although widely disseminated, the proportions of the prevalent and closely related pulsotypes differed between the regions. Nine pulsotypes were unique to single regions but the number of isolates belonging to each of these pulsotypes was low. Resistance to penicillin was found in only 3 of the 384 S. aureus isolates. These represented three different single banding patterns, not related to any of the prevalent pulsotypes found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod Mørk
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Middleton JR, Hardin D, Steevens B, Randle R, Tyler JW. Use of somatic cell counts and California mastitis test results from individual quarter milk samples to detect subclinical intramammary infection in dairy cattle from a herd with a high bulk tank somatic cell count. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:419-23. [PMID: 14765803 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether somatic cell counts (SCCs) or California mastitis test (CMT) scores for individual quarter milk samples could be used to detect subclinical intramammary infection among dairy cattle in a herd with a high bulk tank SCC. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS 278 Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle from a single herd. PROCEDURE Individual quarter milk samples were collected and submitted for bacterial culture, California mastitis testing, and determination of SCC. Additional milk samples were collected 34 days later and submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS During the initial visit to the herd, milk samples were collected from all 278 cows. However, because of blind mammary quarters or missing data, results for 1,057 quarter milk samples were included. Bacterial culture did not yield any growth for 622 (58.8%) of these samples. Regardless of the cutoff that was used, sensitivity of the CMT score was < or = 0.50 and sensitivity of the SCC linear score (SCS) was < or = 0.60. For 497 mammary quarters, results of bacterial culture of samples collected 34 days apart were concordant; bacterial culture did not yield any growth for 342 (68.8%) of these quarters. Regardless of the cutoff that was used, sensitivity of the CMT score was < or = 0.61 and sensitivity of the SCS was < or = 0.76 for mammary quarters with concordant bacterial culture results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that neither CMT score nor SCC is sensitive enough to be useful as a screening test for identifying infected mammary quarters among dairy cattle in a herd with high bulk tank SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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