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Li L, Li S, Ma H, Akhtar MF, Tan Y, Wang T, Liu W, Khan A, Khan MZ, Wang C. An Overview of Infectious and Non-Infectious Causes of Pregnancy Losses in Equine. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1961. [PMID: 38998073 PMCID: PMC11240482 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine breeding plays an essential role in the local economic development of many countries, and it has experienced rapid growth in China in recent years. However, the equine industry, particularly large-scale donkey farms, faces a significant challenge with pregnancy losses. Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic research on abortion during equine breeding. Several causes, both infectious and non-infectious, of pregnancy losses have been documented in equines. The infectious causes are viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Non-infectious causes may include long transportation, ingestion of mycotoxins, hormonal disturbances, twinning, placentitis, umbilical length and torsion, etc. In current review, we discuss the transmission routes, diagnostic methods, and control measures for these infectious agents. Early detection of the cause and appropriate management are crucial in preventing pregnancy loss in equine practice. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential causes of abortion in equines, including infectious agents and non-infectious factors. It emphasizes the importance of continued research and effective control measures to address this significant challenge in the equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Shuwen Li
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Haoran Ma
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Muhammad Faheem Akhtar
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Ying Tan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Wenhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 511464, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.L.)
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Leon A, Pillon C, Tebourski I, Bruyas JF, Lupo C. Overview of the causes of abortion in horses, their follow-up and management. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:93-101. [PMID: 37312640 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Abortions in horses represent an important health and economic challenge for equine industry. Primary causes of abortion are divided in non-infectious and infectious. Non-infectious causes include abnormalities of foetal appendices (umbilical cord and placenta essentially), abnormalities of gestation, maternal and foetal origins. Infectious abortions are caused in almost cases by bacterial infections, followed by viruses, fungi and parasites. New abortive pathogens (as Leptospira, Neospora caninum, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila abortus, and) have been confirmed in equines by comparison already known for their abortive properties in human or in other species. Despite an increasing number of autopsies and continuous improvements in diagnostic tools, in management and surveillance, 20%-40% of the causes of equine abortion remain unknown depending on the country. To increase the likelihood of a definitive diagnosis in cases of abortion and stillbirth in horses, new diagnostic approaches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine Leon
- Equine Health Research Department, LABÉO, Saint Contest, France
- Inserm UMR 1311 DYNAMICURE, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, Caen, France
| | - Clément Pillon
- Equine Health Research Department, LABÉO, Saint Contest, France
- Inserm UMR 1311 DYNAMICURE, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Coralie Lupo
- RESPE-French Network for Surveillance of Equine Diseases, Saint Contest, France
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Ruby RE, Janes JG. Infectious Causes of Equine Placentitis and Abortion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:73-88. [PMID: 36737287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of infectious agents including viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms can cause equine abortion and placentitis. Knowledge of normal anatomy and the common pattern distribution of different infectious agents will assist the practitioner in evaluating the fetus and/or placenta, collecting appropriate samples for further testing, and in some cases, forming a presumptive diagnosis. In all cases, it is recommended to confirm the diagnosis with molecular, serologic, or microbiological testing. If a causative agent can be identified, then appropriate biosecurity and vaccination measures can be instituted on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
| | - Jennifer G Janes
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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NAKAO S, ARAKI M, TSUHA O, TAKAGI W, KATO K, HIEDA Y, TAKAI S, MIKAMI O. First Case of Rodococcus equi Infection in a Goat in Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12935/jvma.68.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko NAKAO
- HOKUBU Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Okinawa Prefecture
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Osamu MIKAMI
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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Gressler LT, Kowalski AP, Balzan C, Tochetto C, De Avila Botton S, Ribeiro MG, De Vargas AC. Coinfection by avirulent Rhodococcus equi and Klebsiella oxytoca as a cause of atypical abortion in a thoroughbred mare. JMM Case Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Trevisan Gressler
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, 97105‐900, Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ananda Paula Kowalski
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, 97105‐900, Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Balzan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, 97105‐900, Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Tochetto
- Department of Pathology Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, 97105‐900, Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sônia De Avila Botton
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, 97105‐900, Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Box 560, 18618‐970, Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agueda Castagna De Vargas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, 97105‐900, Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Shimizu C, Shibahara T, Takai S, Kasuya K, Chikuba T, Murakoshi N, Kobayashi H, Kubo M. Lawsonia intracellularis and virulent Rhodococcus equi infection in a thoroughbred colt. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:303-8. [PMID: 20471028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A 26-month-old thoroughbred colt with a 4-month history of continuous diarrhoea and weight loss was subject to necropsy examination. The small intestinal mucosa was thickened and this change particularly affected the terminal ileum. Microscopical examination revealed multifocal epithelial hyperplasia, with multifocal granulomas and marked lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria. Numerous gram-negative argyrophilic curved bacilli were observed within the cytoplasm of affected enterocytes. Macrophages and epithelioid cells forming the granulomas had abundant, lightly eosinophilic, foamy cytoplasm, with occasional large, clear vacuoles containing gram-positive coccobacilli. Immunohistochemical studies suggested that the argyrophilic bacilli were Lawsonia intracellularis and the gram-positive coccobacilli were Rhodococcus equi. L. intracellularis-specific DNA fragments were amplified from the affected ileocaecal mucosa by polymerase chain reaction. Virulent R. equi (VapA positive) was isolated in pure culture from the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes. These results suggested that the two intracytoplasmic organisms had induced multifocal proliferative and granulomatous enteritis accompanied by severe and extensive lymphocytic infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shimizu
- Ishikari Livestock Hygiene Service Centre, 3 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
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von Bargen K, Haas A. Molecular and infection biology of the horse pathogen Rhodococcus equi. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:870-91. [PMID: 19453748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil actinomycete Rhodococcus equi is a pulmonary pathogen of young horses and AIDS patients. As a facultative intracellular bacterium, R. equi survives and multiplies in macrophages and establishes its specific niche inside the host cell. Recent research into chromosomal virulence factors and into the role of virulence plasmids in infection and host tropism has presented novel aspects of R. equi infection biology and pathogenicity. This review will focus on new findings in R. equi biology, the trafficking of R. equi-containing vacuoles inside host cells, factors involved in virulence and host resistance and on host-pathogen interaction on organismal and cellular levels.
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