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Experimental pathology of two highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses isolated from crows in BALB/c mice. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103984. [PMID: 31972269 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the pathogenicity of two H5N1 viruses isolated from crows in mice. Eighteen 6-8 weeks BALB/c mice each were intranasally inoculated with 106 EID50/ml of H5N1 viruses A/crow/India/03CA04/2015 (H9N2-PB2 reassortant H5N1) and A/crow/India/02CA01/2012 (Non-reassortant H5N1). The infected mice showed dullness, weight loss and ruffled fur coat. Histopathological examination of lungs showed severe congestion, haemorrhage, thrombus, fibrinous exudate in perivascular area, interstitial septal thickening, bronchiolitis and alveolitis leading to severe pneumonic changes and these lesions were less pronounced in reassortant virus infected mice. Viral replication was demonstrated in nasal mucosa, lungs, trachea and brain in both the groups. Brain, lung, nasal mucosa and trachea showed significantly higher viral RNA copies and presence of antigen in immunohistochemistry in both the groups. This study concludes that both the crow viruses caused morbidity and mortality in mice and the viruses were phenotypically highly virulent in mice. The H5N1 viruses isolated from synanthropes pose a serious public health concern and should be monitored continuously for their human spill-over.
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The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040138. [PMID: 31783701 PMCID: PMC6958390 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has caused severe illnesses in poultry and in humans. More than 15,000 outbreaks in domestic birds from 2005 to 2018 and 861 human cases from 2003 to 2019 were reported across the world to OIE (Office International des Epizooties) and WHO (World Health Organization), respectively. We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of HPAI outbreaks in South Asia. During January 2006 to June 2019, a total of 1063 H5N1 outbreaks in birds and 12 human cases for H5N1 infection were reported to OIE and WHO, respectively. H5N1 outbreaks were detected more in the winter season than the summer season (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 4.28-6.1). Commercial poultry were three times more likely to be infected with H5N1 than backyard poultry (RR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.99-4.01). The highest number of H5N1 outbreaks was reported in 2008, and the smallest numbers were reported in 2014 and 2015. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses and multiple clades of H5N1 virus were detected. Early detection and reporting of HPAI viruses are needed to control and eliminate HPAI in South Asia.
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Bhatia S, Khandia R, Sood R, Bhat S, Siddiqui A, Jahagirdhar G, Mishra S, Mishra A, Pateriya A, Kulkarni D. Reverse genetics based rgH5N2 vaccine provides protection against high dose challenge of H5N1 avian influenza virus in chicken. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bhat S, Bhatia S, Pillai AS, Sood R, Singh VK, Shrivas OP, Mishra SK, Mawale N. Genetic and antigenic characterization of H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.2.1 isolated in India. Microb Pathog 2015; 88:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe 73 zoonotic viruses that were isolated in Northern Eurasia and that belong to the different families of viruses with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. The family includes viruses with a segmented negative-sense ssRNA genome (families Bunyaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae) and viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome (families Togaviridae and Flaviviridae). Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Other viruses described in the chapter can cause epizootics in wild or domestic animals: Geta virus (GETV, Alphavirus), Influenza A virus (Influenzavirus A), Bhanja virus (BHAV, Phlebovirus) and more. The chapter also discusses both ecological peculiarities that promote the circulation of these viruses in natural foci and factors influencing the occurrence of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks
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Sengupta D, Shaikh A, Bhatia S, Pateriya A, Khandia R, Sood R, Prakash A, Pattnaik B, Pradhan H. Development of single-chain Fv against the nucleoprotein of type A influenza virus and its use in ELISA. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bhatia S, Kunal A, Khandia R, Siddiqui A, Pateriya AK, Sood R. Genetic and antigenic analysis of H5N1 viruses for selection of HA-donor virus for vaccine strains. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014; 24:357-64. [PMID: 24426298 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and antigenic analysis of H5N1 viruses, isolated in India during a period from year 2006 to 2010, was carried out for selection of the potential H5-HA (haemagglutinin) gene donor virus for developing a reverse genetics based DIVA marker H5 vaccine for poultry in India. Out of the 47 H5N1 viruses (clade 2.2), 14 representative viruses were selected on the basis of amino acid sequence analysis of HA1 gene for further antigenic characterization. Using antigenic cartography, an antigenic map was constructed based on the data of cross-HI (haemagglutinin inhibition) titration of 14 sera versus 14 viruses to visualize the relatedness among the antigens and antigenic coverage of the sera. Sera against five H5N1 viruses (A/crow/Assam/142119/2008, A/chicken/West Bengal/100879/2008, A/chicken/West Bengal/155505/2009, A/chicken/West Bengal/80995/2008 and A/chicken/West Bengal/81760/2008) exhibited maximum (100 %) antigenic coverage, hence, were selected as the potential HA donor viruses. However, the virus strain A/chicken/West Bengal/80995/2008 matched completely with the consensus amino acid sequence of the 47 viruses, therefore, was considered the best HA donor candidate out of the five showing 100 % antigenic coverage. The present study demonstrates a stepwise methodology for logical selection of vaccine strain or HA gene donor strain for developing H5 vaccines using genetic and antigenic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - A Kunal
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - R Khandia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - A Siddiqui
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - A K Pateriya
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - R Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
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Bhat S, Bhatia S, Sood R, Bhatnagar H, Pateriya A, Venkatesh G. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Nucleoprotein of Avian Influenza Virus. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:413-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Bhat
- Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Bhatnagar
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Pateriya
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G. Venkatesh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Survivability of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Poultry Faeces at Different Temperatures. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:272-7. [PMID: 24426286 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian Influenza (HPAI) is an important zoonotic disease and is becoming a great threat to poultry industry. India has experienced continual outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI virus since February, 2006 especially in Eastern India. Survivability in poultry faeces is an important determinant in evaluating the persistence of the virus in the poultry sheds and their vicinity. In this paper, survivability of Indian H5N1 HPAI virus in dry and wet poultry faeces at 42, 37, 24 and 4 °C, respectively is reported. The effect of different temperatures was determined by linear regression model and defined in terms of linear equation. The virus survived up to 18 h at 42 °C, 24 h at 37 °C, 5 days at 24 °C and 8 weeks at 4 °C in dry and wet faeces, respectively. The coefficients of determination (R(2)) values for dry and wet faeces revealed that the difference in viral persistence in dry and wet faeces at all temperatures was not very marked. Results of the present study indicated that H5N1 HPAI virus may remain viable for extended periods of time in faeces at low temperatures and may act as a long term source of influenza virus in the environment.
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Nagarajan S, Murugkar H, Tosh C, Behera P, Khandia R, Jain R, Katare M, Syed Z, Tripati S, Dubey S. Comparison of a nucleoprotein gene based RT-PCR with real time RT-PCR for diagnosis of avian influenza in clinical specimens. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:504-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Nagarajan S, Tripathi S, Katare M, Jain R, Khandia R, Syed Z, Behera P, Patil S, Kulkarni DD, Dubey SC. Emergence of amantadine-resistant avian influenza H5N1 virus in India. Virus Genes 2010; 42:10-5. [PMID: 20953687 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (subtype H5N1) isolated from poultry in West Bengal, India. We analyzed all the eight genome segments of two viruses isolated from chickens in January 2010 to understand their genetic relationship with other Indian H5N1 isolates and possible connection between different outbreaks. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the viruses showed multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site, a marker for high virulence in chickens. Of greatest concern was that the viruses displayed amino acid substitution from serine-to-asparagine at position 31 of M2 ion channel protein suggesting emergence of amantadine-resistant mutants not previously reported in HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in India. Amino acid lysine at position 627 of the PB2 protein highlights the risk the viruses possess to mammals. In the phylogenetic trees, the viruses clustered within the lineage of avian isolates from India (2008-2009) and avian and human isolates from Bangladesh (2007-2009) in all the genes. Both these viruses were most closely related to the viruses from 2008 in West Bengal within the subclade 2.2.3 of H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tosh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, India.
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Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Venkatesh G, Katare M, Jain R, Behera P, Khandia R, Tripathi S, Kulkarni DD, Dubey SC. Isolation and molecular characterization of a H5N1 virus isolated from a Jungle crow (Corvus macrohynchos) in India. Virus Genes 2010; 41:30-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rai M, Bhatia S, Malik Y, Dubey S. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against NS1 Protein of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:183-6. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohita Rai
- Biotechnology Centre, Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anandnagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Y.P.S. Malik
- Biotechnology Centre, Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Present address, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital, Uttaranchal, India
| | - S.C. Dubey
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anandnagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Lvov DK, Shchelkanov MY, Prilipov AG, Vlasov NA, Fedyakina IT, Deryabin PG, Alkhovsky SV, Grebennikova TV, Zaberezhny AD, Suarez DL. Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Natural Ecosystems of Northern Eurasia (2005–08). Avian Dis 2010; 54:483-95. [PMID: 20521683 DOI: 10.1637/8893-042509-review.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gowthaman V, Vanamayya PR, Nagarajan S, Suba S, Bhatia S, Jain R, Behera P, Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Dubey SC. Influence of Dose of Inocula on Outcome of Clinical Disease in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Infections—An Experimental Study. Avian Dis 2010; 54:576-80. [DOI: 10.1637/8695-031509-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Genetic analysis of avian influenza A viruses isolated from domestic waterfowl in live-bird markets of Hanoi, Vietnam, preceding fatal H5N1 human infections in 2004. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1249-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Isolation and pathotyping of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Indian poultry. Vet Microbiol 2009; 133:154-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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