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Grause JF, Elschner MC, Ledesma NA, Murphy G. Development and validation of a chemiluminescent western blot assay for glanders ( Burkholderia mallei) serodetection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:283-286. [PMID: 38426457 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241230292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glanders, caused by Burkholderia mallei, is a zoonotic disease of equids. Serologic testing for glanders is required by disease-free countries before international movement of equids. The World Organisation for Animal Health Terrestrial Manual recommends the complement fixation test (CFT) for clearance of individual animals for movement, but the CFT is prone to false-positive results. A colorimetric western blot (WB) assay was developed and validated to resolve false-positive CFT results; however, that assay is relatively time-consuming, and the interpretation is subjective. We present here a procedurally similar chemiluminescent WB assay that performs comparably to the validated colorimetric WB assay and offers noticeable benefits of decreased time-to-result and greater ease of interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita F Grause
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mandy C Elschner
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicholas A Ledesma
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gleeson Murphy
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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2
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Gubbins S, Laroucau K, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Lima E, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Burkholderia mallei (Glanders). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07069. [PMID: 35035583 PMCID: PMC8753583 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for glanders. In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. Considering the epidemiology and distribution of glanders, it was foreseen that three different situations could lead to a suspicion of the disease. Sampling procedures were defined for each of the three different suspicion types, which can also be applied in most of the other scenarios assessed. The monitoring period (6 months) was assessed as effective in all scenarios. The AHAW Panel of experts considered the minimum radius and duration of the existing protection and surveillance zone, set at the establishment level, effective. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to glanders.
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Elschner MC, Melzer F, Singha H, Muhammad S, Gardner I, Neubauer H. Validation of a Commercial Glanders ELISA as an Alternative to the CFT in International Trade of Equidae. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628389. [PMID: 33665218 PMCID: PMC7920956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders, caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei is a notifiable zoonotic disease in equidae. For international trade and movement of equids, certificates of negative serological test results for antibodies against B. mallei are required. To date, the complement fixation test (CFT) is the mandatory test to issue these health certificates. The CFT is difficult to standardize and, due to its poor specificity, often leads to false-positive reactions resulting in trade restrictions with considerable financial consequences. In the present study, the new ID Screen Glanders Double Antigen Multispecies ELISA (GLANDA- ELISA) (IDvet, Grabels, France) was evaluated using 400 negative and 370 glanders positive field samples of equidae. The GLANDA-ELISA was significantly more specific (99.8%) than the CFT (97.0%). Considering the comparable sensitivities of CFT (96.5%) and ELISA (98.1%), this new GLANDA-ELISA test appears a suitable confirmatory test and a realistic alternative for serological testing of horses for trade or movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Saqib Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
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4
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Wang G, Glaser L, Scott NE, Fathy Mohamed Y, Ingram R, Laroucau K, Valvano MA. A glycoengineered antigen exploiting a conserved protein O-glycosylation pathway in the Burkholderia genus for detection of glanders infections. Virulence 2021; 12:493-506. [PMID: 33509023 PMCID: PMC7849680 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1876440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a protein O-glycosylation pathway conserved in all species of the Burkholderia genus that results in the synthesis and incorporation of a trisaccharide glycan to membrane-exported proteins. Here, we exploited this system to construct and evaluate a diagnostic tool for glanders. Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, is a highly infectious and fatal zoonotic pathogen that infects horses, mules, donkeys, and occasionally humans. A highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tool is crucial for the control, elimination, and eradication of B. mallei infections. We constructed plasmids carrying synthetic genes encoding a modified, previously unannotated Burkholderia glycoprotein containing three glycosylation sequons fused to the cholera toxin B-subunit. The resulting proteins were glycosylated in the B. cenocepacia K56-2 parental strain, but not in glycosylation-deficient mutants, as determined by SDS-PAGE and fluorescent lectin blots. One of these glycoproteins was used as an antigen in ELISA and western blots to screen a panel of serum samples collected from glanders-infected and healthy horses, which were previously investigated by complement fixation test and indirect ELISA based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei. We show that ELISA and western blot assays based on our glycoprotein antigen provide 100% specificity, with a sensitivity greater than 88%. The glycoprotein antigen was recognized by serum samples collected from patients infected with B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, B. multivorans, and B. cenocepacia. Our results indicate that protein O-glycosylation in Burkholderia can be exploited as a biomarker for diagnosis of Burkholderia-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
| | - Lena Glaser
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yasmine Fathy Mohamed
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rebecca Ingram
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
| | - Karine Laroucau
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Animal Health Laboratory , Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
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5
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Systematic monitoring of glanders-infected horses by complement fixation test, bacterial isolation, and PCR. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100147. [PMID: 33089006 PMCID: PMC7566944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A modified PCR protocol improved the diagnostic sensibility for glanders. Horses with chronic glanders disease may show false negative serology results. The cold CFT is recommended in Brazilian equine health program. Burkholderia mallei isolation and detection were performed in São Paulo state, Brazil.
Glanders is an equine zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mallei that is responsible for considerable economic loss. Complement fixation testing (CFT) using warm or cold incubation are recommended by the OIE, but many routinely used detection tests may present misleading results. To increase accuracy of glanders diagnosis and establish an appropriate protocol in collaboration with the National Equine Health Program, seven horses positive for glanders kept in isolation in Brazil were examined fortnightly by CFT, microbiological screening, and molecular testing. Warm and cold serologies with USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, respectively, were performed on 132 samples using the US Department of Agriculture protocol. The warm and cold serologies showed, respectively,12.9% and 17.3% seroreactive, 85.7% and 65.2% non-reactive, 0.8% and 3% inconclusive, and 0% and 2.3% anticomplementary. The agreement of CFT protocols was moderate. Of 213 clinical samples submitted to selective culture (167 nasal swabs, 5 ocular swabs, 3 lymph node punctures, and 38 tissue samples from four horses that died), 1.9% tested positive for B. mallei. Fourteen samples and one nasal swab (7%) tested positive with PCR. Cold CFT with the USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, in combination with PCR to increase sensitivity, may be useful for diagnosis of chronic glanders.
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Erdemsurakh O, Ochirbat K, Gombosuren U, Tserendorj B, Purevdorj B, Vanaabaatar B, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. Seroprevalence of equine glanders in horses in the central and eastern parts of Mongolia. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1247-1252. [PMID: 32641602 PMCID: PMC7538334 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a contagious and fatal equine disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium
Burkholderia mallei. B. mallei is prevalent among horse populations in
Asia, the Middle East, and South America. More than four million horses have been
registered in Mongolia in 2020. However, the recent prevalence of glanders has not been
well investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the seropositivity of B.
mallei in horse populations in Mongolia using the complement fixation test
(CFT) and Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBT). We randomly collected blood samples
from horses in central and eastern Mongolia between 2018 and 2019. Of 337 horses, 26
(7.7%) and 28 (8.3%) were seropositive using RBT and CFT, respectively. Interestingly,
seropositivity in horses resulting from crossbreeding of Mongolian native horses with
thoroughbred horses was higher than that in Mongolian native horses. Our observations
suggest that equine glanders are still endemic to Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochbayar Erdemsurakh
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Khurtsbaatar Ochirbat
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ulziisaikhan Gombosuren
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Tserendorj
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baatarjargal Purevdorj
- Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbaatar Vanaabaatar
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN, Saini S, Khurana SK, Kanani A, Shah N, Mital A, Kanwar P, Bhatt L, Limaye V, Khasa V, Arora R, Gupta S, Sangha S, Sharma H, Agarwal SK, Tapase J, Parnam S, Dubey P, Baalasundaram SK, Mandal BN, Virmani N, Gulati BR, Malik P. Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1336-1348. [PMID: 31916415 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine glanders is an infectious and notifiable bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. The disease has been reported in South American, African and Asian countries including India. Here, we present the outcome of glanders serosurveillance carried out between January 2015 and December 2018 to know the status of equine glanders among different states in India. A total of 102,071 equid sera from 299 districts of twenty-one states and one union territory were tested for glanders. Samples were screened with Hcp1 indirect ELISA followed by confirmatory diagnosis by CFT. During this four-year surveillance, a total of 932 glanders-positive cases were detected from 120 districts of 12 states. The study also revealed increasing trend of glanders from 2016 onwards with maximum occurrence in northern India. Overall seroprevalence ranged between 0.62% (95% CI, 0.52-0.72) and 1.145% (95% CI, 1.03-1.25). Seasonal shifting from winter to summer (March to June) coincided with highest number glanders incidence with corresponding seroprevalences of 1.2% (95% CI, 1.09-1.30). The present surveillance unveils territorial ingression of glanders to six states like Jammu & Kashmir, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Tamil Nadu. In addition, re-emerging cases have been reported in Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab after a gap of 10 years. Lack of awareness, little veterinary care and unrestricted movement of equids across state borders might have led to the introduction and establishment of the infection to these states. We believe that information from this study will provide a baseline data on glanders for devising surveillance and control strategies in India. Being a zoonotic disease, the persistence of glanders poses a potential threat to occupationally exposed humans especially equine handlers and veterinarians. Therefore, targeted surveillance of human population from each glanders outbreak is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheetal Saini
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Amit Kanani
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nisha Shah
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Anupam Mital
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Shimla, India
| | - Pooja Kanwar
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Shimla, India
| | - Lenin Bhatt
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jaipur, India
| | - Vinayak Limaye
- Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Zone, Department of Animal Husbandry, Pune, India
| | - Vipin Khasa
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Sonepat, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Talabtillo, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Talabtillo, India
| | - Shivani Sangha
- Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Zone, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jalandhar, India
| | | | | | - Jayant Tapase
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bhopal, India
| | - Sunil Parnam
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bhopal, India
| | - Prasoon Dubey
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Rishikesh, India
| | - Satya K Baalasundaram
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital Complex Palam, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Baidya Nath Mandal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Praveen Malik
- CCS National Institute of Animal Health (DAHD, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Govt of India), Baghpat, India
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8
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Adhikari N, Acharya KP, Wilson RT. The potential for an outbreak of glanders in Nepal. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:57. [PMID: 31889885 PMCID: PMC6905013 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Confirmation of glanders has not been possible in suspected cases submitted by field veterinarians, mainly due to the lack of diagnostic tools in Nepal. In view, however, of the re-emergence of glanders in India and the unrestricted migration of equines from there in to Nepal, an outbreak of Glanders in the short term is a distinct possibility. Such an event would affect the rural, marginalized community, and brick kiln industries. Therefore, due attention on the national epidemiological study and strengthened animal quarantine system with holding yards and laboratory backups are highly requested. Besides, the government's timely action on disease prevalence, monitoring, and disease reporting is utmost important besides widespread public awareness to prevent the entry and control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Adhikari
- Animal Health Training & Consultancy Services, Pokhara, Nepal
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9
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Elschner MC, Laroucau K, Singha H, Tripathi BN, Saqib M, Gardner I, Saini S, Kumar S, El-Adawy H, Melzer F, Khan I, Malik P, Sauter-Louis C, Neubauer H. Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214963. [PMID: 30951554 PMCID: PMC6450644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a zoonotic contagious disease of equids caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei. Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glanders-free and 254 glanderous equids. Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. mallei-antigen. Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. The WB and all ELISAs, except BimA, were significantly more specific than the CFT. ELISAs based on TssA, TssB, and BimA antigens had significantly lower sensitivity compared to CFT while the sensitivities of the Hcp1-ELISA, the IDVet-ELISA and the WB did not differ significantly from that of the CFT. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (98.0%, 96.4%), the WB (96.8%, 99.4%), the Hcp1-ELISA (95.3%, 99.6%) and the IDVet-ELISA (92.5%, 99.5%) should be further developed to meet OIE requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Paris Est University, Animal Health Laboratory, EU-Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, UPEI, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Microbiology Division, Gwalior, India
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Praveen Malik
- Chaudhary Charan Singh, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Baghpat, India
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
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10
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Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Pinheiro Júnior JW, Mota RA. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Glanders in Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:14-19. [PMID: 31203979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, glanders remains a serious problem, with the obligatory sacrifice of disease-positive animals without compensation. Each year, glanders cases are reported in several regions of the country, causing severe economic losses and trade restrictions. The present study describes and discusses the occurrence of glanders foci in Brazil during a 12-year period from 2005 to 2016. The highest frequency of reported affected holdings during the study period was in the northeast region. Moreover, during this period, the disease incidence in Brazil showed an overall increasing tendency. The number of affected holdings significantly increased during the last four years of the period, and more cases were noted during the months of May and June. Spatiotemporally, there are four high-risk glanders clusters: (1) cluster A (relative risk [RR = 6.51, P < .0001) involved the northeast region from March 2008 to February 2014; (2) cluster B (RR = 17.37, P < .0001) involved a southeast region state from March 2013 to June 2015; (3) cluster C (RR = 6.92, P < .0001) involved the states in the midwest, southeast, and south regions of Brazil from March 2015 to May 2016; and (4) cluster D (RR = 19.07, P < .0001) involved a north region state from October 2015 to April 2016. Only two states of the north region (Acre and Amapá) did not experience glanders during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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11
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Identification of a new diagnostic antigen for glanders using immunoproteome analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 53:26-32. [PMID: 28750864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a disease of horses, donkeys and mules. The causative agent Burkholderia mallei, is a biorisk group 3 pathogen and is also a biothreat agent. Simple and rapid diagnostic tool is essential for control of glanders. Using a proteomic approach and immunoblotting with equine sera, we identified 12 protein antigens that may have diagnostic potential. Various immunoreactive proteins e.g. GroEL, translation elongation factor Tu, elongation factor Ts, arginine deiminase, malate dehydrogenase, DNA directed RNA polymerase subunit alpha were identified on 2-dimentional immunoblots. One of these proteins, GroEL, was cloned and expressed in E. coli and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The recombinant GroEL protein was evaluated in ELISA format on a panel of glanders positive (n=49) and negative (n=79) equine serum samples to determine its diagnostic potential. The developed ELISA had a sensitivity and specificity of 96 and 98.7% respectively. The results of this study highlight the potential of GroEL in serodiagnosis of glanders.
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12
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Elschner MC, Neubauer H, Sprague LD. The Resurrection of Glanders in a new Epidemiological Scenario: A Beneficiary of “Global Change”. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Laroucau K, Colaneri C, Jaÿ M, Corde Y, Drapeau A, Durand B, Zientara S, Beck C. Interlaboratory ring trial to evaluate CFT proficiency of European laboratories for diagnosis of glanders in equids. Vet Rec 2016; 178:632. [PMID: 27122499 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the routine complement fixation test (CFT) used to detect Burkholderia mallei antibodies in equine sera, an interlaboratory proficiency test was held with 24 European laboratories, including 22 National Reference Laboratories for glanders. The panels sent to participants were composed of sera with or without B mallei antibodies. This study confirmed the reliability of CFT and highlighted its intralaboratory reproducibility. However, the sensitivity of glanders serodiagnosis and laboratory proficiency may be improved by standardising critical reagents, including antigens, and by developing a standard B mallei serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laroucau
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Colaneri
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Jaÿ
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Y Corde
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Drapeau
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - B Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Beck
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Khan I, Wieler LH, Melzer F, Elschner MC, Muhammad G, Ali S, Sprague LD, Neubauer H, Saqib M. Glanders in animals: a review on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and countermeasures. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:204-21. [PMID: 22630609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glanders or farcy, caused by Burkholderia mallei, is an infectious and zoonotic disease of solipeds. Horses, donkeys and mules are the only known natural reservoir of B. mallei. Although glanders has been eradicated from most countries, it has regained the status of a re-emerging disease because of the numerous recent outbreaks. Pre-symptomatic or carrier animals are the potential source of infection for the healthy equine population and play a crucial role in the spreading of the infectious agent. Glanders is characterized by ulcerating nodular lesions of the skin and mucous membrane. Generalized symptoms include fever, malaise, depression, cough, anorexia and weight loss. Burkholderia mallei can invade its host through mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract and the integument. Its virulence mechanisms and pathogenesis are not yet completely understood. A major problem when using serological tests for diagnosing glanders is the occurrence of false-positive and false-negative results leading to difficulties in international trade with equids and to the spread of glanders to disease-free regions. Moreover, poor tests critically result in poor control of disease. These tests are not only incapable of discriminating between B. mallei and B. pseudomallei antibodies, they are also unable to differentiate between malleinized and naturally infected animals. Combined use of both serological and molecular detection methods increases the detection rate of glanders. Countermeasures against glanders include early detection of disease in susceptible animals, stringent quarantine measures, testing and safe destruction of infected carcasses, adequate compensation to the animal owners, disinfection of infected premises and awareness about glanders and the zoonotic implications through veterinary extension services. An account of the clinical picture and successful experimental therapy of spontaneous equine glanders is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Khan
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany.
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Neubauer H. Diagnostic assays for glanders. Vet Rec 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d8163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Neubauer
- Institut für bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen; Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut; Naumburger Strasse 96a 07743 Jena Germany
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Wood JLN, Conlan AJK. Diagnostic assays for glanders. Vet Rec 2011; 169:663; author reply 663-4. [PMID: 22184353 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d8162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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