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Ramos-Vázquez JR, Sánchez-Montes S, Esparza-González SC, Romero-Salas D, Pardio-Sedas V, Estrada-Coates AT, Alva-Trujillo M, Ballados-González GG, Grostieta E, Becker I, Cruz-Romero A. Isolation and molecular identification of Leptospira santarosai and Leptospira interrogans in equines from eastern Mexico. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107242. [PMID: 38782111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease with a worldwide distribution, which represents a major challenge in animal production across developing countries, mainly in tropical areas. Horses are particularly susceptible to the disease, presenting manifestations ranging from subclinical to the development of uveitis that compromises the visual health of the animals. In recent years, serological studies have been carried out in equid populations from America, demonstrating high exposure. For this reason, the aim of this study was to demonstrate microbiologically and molecularly the presence of the members of the genus Leptospira in urine samples from equids in an endemic state of leptospirosis in Mexico, and to detect the serological presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in the sampled animals. For this reason, blood and urine samples were collected from 28 horses and one mule from three localities in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Urine samples were inoculated in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium, and the recovered isolates were typed using a short Multi Locus Sequence Typing scheme. Amplifications of the expected size were subjected to sequencing, and the recovered sequences were compared with those of reference deposited in GenBank using the BLAST tool. To identify their phylogenetic position, we performed a phylogenetic reconstruction using the maximum likelihood method. Additionally, Microscopic Agglutination test was performed on the serum samples to identify anti-Leptospira antibodies. We recovered 16 urine isolates which tested positive for the presence of Leptospira DNA. The phylogenetic reconstruction and the MLST analysis confirmed the presence of several genotypes of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira santarosai. An overall serological frequency of 97.1 % was detected. Our results represent the first record of the presence of Leptospira through bacteriological isolates in equids from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Ramos-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, región Poza Rica-Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz, Mexico; Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | | | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Violeta Pardio-Sedas
- Laboratorio de Seguridad Agroalimentaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alejandro T Estrada-Coates
- Hospital de Grandes Especies, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Miriam Alva-Trujillo
- Hospital de Grandes Especies, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Gerardo G Ballados-González
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Estefanía Grostieta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Meny P, Iglesias T, Menéndez C, Quintero J, Ríos C, Ashfield N, Ferreira O, Mosca V, De Brun L, Ortiz G, De Vries I, Varela G, Schelotto F. Seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in equines and associated workers-Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola from equine urine. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:526-536. [PMID: 35347868 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in equines and associated workers in Uruguay, 891 equine and 150 human sera were drawn; 212 equine urine samples were also taken for culture. Environmental conditions and equine raising or managing practices were recorded in all 72 visited establishments; epidemiological information was obtained from each worker. Microscopic agglutination technique (MAT) was performed with 10 Leptospira strains for equines and 18 for human sera, that were also studied with IgM indirect immunofluorescence (IgM-IIF). Equine titres ≥100 were considered positive, and human sera titres ≥200 suggested probable recent or past infection. Urines were cultured in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) media; local identification of one obtained isolate with lipL32 PCR, Multiple Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis and partial rrs gene sequencing, were completed at Institut Pasteur, Paris. Estimated reactivity was 61.3% for equines, which was higher than the studied bovine national levels (21%) and mainly observed with Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (40.3%), Sejroe, Canicola, Pomona or Ballum. Aged animals from slaughterhouses and cattle farms were the most frequently positive. Multiple regression analysis confirmed a significant association between seropositivity and equine age. Only one positive culture could be fully studied, and confirmed to be Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola; it was added to the MAT antigen panel and revealed fairly frequent reaction with equine and human sera. Three workers (2%) showed titres = 200 with Icterohaemorrhagiae or Canicola serogroups, without recent clinical manifestations. Their attended equines reacted with the same serogroups, suggesting common source infections or infection transmitted by equines. Three other humans yielded titres = 100, and none of the 150 showed an IgM-IIF-positive result. Equines seem not to be an important origin of regional human leptospirosis, except perhaps during acute animal infection. More culture work is required to study intensity and lapses of leptospiruria, as well as to further identify circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Meny
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Hygiene Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tamara Iglesias
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Hygiene Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Clara Menéndez
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Hygiene Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jair Quintero
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Hygiene Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristina Ríos
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ashfield
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Hygiene Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Oscar Ferreira
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Virginia Mosca
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laureana De Brun
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Ortiz
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Isabel De Vries
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Varela
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Hygiene Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Felipe Schelotto
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, Hygiene Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Di Azevedo MIN, Lilenbaum W. An overview on the molecular diagnosis of animal leptospirosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:496-508. [PMID: 33332656 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most common presentation of animal leptospirosis is the subclinical and silent chronic form, that can lead to important reproductive disorders. The diagnosis of this chronic form remains a challenge. The aim of the present study is to gather and critically analyse the current information about molecular tools applied to animal leptospirosis diagnosis, particularly the silent chronic presentation of the infection. Regarding clinical specimens, samples from urinary tract were the most used (69/102, 67·7%), while few studies (12/102, 11·8%) investigated samples from reproductive tract. Concerning the molecular methods applied, the most used is still the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (46/102, 45%), followed by real-time PCR (38/102, 37·2%). The lipL32 gene is currently the most common target used for Leptospira detection, with 48% of studies applying this genetic marker. From all the studies, only few (21/102, 20·5%) performed gene sequencing. According to the majority of authors, current evidence suggests that lipL32-PCR is useful for an initial screening for Leptospira DNA detection in animal clinical samples. Posteriorly, if DNA sequencing could be performed on positive lipL32-PCR samples, we encourage the use of secY gene as a genetic marker. The molecular methods appear as the most important tools for the diagnosis of the chronic silent leptospirosis on domestic animals, reinforcing its evident impact not only on animal reproduction but also on a One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I N Di Azevedo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Epidemiological characterization of Leptospira spp. infection in working horses and in an occupationally exposed population in six Colombian police stations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:19-34. [PMID: 31529846 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i1.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Police working horses are in close contact with their managers and the general population during recreational and patrol activities, which can favor the transmission of leptospirosis among the horses and the occupationally exposed personnel.
Objective. To characterize epidemiologically leptospirosis through serology, urine culture and PCR in working horses and in the occupationally exposed population in six police stations in Colombia.
Materials and methods. We tested 153 castrated male horses and 123 people in six police stations in the municipalities of Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá, and Cali. Three structured formats were applied and blood samples were obtained from people and horses, which were processed with the Macroscopic Agglutination Test, (MAT) for 24 serogroups. Horses were subject to a clinical examination, and urine samples were obtained for urine culture and conventional PCR.
Results. The seroprevalence of human Leptospira spp. was 3.25% (n=4) while in horses it was 85% (n=130). Among the horses, serogroups Djasiman and Shermani were the most prevalent. The urine culture was positive in 64.7% (99/153) of the samples, whereas PCR analyzes were negative. A statistically significant association was found between the frequency of exiting the facilities (p=0.009) and the presence of wildlife (p=0.0051) with the infection by serogroup Shermani.
Conclusion. The epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in horses suggest an endemic presentation of the infection and its role as reservoirs of the bacteria; however, it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease with complementary studies.
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global disease of animals, which can have a major economic impact on livestock industries and is an important zoonosis. The current knowledge base is heavily biased towards the developed agricultural economies. The disease situation in the developing economies presents a major challenge as humans and animals frequently live in close association. The severity of disease varies with the infecting serovar and the affected species, but there are many common aspects across the species; for example, the acute phase of infection is mostly sub-clinical and the greatest economic losses arise from chronic infection causing reproductive wastage. The principles of, and tests for, diagnosis, treatment, control and surveillance are applicable across the species.
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Thomé S, Lessa-Aquino C, Ko AI, Lilenbaum W, Medeiros MA. Identification of immunodominant antigens in canine leptospirosis by Multi-Antigen Print ImmunoAssay (MAPIA). BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:288. [PMID: 25466383 PMCID: PMC4269070 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microscopic agglutination test (MAT), the standard method for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis, may present limitations regarding its sensitivity. Current studies suggest that Leptospira immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins and LipL32 are of particular interest as serodiagnostic markers since they are present only in pathogenic species of the Leptospira genus. The purpose of this study was to identify leptospiral immunodominant proteins that are recognized by canine sera from diseased dogs. RESULTS A total of 109 dogs were studied, including seroreactive dogs (MAT ≥800) and dogs with no seroreactivity detectable by MAT. Eight recombinant fragments (31-70 kDa) of pathogenic Leptospira were tested for their use as diagnostic markers for canine leptospirosis using the Multi-antigen Print Immunoassay (MAPIA) platform: LigB [582-947aa] from L. interrogans serovar Pomona, L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni and L. kirschneri serovar Gryppotyphosa, LigB [131-649aa] from L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, L. interrogans serovar Canicola and L. kirschneri serovar Gryppotyphosa, LigA [625-1224aa] L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni and LipL32 from L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni. The data were analyzed and ROC curves were generated. Altogether, LigB [131-649aa] L. interrogans Canicola, LigB [131-649aa] L. kirschneri Gryppotyphosa and LipL32 L. interrogans Copenhageni showed best accuracy (AUC = 0.826 to 0.869), with 70% specificity and sensitivity ranging from 89% to 95%. CONCLUSIONS These results reinforce their potential as diagnostic candidates for the development of new methods for the serological diagnosis of canine leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Thomé
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Lessa-Aquino
- Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Laboratory of Recombinant Technology, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Albert Icksang Ko
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, 60 College Street, Downtown, 06510, New Haven, USA.
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marco Alberto Medeiros
- Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Laboratory of Recombinant Technology, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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Director A, Penna B, Hamond C, Loureiro AP, Martins G, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W. Isolation of Leptospira interrogans Hardjoprajitno from vaginal fluid of a clinically healthy ewe suggests potential for venereal transmission. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1234-1236. [PMID: 24934563 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.065466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 15 adult ewes from one flock known to be seroreactive for leptospirosis was studied. Urine and vaginal fluid were collected from each animal to test for the presence of leptospires using bacterial culture and conventional PCR methods. One pure culture of Leptospira sp. was obtained from the vaginal fluid sample of a non-pregnant ewe. The isolate was characterized by DNA sequencing of the rrs and secY genes, variable-number of tandem-repeats (VNTR) analysis and serogrouping, and the isolate was typed as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo type Hardjoprajitno. This report indicates the presence of viable Leptospira in the vaginal fluid of a ewe, suggesting the potential for venereal transmission of leptospires in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Director
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - B Penna
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - C Hamond
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A P Loureiro
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - G Martins
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M A Medeiros
- Recombinant Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Pinna A, Martins G, Hamond C, Medeiros MA, de Souza GN, Lilenbaum W. Potential differences between Leptospira
serovars, host-adapted (Bratislava) and incidental (Copenhageni), in determining reproductive disorders in embryo transfer recipient mares in Brazil. Vet Rec 2014; 174:531. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Pinna
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ 24210-130 Brazil
| | - G. Martins
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ 24210-130 Brazil
| | - C. Hamond
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ 24210-130 Brazil
| | - M. A. Medeiros
- Bio-Manguinhos; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Brazilian Ministry of Health; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21040-360 Brazil
| | | | - W. Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ 24210-130 Brazil
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Urinary PCR as an increasingly useful tool for an accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis in livestock. Vet Res Commun 2013; 38:81-5. [PMID: 24222053 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to consider the wide usage of urinary PCR as an increasingly useful tool for an accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis in livestock. A total of 512 adult animals (300 cattle, 138 horses, 59 goats and 15 pigs), from herds/flocks with reproductive problems in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was studied by serology and urinary PCR. From the 512 serum samples tested, 223 (43.5 %) were seroreactive (cattle: 45.6 %, horses: 41.3 %, goats: 34%and pigs: 60 %). PCR detected leptospiral DNA in 32.4 % (cattle: 21.6 %, horses: 36.2 %, goats: 77.4 % and pigs: 33.3 %. To our knowledge there is no another study including such a large number of samples (512) from different species, providing a comprehensive analysis of the usage of PCR for detecting leptospiral carriers in livestock. Serological and molecular results were discrepant, regardless the titre, what was an expected outcome. Nevertheless, it is impossible to establish agreement between these tests, since the two methodologies are conducted on different samples (MAT - serum; PCR - urine). Additionally, the MAT is an indirect method and PCR is a direct one. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that urinary PCR should be considered and encouraged as an increasingly useful tool for an accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis in livestock.
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