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Gillen A, Catherine Archer D. Epidemiology of Colic: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00017-2. [PMID: 37268523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies are essential for the generation of evidence-based, preventive health care strategies. This includes ways to minimize colic risk and assist informed decision making concerning diagnosis, treatment, and likely outcomes. It is important to consider that colic is not a simple "disease" but is a syndrome of abdominal pain that encompasses multiple different disease processes, and which is multifactorial in nature. This review focuses on prevention and diagnosis of colic, including specific forms of colic, communications with owners/carers concerning colic risk and management, and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gillen
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Catherine Archer
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Aitken MR. Colic Surgery: Recent Updates. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00021-4. [PMID: 37169619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The following article provides an overview of the last 5 years of research and innovation within the field of equine colic surgery, focusing on new techniques, new or recently described lesions, prevention of lesion recurrence or postoperative complications, and updates in prognoses. Early surgical intervention is an important factor in horse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia R Aitken
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Bauck AG. Basic Postoperative Care of the Equine Colic Patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00022-6. [PMID: 37120332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3 time periods around colic surgery (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) are all critical to successful outcomes. Although much focus is often paid to the first 2 time periods, the importance of sound clinical judgment and rational decision-making in the postoperative period cannot be overstated. This article will outline the basic principles of monitoring, fluid therapy, antimicrobial therapy, analgesia, nutrition, and other therapeutics routinely used in patients following colic surgery. Discussions of the economics of colic surgery and expectations for normal return to function will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anje G Bauck
- Large Animal Surgery, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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Spadari A, Gialletti R, Gandini M, Valle E, Cerullo A, Cavallini D, Bertoletti A, Rinnovati R, Forni G, Scilimati N, Giusto G. Short-Term Survival and Postoperative Complications Rates in Horses Undergoing Colic Surgery: A Multicentre Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061107. [PMID: 36978647 PMCID: PMC10044551 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of colic could be influenced by the characteristics of a population, geographical area, and feeding management. The aim of this study was to report the short-term postoperative complications and survival rates and to identify factors that might affect the outcome of horses that underwent colic surgery in three Italian surgical referral centres. Data of horses subjected to colic surgery in three referral centres (2018-2021) were analysed. Comparisons of the outcomes were performed using a Mann-Whitney or a Chi square test. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used for parameters that were significant in the previous univariate analysis. The goodness-of-fit of the model was assessed using the Akike information criterion (AIC). Significance was defined as p < 0.05, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated as percentages. A total of 451 horses were included. The survival rate was 68.5% of all of the horses that underwent colic surgery and 80% of the horses surviving anaesthesia. Age, BCS, PCV and TPP before and after surgery, amount of reflux, type of disease, type of lesion, duration of surgery, surgeon's experience, and amount of intra- and postoperative fluids administered influenced the probability of short-term survival. The multivariate analysis revealed that PCV at arrival, TPP after surgery, and BCS had the highest predictive power. This is the first multicentre study in Italy. The results of this study may help surgeons to inform owners regarding the prognosis of colic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Gialletti
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gandini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Cerullo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Bertoletti
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Scilimati
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gessica Giusto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Costa MHDS, Medeiros PR, Melo UP, de Souza RF, da Silva GEL, Ferreira C, de Assis DB, da Silva LP, de Brito EL. Survey on the recognition, attitudes, and experience of horse owners during episodes of equine colic in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022; 44:e003022. [PMID: 36284628 PMCID: PMC9581105 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm003022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Horse owners are crucial in recognizing colic because they are responsible for identifying the signs of colic and deciding whether to seek veterinary intervention. Common reasons for delayed response to clinical issues include lack of understanding or knowledge of the subject and difficulty in recognizing subtle clinical signs of abdominal pain. Examining horse owners' basic knowledge of colic, their motivations, obstacles in seeking veterinary care, and their responses to the various clinical symptoms manifested during colic will identify current knowledge gaps and decision-making barriers. This study aimed to examine the experiences, recognition, and attitudes of horse owners during an episode of equine colic in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted using questionnaires in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The sample consisted of horse owners, competitors of any equestrian modality (provided that they were responsible for a horse at the time of the application of the questionnaire), or individuals who had previously owned a horse. There were differences related to the recognition and attitudes adopted towards colic in horses compared to the studies performed in other countries. The overall results of this study highlight the need for educational campaigns for horse owners to fill knowledge gaps about colic and the need for a clearer picture of colic, including what it is, the predisposing factors, and the range of symptoms. Additionally, this knowledge will equip horse owners to appropriately respond to these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Henrique da Silveira Costa
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine. Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Medicina Equina (GEPMEq), Centro Universitário Mauricio de Nassau, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto Medeiros
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine. Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Medicina Equina (GEPMEq), Centro Universitário Mauricio de Nassau, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Ubiratan Pereira Melo
- Veterinarian, D.Sc. GEPMEq, Centro Universitário Mauricio de Nassau, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Correspondence Ubiratan Pereira de Melo Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau Av. Engenheiro Roberto Freire, 1514, Capim Macio CEP 59080-400 - Natal (RN), Brazil E-mail:
| | | | | | - Cíntia Ferreira
- Veterinarian, D.Sc. GEPMEq, Centro Universitário Mauricio de Nassau, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Barbosa de Assis
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine. Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Medicina Equina (GEPMEq), Centro Universitário Mauricio de Nassau, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Leanderson Paiva da Silva
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine. Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Medicina Equina (GEPMEq), Centro Universitário Mauricio de Nassau, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Emilson Lima de Brito
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine. Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Medicina Equina (GEPMEq), Centro Universitário Mauricio de Nassau, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Averay K, Wilkins C, de Kantzow M, Simon O, van Galen G, Sykes B, Verwilghen D. Factors that influence owner consent for exploratory laparotomy in horses with colic in Australia and New Zealand. Equine Vet J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Averay
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - C. Wilkins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - M. de Kantzow
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - O. Simon
- Equine Health and Performance Centre University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - G. van Galen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - B. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - D. Verwilghen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
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Erwin SJ, Clark ME, Dechant JE, Aitken MR, Hassel DM, Blikslager AT, Ziegler AL. Multi-Institutional Retrospective Case-Control Study Evaluating Clinical Outcomes of Foals with Small Intestinal Strangulating Obstruction: 2000–2020. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111374. [PMID: 35681837 PMCID: PMC9179310 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lower survival rates have been reported in foals than adults with severe colic lesions obstructing blood flow to the small intestine, but this has not been compared directly. These survival rates are important to horse owners making medical decisions surrounding colic, for both the foal’s wellbeing and the owner’s finances. In this retrospective case-control study, hospital records of surgical colic cases were collected from five US academic referral hospitals to directly compare foal and adult survival following surgery for specific colic lesions. It was hypothesized that foals would exhibit lower survival than case-matched adults. This study was limited by incomplete medical and surgical records, relatively small sample size, and lack of long-term follow-up. Short-term survival in foals was not significantly different than in adults with comparable colic lesions and may have been partly driven by decision-making on the farm prior to referral. More optimism toward surgical treatment of foals with suspected SISO may be warranted. Abstract Lower survival has been reported in foals than adults with small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SISO), but age-dependent outcomes have not been examined directly. Hospital records were collected from five US academic referral hospitals. It was hypothesized that foals would exhibit lower survival than case-matched adults. Foal cases 6-months-of-age or younger, and adult cases between 2- and 20-years-of-age were collected. Data revealed 24 of 25 (96.0%) foals and 66 of 75 (88.0%) adults that were recovered from surgery for SISO survived to hospital discharge. Sixteen of the total 41 (39.0%) foals studied were euthanized intraoperatively, whereas 30 of 105 (28.6%) adults were euthanized intraoperatively. Common lesions in foals that were recovered from surgery were volvulus (n = 13) and intussusception (n = 5), whereas common lesions in adults were volvulus (n = 25) and strangulating lipoma (n = 23). This study was limited by incomplete medical records, relatively small sample size, and lack of long-term follow-up. Unexpectedly, short-term survival tended to be higher in foals than adults and may have been partly driven by case selection prior to referral or surgery or decision-making intraoperatively. More optimism toward surgical treatment of foals with SISO may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. Erwin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.J.E.); (M.E.C.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Marley E. Clark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.J.E.); (M.E.C.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Julie E. Dechant
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Maia R. Aitken
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA;
| | - Diana M. Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.J.E.); (M.E.C.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.J.E.); (M.E.C.); (A.T.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Freeman DE. Fluid therapy in horses: how much is too much? Vet Rec 2021; 188:103-105. [PMID: 34651870 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E Freeman
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Giusto G, Vercelli C, Gandini M. Comparison of liberal and goal-directed fluid therapy after small intestinal surgery for strangulating lesions in horses. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e5. [PMID: 34651880 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few guidelines for the appropriate mode of fluid administration during and after colic surgery, and is challenging to reach the right balance while avoiding overhydration. This study aimed to compare goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) and 'liberal' fluid regimens (LFRs) in horses undergoing small intestinal surgery. METHODS Eighteen horses subjected to small intestinal surgery were matched according to the surgical lesion, type of anastomosis, length of resection, and duration of clinical signs. Horses in the LFR group were administered intravenous (IV) fluids for at least 24 h. In the GDFT group, IV fluids were administered only when considered necessary based on clinical parameters. Postoperative reflux (POR), packed cell volume, total protein, heart rate, venous lactate level, complications, and long-term survival rates were compared. RESULTS Three horses in the LFR and one in the GDFT group developed POR. Horses in the GDFT group had a shorter time interval to first oral water intake and shorter hospitalisation time. Postoperative complication rates and survival were not different between groups. CONCLUSION Further studies are necessary to set guidelines for the evaluation of hydration status and to plan postoperative fluid administration; however, GDFT may be a valid alternative to liberal fluid therapy after colic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica Giusto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Gandini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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