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D'Alleva M, Vaccari F, Graniero F, Giovanelli N, Floreani M, Fiori F, Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Lazzer S. Effects of 12-week combined training versus high intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and fat metabolism in obese male adults. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:193-201. [PMID: 36820014 PMCID: PMC9937988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background /Objectives: A weekly combination of a high volume of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) with a low volume of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) provides important improvements in body composition and physical capacities in individuals with obesity. However, previous studies did not determine the weekly proportions of HIIT and MICT a priori. This study aimed to investigate changes in body composition, physical capacities and the fat oxidation rate in obese male adults by comparing a combination of MICT and HIIT, called combined training (COMB), with HIIT for a 12-week period. Methods Thirty-four obese male adults (mean age: 39.4 ± 7.0 y; mean body mass index [BMI] 34.0 ± 4.2 kg m-2) participated in this study (n = 18 for COMB, n = 16 HIIT), attending ∼ 36 training sessions. The COMB group performed 3 repetitions of 2 min at 95% of peak oxygen uptake (V'O2 peak) (e.g., HIIT ≤20%), followed by 30 min at 60% of VO2 peak (e.g., MICT ≥80%). The HIIT group performed 5-7 repetitions of 2 min at 95% of VO2 peak. At baseline (PRE) and at the end of the training period (POST), body composition, VO2 peak, and the fat oxidation rate were measured. The two training programs were equivalent in caloric expenditure. Results At POST, body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) decreased by a mean of 3.09 ± 3.21 kg and 3.90 ± 2.40 kg, respectively (P < 0.05), in both groups and V'O2 peak increased in both groups by a mean of 0.47 ± 0.34 L min-1 (P < 0.05). The maximal fat oxidation rate increased similarly in both groups from 0.32 ± 0.05 to 0.36 ± 0.06 g min-1 (P < 0.05). Conclusion COMB training represents a viable alternative to HIIT to improve anthropometric characteristics, physical capacities and fat oxidation in obese male adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D'Alleva
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Filippo Vaccari
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Graniero
- Physical Exercise Prescription Center, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Gemona del Friuli, Italy
| | - Nicola Giovanelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mirco Floreani
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federica Fiori
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Beyond the Calorie Paradigm: Taking into Account in Practice the Balance of Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081605. [PMID: 35458167 PMCID: PMC9027421 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature shows that exercise is not simply a way to generate a calorie deficit as an add-on to restrictive diets but exerts powerful additional biological effects via its impact on mitochondrial function, the release of chemical messengers induced by muscular activity, and its ability to reverse epigenetic alterations. This review aims to summarize the current literature dealing with the hypothesis that some of these effects of exercise unexplained by an energy deficit are related to the balance of substrates used as fuel by the exercising muscle. This balance of substrates can be measured with reliable techniques, which provide information about metabolic disturbances associated with sedentarity and obesity, as well as adaptations of fuel metabolism in trained individuals. The exercise intensity that elicits maximal oxidation of lipids, termed LIPOXmax, FATOXmax, or FATmax, provides a marker of the mitochondrial ability to oxidize fatty acids and predicts how much fat will be oxidized over 45–60 min of low- to moderate-intensity training performed at the corresponding intensity. LIPOXmax is a reproducible parameter that can be modified by many physiological and lifestyle influences (exercise, diet, gender, age, hormones such as catecholamines, and the growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor I axis). Individuals told to select an exercise intensity to maintain for 45 min or more spontaneously select a level close to this intensity. There is increasing evidence that training targeted at this level is efficient for reducing fat mass, sparing muscle mass, increasing the ability to oxidize lipids during exercise, lowering blood pressure and low-grade inflammation, improving insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, reducing blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, and decreasing the circulating cholesterol level. Training protocols based on this concept are easy to implement and accept in very sedentary patients and have shown an unexpected efficacy over the long term. They also represent a useful add-on to bariatric surgery in order to maintain and improve its weight-lowering effect. Additional studies are required to confirm and more precisely analyze the determinants of LIPOXmax and the long-term effects of training at this level on body composition, metabolism, and health.
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Chávez-Guevara IA, Hernández-Torres RP, Trejo-Trejo M, González-Rodríguez E, Moreno-Brito V, Wall-Medrano A, Pérez-León JA, Ramos-Jiménez A. Exercise Fat Oxidation Is Positively Associated with Body Fatness in Men with Obesity: Defying the Metabolic Flexibility Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136945. [PMID: 34209545 PMCID: PMC8297250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is thought to be associated with a reduced capacity to increase fat oxidation in response to physical exercise; however, scientific evidence supporting this paradigm remains scarce. This study aimed to determine the interrelationship of different submaximal exercise metabolic flexibility (Metflex) markers and define its association with body fatness on subjects with obesity. Twenty-one male subjects with obesity performed a graded-intensity exercise protocol (Test 1) during which cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and its corresponding exercise intensity (FATmax) were recorded. A week afterward, each subject performed a 60-min walk (treadmill) at FATmax (Test 2), and the resulting fat oxidation area under the curve (TFO) and maximum respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak) were recorded. Blood lactate (LAb) levels was measured during both exercise protocols. Linear regression analysis was used to study the interrelationship of exercise Metflex markers. Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate all possible linear relationships between Metflex and anthropometric measurement, controlling for CRF). The MFO explained 38% and 46% of RERpeak and TFO’s associated variance (p < 0.01) while TFO and RERpeak were inversely related (R2 = 0.54, p < 0.01). Body fatness positively correlated with MFO (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) and TFO (r = 0.63, p < 0.01) but inversely related with RERpeak (r = −0.67, p < 0.01). This study shows that MFO and RERpeak are valid indicators of TFO during steady-state exercise at FATmax. The fat oxidation capacity is directly associated with body fatness in males with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Chávez-Guevara
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Rosa P. Hernández-Torres
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico;
| | - Marina Trejo-Trejo
- Faculty of Sports, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21289, Mexico;
| | - Everardo González-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (E.G.-R.); (V.M.-B.)
| | - Verónica Moreno-Brito
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (E.G.-R.); (V.M.-B.)
| | - Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Jorge A. Pérez-León
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-656-167-9309
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Guedjati M, Silini S. Effets d’un réentraînement dans la zone du LIPOXmax sur la composition corporelle de femmes obèses d’âge périménopausique. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Roberts JD, Willmott AGB, Beasley L, Boal M, Davies R, Martin L, Chichger H, Gautam L, Del Coso J. The Impact of Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract on Fat Oxidation, Body Composition and Cardio-Metabolic Health in Overweight, Recreationally Active Individuals. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030764. [PMID: 33652910 PMCID: PMC7996723 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of decaffeinated green tea extract (dGTE), with or without antioxidant nutrients, on fat oxidation, body composition and cardio-metabolic health measures in overweight individuals engaged in regular exercise. Twenty-seven participants (20 females, 7 males; body mass: 77.5 ± 10.5 kg; body mass index: 27.4 ± 3.0 kg·m2; peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak): 30.2 ± 5.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned, in a double-blinded manner, either: dGTE (400 mg·d−1 (−)-epigallocatechin−3-gallate (EGCG), n = 9); a novel dGTE+ (400 mg·d−1 EGCG, quercetin (50 mg·d−1) and α-lipoic acid (LA, 150 mg·d−1), n = 9); or placebo (PL, n = 9) for 8 weeks, whilst maintaining standardised, aerobic exercise. Fat oxidation (‘FATMAX’ and steady state exercise protocols), body composition, cardio-metabolic and blood measures (serum glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, glycerol, free fatty acids, total cholesterol, high [HDL-c] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-c], triglycerides, liver enzymes and bilirubin) were assessed at baseline, week 4 and 8. Following 8 weeks of dGTE+, maximal fat oxidation (MFO) significantly improved from 154.4 ± 20.6 to 224.6 ± 23.2 mg·min−1 (p = 0.009), along with a 22.5% increase in the exercise intensity at which fat oxidation was deemed negligible (FATMIN; 67.6 ± 3.6% V.O2peak, p = 0.003). Steady state exercise substrate utilisation also improved for dGTE+ only, with respiratory exchange ratio reducing from 0.94 ± 0.01 at week 4, to 0.89 ± 0.01 at week 8 (p = 0.004). This corresponded with a significant increase in the contribution of fat to energy expenditure for dGTE+ from 21.0 ± 4.1% at week 4, to 34.6 ± 4.7% at week 8 (p = 0.006). LDL-c was also lower (normalised fold change of −0.09 ± 0.06) for dGTE+ by week 8 (p = 0.038). No other significant effects were found in any group. Eight weeks of dGTE+ improved MFO and substrate utilisation during exercise, and lowered LDL-c. However, body composition and cardio-metabolic markers in healthy, overweight individuals who maintained regular physical activity were largely unaffected by dGTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (A.G.B.W.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-845-196-5154
| | - Ashley G. B. Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (A.G.B.W.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Liam Beasley
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Mariette Boal
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (A.G.B.W.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Rory Davies
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (A.G.B.W.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurence Martin
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (A.G.B.W.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Havovi Chichger
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (H.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Lata Gautam
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (H.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943, Fuenlabrada, Spain;
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Determinants of Peak Fat Oxidation Rates During Cycling in Healthy Men and Women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:227-235. [PMID: 33588373 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study explored lifestyle and biological determinants of peak fat oxidation (PFO) during cycle ergometry, using duplicate measures to account for day-to-day variation. Seventy-three healthy adults (age range: 19-63 years; peak oxygen consumption [V˙O2peak]: 42.4 [10.1] ml·kg BM-1·min-1; n = 32 women]) completed trials 7-28 days apart that assessed resting metabolic rate, a resting venous blood sample, and PFO by indirect calorimetry during an incremental cycling test. Habitual physical activity (combined heart rate accelerometer) and dietary intake (weighed record) were assessed before the first trial. Body composition was assessed 2-7 days after the second identical trial by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Multiple linear regressions were performed to identify determinants of PFO (mean of two cycle tests). A total variance of 79% in absolute PFO (g·min-1) was explained with positive coefficients for V˙O2peak (strongest predictor), FATmax (i.e the % of V˙O2peak that PFO occurred at), and resting fat oxidation rate (g·min-1), and negative coefficients for body fat mass (kg) and habitual physical activity level. When expressed relative to fat-free mass, 64% of variance in PFO was explained: positive coefficients for FATmax (strongest predictor), V˙O2peak, and resting fat oxidation rate, and negative coefficients for male sex and fat mass. This duplicate design revealed that biological and lifestyle factors explain a large proportion of variance in PFO during incremental cycling. After accounting for day-to-day variation in PFO, V˙O2peak and FATmax were strong and consistent predictors of PFO.
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Königstein K, Abegg S, Schorn AN, Weber IC, Derron N, Krebs A, Gerber PA, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Güntner AT. Breath acetone change during aerobic exercise is moderated by cardiorespiratory fitness. J Breath Res 2020; 15:016006. [PMID: 32957090 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abba6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath acetone (BrAce) was investigated during and after submaximal aerobic exercise as a volatile biomarker for metabolic responsiveness in high and lower-fit individuals in a prospective cohort pilot-study. Twenty healthy adults (19-39 years) with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), determined by spiroergometry, were recruited. BrAce was repeatedly measured by proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) during 40-55 min submaximal cycling exercise and a post-exercise period of 180 min. Activity of ketone and fat metabolism during and after exercise were assessed by indirect calorimetric calculation of fat oxidation rate and by measurement of venous β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB). Maximum BrAce ratios were significantly higher during exercise in the high-fit individuals compared to the lower-fit group (t-test; p= 0.03). Multivariate regression showed 0.4% (95%-CI = -0.2%-0.9%, p= 0.155) higher BrAce change during exercise for every ml kg-1 min-1 higher VO2peak. Differences of BrAce ratios during exercise were similar to fat oxidation rate changes, but without association to respiratory minute volume. Furthermore, the high-fit group showed higher maximum BrAce increase rates (46% h-1) in the late post-exercise phase compared to the lower-fit group (29% h-1). As a result, high-fit young, healthy individuals have a higher increase in BrAce concentrations related to submaximal exercise than lower-fit subjects, indicating a stronger exercise-related activation of fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Königstein
- Department for Sports, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland. These authors contributed equally to this work
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Günaştı Ö, Özdemir Ç, Özgünen KT, Kılcı A, Korkmaz Eryılmaz S, Kurdak SS. Sedanter bireyler ve sporcularda substrat kesişim noktasındaki yağ oksidasyon hızlarının karşılaştırılması. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.571942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Randell RK, Carter JM, Jeukendrup AE, Lizarraga MA, Yanguas JI, Rollo I. Fat Oxidation Rates in Professional Soccer Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1677-1683. [PMID: 30845048 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Large interindividual variation exists in maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rates and the exercise intensity at which it occurs (FATMAX). However, there are no data describing the shape of the fat oxidation curve or if individual differences exist when tested on separate occasions. Furthermore, there are limited data on fat metabolism in professional team sport athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test-retest the concavity (shape) and intercept (height) of fat oxidation curves within a group of professional soccer players. METHOD On two occasions, 16 professional male soccer players completed a graded exercise test in a fasted state (≥5 h). Rates of fat oxidation were determined using indirect calorimetry. Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) was measured to calculate FATMAX (%V˙O2max). The shape of the fat oxidation curves were modeled on an individual basis using third-degree polynomial. Test-by-test differences, in the shape and vertical shift of the fat oxidation curves, were established to assess within-individual variability. RESULTS Average absolute MFO was 0.69 ± 0.15 g·min (range, 0.45-0.99 g·min). On a group level, no significant differences were found in MFO between the two tests. No differences were found (P > 0.05) in the shape of the fat oxidation curves in 13 of 16 players (test 1 vs test 2). There were also no differences (P > 0.05) in the vertical shift of the fat oxidation curves in 10 players. CONCLUSIONS In general, the shape of the fat oxidation curve does not change within an individual; however, the vertical shift is more susceptible to change, which may be due to training status and body composition. Understanding a player's metabolism may be of value to practitioners working within sport, with regard to personalizing nutrition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- The Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Global R&D, PepsiCo., Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM.,Loughborough University, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - James M Carter
- The Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Global R&D, PepsiCo., Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Asker E Jeukendrup
- Loughborough University, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | - Ian Rollo
- The Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Global R&D, PepsiCo., Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM.,Loughborough University, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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The effects of Montmorency tart cherry juice supplementation and FATMAX exercise on fat oxidation rates and cardio-metabolic markers in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2523-2539. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Maunder E, Plews DJ, Kilding AE. Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values. Front Physiol 2018; 9:599. [PMID: 29875697 PMCID: PMC5974542 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a short-duration step protocol and continuous indirect calorimetry, whole-body rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation can be estimated across a range of exercise workloads, along with the individual maximal rate of fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity at which MFO occurs (Fatmax). These variables appear to have implications both in sport and health contexts. After discussion of the key determinants of MFO and Fatmax that must be considered during laboratory measurement, the present review sought to synthesize existing data in order to contextualize individually measured fat oxidation values. Data collected in homogenous cohorts on cycle ergometers after an overnight fast was synthesized to produce normative values in given subject populations. These normative values might be used to contextualize individual measurements and define research cohorts according their capacity for fat oxidation during exercise. Pertinent directions for future research were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Randell RK, Rollo I, Roberts TJ, Dalrymple KJ, Jeukendrup AE, Carter JM. Maximal Fat Oxidation Rates in an Athletic Population. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:133-140. [PMID: 27580144 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to describe maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rates in an athletic population. METHOD In total, 1121 athletes (933 males and 188 females), from a variety of sports and competitive level, undertook a graded exercise test on a treadmill in a fasted state (≥5 h fasted). Rates of fat oxidation were determined using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS The average MFO was 0.59 ± 0.18 g·min, ranging from 0.17 to 1.27 g·min. Maximal rates occurred at an average exercise intensity of 49.3% ± 14.8% V˙O2max, ranging from 22.6% to 88.8% V˙O2max. In absolute terms, male athletes had significantly higher MFO compared with females (0.61 and 0.50 g·min, respectively, P < 0.001). Expressed relative to fat-free mass (FFM), MFO were higher in the females compared with males (MFO/FFM: 11.0 and 10.0 mg·kg·FFM·min, respectively, P < 0.001). Soccer players had the highest MFO/FFM (10.8 mg·kg·FFM·min), ranging from 4.1 to 20.5 mg·kg·FFM·min, whereas American Football players displayed the lowest rates of MFO/FFM (9.2 mg·kg·FFM·min). In all athletes, and when separated by sport, large individual variations in MFO rates were observed. Significant positive correlations were found between MFO (g·min) and the following variables: FFM, V˙O2max, FATMAX (the exercise intensity at which the MFO was observed), percent body fat, and duration of fasting. When taken together these variables account for 47% of the variation in MFO. CONCLUSION MFO and FATMAX vary significantly between athletes participating in different sports but also in the same sport. Although variance in MFO can be explained to some extent by body composition and fitness status, more than 50% of the variance is not explained by these variables and remains unaccounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- 1The Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Global Nutrition R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM; and 2School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Dandanell S, Husted K, Amdisen S, Vigelsø A, Dela F, Larsen S, Helge JW. Influence of maximal fat oxidation on long-term weight loss maintenance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:267-274. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00270.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired maximal fat oxidation has been linked to obesity and weight regain after weight loss. The aim was to investigate the relationship between maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and long-term weight loss maintenance. Eighty subjects [means (SD): age, 36(13) yrs; BMI, 38(1) kg/m2] were recruited from a total of 2,420 former participants of an 11- to 12-wk lifestyle intervention. Three groups were established based on percent weight loss at follow-up [5.3(3.3) yr]: clinical weight loss maintenance (CWL), >10% weight loss; moderate weight loss (MWL), 1–10% weight loss; and weight regain (WR). Body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and fat oxidation (indirect calorimetry) during incremental exercise were measured at follow-up. Blood and a muscle biopsy were sampled. At follow-up, a U-shaped parabolic relationship between MFO and percent weight loss was observed ( r = 0.448; P < 0.001). Overall differences between CWL, MWL, and WR were observed in MFO (mean [95% confidence interval], in g/min, respectively: 0.46 [0.41–0.52]; 0.32 [0.27–0.38]; 0.45 [0.38–0.51]; P = 0.002), maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max, in ml·min−1·FFM−1, respectively; 49 [46–51]; 43 [40–47]; 41 [39–44]; P = 0.007), HAD-activity (in µmol·g−1·min−1, respectively: 123 [113–133]; 104 [91–118]; 97 [88–105]; P < 0.001), muscle protein content of CD36 (in AU, respectively: 1.1 [1.0–1.2]; 0.9 [0.8–1.0]; 0.9 [0.8–0.9]; P = 0.008) and FABPpm (in AU, respectively, 1.0 [0.8–1.2]; 0.7 [0.5–0.8]; 0.7 [0.5–0.9]; P = 0.008), body fat (in %, respectively: 33 [29–38]; 42 [38–46]; 52 [49–55]; P < 0.001), and plasma triglycerides (in mM, respectively: 0.8 [0.7–1.0]; 1.3 [0.9–1.7]; 1.6 [1.0–2.1]; P = 0.013). CWL and WR both had higher MFO compared with MWL, but based on different mechanisms. CWL displayed higher V̇o2max and intramuscular capacity for fat oxidation, whereas abundance of lipids at whole-body level and in plasma was higher in WR. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Impaired maximal fat oxidation has been linked to obesity and weight regain after weight loss. Noteworthy, maximal fat oxidation was equally high after clinical weight loss maintenance and weight regain compared with moderate weight loss. A high maximal fat oxidation after clinical weight loss maintenance was related to higher maximal oxygen updake, content of key proteins involved in transport of lipids across the plasma membrane and β-oxidation. In contrast, a high maximal fat oxidation after weight regain was related to higher availability of lipids, i.e., general adiposity and plasma concentration of triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Dandanell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, XLab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Karina Husted
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, XLab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Signe Amdisen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, XLab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vigelsø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, XLab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, XLab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, XLab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, XLab, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dandanell S, Præst CB, Søndergård SD, Skovborg C, Dela F, Larsen S, Helge JW. Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation in individuals with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:405-412. [PMID: 28177732 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (FatMax) are commonly determined by indirect calorimetry during graded exercise tests in both obese and normal-weight individuals. However, no protocol has been validated in individuals with obesity. Thus, the aims were to develop a graded exercise protocol for determination of FatMax in individuals with obesity, and to test validity and inter-method reliability. Fat oxidation was assessed over a range of exercise intensities in 16 individuals (age: 28 (26-29) years; body mass index: 36 (35-38) kg·m-2; 95% confidence interval) on a cycle ergometer. The graded exercise protocol was validated against a short continuous exercise (SCE) protocol, in which FatMax was determined from fat oxidation at rest and during 10 min of continuous exercise at 35%, 50%, and 65% of maximal oxygen uptake. Intraclass and Pearson correlation coefficients between the protocols were 0.75 and 0.72 and within-subject coefficient of variation (CV) was 5 (3-7)%. A Bland-Altman plot revealed a bias of -3% points of maximal oxygen uptake (limits of agreement: -12 to 7). A tendency towards a systematic difference (p = 0.06) was observed, where FatMax occurred at 42 (40-44)% and 45 (43-47)% of maximal oxygen uptake with the graded and the SCE protocol, respectively. In conclusion, there was a high-excellent correlation and a low CV between the 2 protocols, suggesting that the graded exercise protocol has a high inter-method reliability. However, considerable intra-individual variation and a trend towards systematic difference between the protocols reveal that further optimization of the graded exercise protocol is needed to improve validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Dandanell
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- b Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Boslev Præst
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- b Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Dam Søndergård
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Camilla Skovborg
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- c Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
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15
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Croci I, Byrne NM, Chachay VS, Hills AP, Clouston AD, O’Moore-Sullivan TM, Prins JB, Macdonald GA, Hickman IJ. Independent effects of diet and exercise training on fat oxidation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1137-1148. [PMID: 27721919 PMCID: PMC5037327 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i27.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the independent effects of 6-mo of dietary energy restriction or exercise training on whole-body and hepatic fat oxidation of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
METHODS Participants were randomised into either circuit exercise training (EX; n = 13; 3 h/wk without changes in dietary habits), or dietary energy restriction (ER) without changes in structured physical activity (ER; n = 8). Respiratory quotient (RQ) and whole-body fat oxidation rates (Fatox) were determined by indirect calorimetry under basal, insulin-stimulated and exercise conditions. Severity of disease and steatosis was determined by liver histology; hepatic Fatox was estimated from plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; cardiorespiratory fitness was expressed as VO2peak. Complete-case analysis was performed (EX: n = 10; ER: n = 6).
RESULTS Hepatic steatosis and NAFLD activity score decreased with ER but not with EX. β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations increased significantly in response to ER (0.08 ± 0.02 mmol/L vs 0.12 ± 0.04 mmol/L, P = 0.03) but remained unchanged in response to EX (0.10 ± 0.03 mmol/L vs 0.11 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P = 0.39). Basal RQ decreased (P = 0.05) in response to EX, while this change was not significant after ER (P = 0.38). VO2peak (P < 0.001) and maximal Fatox during aerobic exercise (P = 0.03) improved with EX but not with ER (P > 0.05). The increase in β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations was correlated with the reduction in hepatic steatosis (r = -0.56, P = 0.04).
CONCLUSION ER and EX lead to specific benefits on fat metabolism of patients with NAFLD. Increased hepatic Fatox in response to ER could be one mechanism through which the ER group achieved reduction in steatosis.
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16
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Ipavec-Levasseur S, Croci I, Choquette S, Byrne NM, Cowin G, O'Moore-Sullivan TM, Prins JB, Hickman IJ. Effect of 1-h moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1262-8. [PMID: 26575100 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) are depleted in response to an acute bout of exercise in lean endurance-trained individuals; however, it is unclear whether changes in IMCL content are also seen in response to acute and chronic exercise in obese individuals. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 18 obese men and 5 normal-weight controls to assess IMCL content before and after an hour of cycling at the intensity corresponding with each participant's maximal whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fatmax). Fatmax was determined via indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The same outcome measures were reassessed in the obese group after a 16-week lifestyle intervention comprising dietary calorie restriction and exercise training. At baseline, IMCL content decreased in response to 1 h of cycling at Fatmax in controls (2.8 ± 0.4 to 2.0 ± 0.3 A.U., -39%, p = 0.02), but not in obese (5.4 ± 2.1 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 A.U., p = 0.42). The lifestyle intervention lead to weight loss (-10.0 ± 5.4 kg, p < 0.001), improvements in maximal aerobic power (+5.2 ± 3.4 mL/(kg·min)), maximal fat oxidation rate (+0.19 ± 0.22 g/min), and a 29% decrease in homeostasis model assessment score (all p < 0.05). However, when the 1 h of cycling at Fatmax was repeated after the lifestyle intervention, there remained no observable change in IMCL (4.6 ± 1.8 vs. 4.6 ± 1.9 A.U., p = 0.92). In summary, there was no IMCL depletion in response to 1 h of cycling at moderate intensity either before or after the lifestyle intervention in obese men. An effective lifestyle intervention including moderate-intensity exercise training did not impact rate of utilisation of IMCL during acute exercise in obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Croci
- a The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,b School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stéphane Choquette
- d Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- e Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Australia.,f Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gary Cowin
- g Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trisha M O'Moore-Sullivan
- c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,h Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Hickman
- a The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,c Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Robinson SL, Hattersley J, Frost GS, Chambers ES, Wallis GA. Maximal fat oxidation during exercise is positively associated with 24-hour fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity in young, healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1415-22. [PMID: 25814634 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in fat oxidation have been associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. There is large intersubject variability in the capacity to oxidize fat when a person is physically active, although the significance of this for metabolic health is unclear. We investigated whether the maximal capacity to oxidize fat during exercise is related to 24-h fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity. Maximal fat oxidation (MFO; indirect calorimetry during incremental exercise) and insulin sensitivity (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) were measured in 53 young, healthy men (age 24 ± 7 yr, V̇o2max 52 ± 6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)). Fat oxidation over 24 h (24-h FO; indirect calorimetry) was assessed in 16 young, healthy men (age 26 ± 8 yr, V̇o2max 52 ± 6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) during a 36-h stay in a whole-room respiration chamber. MFO (g/min) was positively correlated with 24-h FO (g/day) (R = 0.65, P = 0.003; R = 0.46, P = 0.041 when controlled for V̇o2max [l/min]), 24-h percent energy from FO (R = 0.58, P = 0.009), and insulin sensitivity (R = 0.33, P = 0.007). MFO (g/min) was negatively correlated with 24-h fat balance (g/day) (R = -0.51, P = 0.021) but not significantly correlated with 24-h respiratory quotient (R = -0.29, P = 0.142). Although additional investigations are needed, our data showing positive associations between MFO and 24-h FO, and between MFO and insulin sensitivity in healthy young men suggests that a high capacity to oxidize fat while one is physically active could be advantageous for the maintenance of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Robinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Hattersley
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, United Kingdom; University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gary S Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
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