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Forbes SC, Candow DG, Neto JHF, Kennedy MD, Forbes JL, Machado M, Bustillo E, Gomez-Lopez J, Zapata A, Antonio J. Creatine supplementation and endurance performance: surges and sprints to win the race. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2204071. [PMID: 37096381 PMCID: PMC10132248 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2204071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation is an effective ergogenic aid to augment resistance training and improve intense, short duration, intermittent performance. The effects on endurance performance are less known. The purpose of this brief narrative review is to discuss the potential mechanisms of how creatine can affect endurance performance, defined as large muscle mass activities that are cyclical in nature and are >~3 min in duration, and to highlight specific nuances within the literature. Mechanistically, creatine supplementation elevates skeletal muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) stores facilitating a greater capacity to rapidly resynthesize ATP and buffer hydrogen ion accumulation. When co-ingested with carbohydrates, creatine enhances glycogen resynthesis and content, an important fuel to support high-intensity aerobic exercise. In addition, creatine lowers inflammation and oxidative stress and has the potential to increase mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, creatine supplementation increases body mass, which may offset the potential positive effects, particularly in weight-bearing activities. Overall, creatine supplementation increases time to exhaustion during high-intensity endurance activities, likely due to increasing anaerobic work capacity. In terms of time trial performances, results are mixed; however, creatine supplementation appears to be more effective at improving performances that require multiple surges in intensity and/or during end spurts, which are often key race-defining moments. Given creatines ability to enhance anaerobic work capacity and performance through repeated surges in intensity, creatine supplementation may be beneficial for sports, such as cross-country skiing, mountain biking, cycling, triathlon, and for short-duration events where end-spurts are critical for performance, such as rowing, kayaking, and track cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Michael D Kennedy
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Erik Bustillo
- Train 8Nine/CrossFit Coconut Grove, Erik Bustillo Consulting, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jose Gomez-Lopez
- Rehab & Nutrition Center, Human Performance Laboratory, Motion Training, Lo Barnechea, Chile
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
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Law D, Magrini MA, Siedlik JA, Eckerson J, Drescher KM, Bredahl EC. Creatine and Resistance Training: A Combined Approach to Attenuate Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4048. [PMID: 37764831 PMCID: PMC10536171 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), a potent chemotherapy agent, useful in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias, is limited by its potentially lethal cardiotoxicity. However, exercise has been consistently shown to mitigate the side effects of DOX, including cardiotoxicity. To date, most studies examining the relationship between exercise and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity have focused on aerobic exercise, with very few examining the role of anerobic activity. Therefore, this investigation explored the potential of creatine (CR) and resistance training (RT) in preserving cardiac health during DOX therapy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into RT, RT + CR, sedentary (SED), and SED + CR, with each division further branching into saline (SAL) or DOX-treated subsets post-10 weeks of RT or SED activity. RT comprised progressive training utilizing specialized cages for bipedal stance feeding. CR-treated groups ingested water mixed with 1% CR monohydrate and 5% dextrose, while control animals received 5% dextrose. At week 10, DOX was administered (2 mg/kg/week) over 4-weeks to an 8 mg/kg cumulative dose. Cardiac function post-DOX treatment was assessed via transthoracic echocardiography. Left ventricular diameter during diastole was lower in DOX + CR, RT + DOX, and RT + CR + DOX compared to SED + DOX (p < 0.05). Additionally, cardiac mass was significantly greater in RT + CR + DOX SED + DOX animals (p < 0.05). These results suggest RT and CR supplementation, separately and in combination, could attenuate some measures of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and may offer a cost-effective way to complement cancer treatments and enhance patient outcomes. More investigations are essential to better understand CR's prolonged effects during DOX therapy and its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Law
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Jacob A Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha NE 68178, USA
| | - Joan Eckerson
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha NE 68178, USA
| | - Eric C Bredahl
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha NE 68178, USA
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Shenkman BS, Sharlo KA. How Muscle Activity Controls Slow
Myosin Expression. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302103011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vilchinskaya NA, Mochalova EP, Nemirovskaya TL, Mirzoev TM, Turtikova OV, Shenkman BS. Rapid decline in MyHC I(β) mRNA expression in rat soleus during hindlimb unloading is associated with AMPK dephosphorylation. J Physiol 2017; 595:7123-7134. [PMID: 28975644 DOI: 10.1113/jp275184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Inactivation of a skeletal muscle results in slow to fast myosin heavy chain (MyHC) shift. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can be implicated in the regulation of genes encoding the slow MyHC isoform. Here we report that AMPK dephosphorylation after 24 h of mechanical unloading can contribute to histone deacetylase (HDAC) nuclear translocation; activation of AMPK prevents HDAC4 nuclear accumulation after 24 h of unloading and AMPK dephosphorylation inhibits slow MyHC expression following 24 h of unloading. Our data indicate that AMPK dephosphorylation during the first 24 h of mechanical unloading has a significant impact on the expression of MyHC isoforms in rat soleus causing a decrease in MyHC I(β) pre-mRNA and mRNA expression as well as MyHC IIa mRNA expression. ABSTRACT One of the key events that occurs during skeletal muscle inactivation is a change in myosin phenotype, i.e. increased expression of fast isoforms and decreased expression of the slow isoform of myosin heavy chain (MyHC). It is known that calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can regulate the expression of genes encoding MyHC slow isoform. Earlier, we found a significant decrease in phosphorylated AMPK in rat soleus after 24 h of hindlimb unloading (HU). We hypothesized that a decrease in AMPK phosphorylation and subsequent histone deacetylase (HDAC) nuclear translocation can be one of the triggering events leading to a reduced expression of slow MyHC. To test this hypothesis, Wistar rats were treated with AMPK activator (AICAR) for 6 days before HU as well as during 24 h of HU. We discovered that AICAR treatment prevented a decrease in pre-mRNA and mRNA expression of MyHC I as well as MyHC IIa mRNA expression. Twenty-four hours of hindlimb suspension resulted in HDAC4 accumulation in the nuclei of rat soleus but AICAR pretreatment prevented this accumulation. The results of the study indicate that AMPK dephosphorylation after 24 h of HU had a significant impact on the MyHC I and MyHC IIa mRNA expression in rat soleus. AMPK dephosphorylation also contributed to HDAC4 translocation to the nuclei of soleus muscle fibres, suggesting an important role of HDAC4 as an epigenetic regulator in the process of myosin phenotype transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiana L Nemirovskaya
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Turtikova
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris S Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
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