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Cai Y, Anderson E, Xue W, Wong S, Cui L, Cheng X, Wang O, Mao Q, Liu SJ, Davis JT, Magalang PR, Schmidt D, Kasuga T, Garbelotto M, Drmanac R, Kua CS, Cannon C, Maloof JN, Peters BA. Assembly and analysis of the genome of Notholithocarpus densiflorus. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae043. [PMID: 38427916 PMCID: PMC11075539 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) is an evergreen tree in the Fagaceae family found in California and southern Oregon. Historically, tanoak acorns were an important food source for Native American tribes, and the bark was used extensively in the leather tanning process. Long considered a disjunct relictual element of the Asian stone oaks (Lithocarpus spp.), phylogenetic analysis has determined that the tanoak is an example of convergent evolution. Tanoaks are deeply divergent from oaks (Quercus) of the Pacific Northwest and comprise a new genus with a single species. These trees are highly susceptible to "sudden oak death" (SOD), a plant pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) that has caused widespread deaths of tanoaks. In this study, we set out to assemble the genome and perform comparative studies among a number of individuals that demonstrated varying levels of susceptibility to SOD. First, we sequenced and de novo assembled a draft reference genome of N. densiflorus using cobarcoded library processing methods and an MGI DNBSEQ-G400 sequencer. To increase the contiguity of the final assembly, we also sequenced Oxford Nanopore long reads to 30× coverage. To our knowledge, the draft genome reported here is one of the more contiguous and complete genomes of a tree species published to date, with a contig N50 of ∼1.2 Mb, a scaffold N50 of ∼2.1 Mb, and a complete gene score of 95.5% through BUSCO analysis. In addition, we sequenced 11 genetically distinct individuals and mapped these onto the draft reference genome, enabling the discovery of almost 25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and ∼4.4 million small insertions and deletions. Finally, using cobarcoded data, we were able to generate a complete haplotype coverage of all 11 genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Ellis Anderson
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Sylvia Wong
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Luman Cui
- Department of Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Research, MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Sophie Jia Liu
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - John T Davis
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paulo R Magalang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Douglas Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Takao Kasuga
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matteo Garbelotto
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Radoje Drmanac
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Chai-Shian Kua
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - Charles Cannon
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - Julin N Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brock A Peters
- Advanced Genomics Technology Laboratory, Complete Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
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Xu YY, Yan XY, Li T, Zhao TY, Lv JC, Fan L. The taxonomic revision of Melanogaster (Paxillaceae, Boletales) in China based on molecular and morphological evidence. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Clitopiloides prati and Trichopilus lecythiformis spp. nov. from Australia. MYCOTAXON 2022. [DOI: 10.5248/137.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clitopiloides prati (from northeastern Queensland) and Trichopilus lecythiformis (from coastal New South Wales) are described as new entolomatoid species based on morphological characters. Morphological similarities are discussed for these and other closely related species.
We also provide nuclear ribosomal RNA repeat (nrITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) sequences where obtained.
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Wang X, Han Q. A Closer Examination of the 'Abundant-Center' for Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Associated With Picea crassifolia in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:759801. [PMID: 35283884 PMCID: PMC8908202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.759801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis in biogeography predicts that a species' abundance is highest at the center of its geographical range and decreases toward its edges. In this study, we test the abundant-center hypothesis of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities associated with Picea crassifolia, an endemic species widely distributed in northwest China. We analyzed the taxonomic richness and the relative abundance of ECM fungi in four main distribution areas, from center to edges. In total, 234 species of ECM fungi were detected, and of these, 137 species were shared among all four sites. Inocybe, Sebacina, Tomentella, and Cortinarius were the dominant genera. ECM fungal richness and biodiversity were highest at the central and lower at peripheral sites. Our results indicated that ECM fungal species richness was consistent with the abundant-center hypothesis, while the relative abundances of individual fungal genera shifted inconsistently across the plant's range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qisheng Han
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
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Enright DJ, Frangioso KM, Isobe K, Rizzo DM, Glassman SI. Mega‐fire in Redwood Tanoak Forest Reduces Bacterial and Fungal Richness and Selects for Pyrophilous Taxa that are Phylogenetically Conserved. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2475-2493. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Enright
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of California 3401 Watkins Drive Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Kerri M. Frangioso
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kazuo Isobe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1‐1‐1 Yayoi, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐8657
| | - David M. Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Sydney I. Glassman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of California 3401 Watkins Drive Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Baba T, Janošík L, Koukol O, Hirose D. Genetic variations and in vitro root-colonizing ability for an ericaceous host in Sarcoleotia globosa (Geoglossomycetes). Fungal Biol 2021; 125:971-979. [PMID: 34776234 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that Sarcoleotia globosa (Geoglossomycetes) fruited on the soil of ornamental Erica pot cultures, and its ascospores can germinate on plain agar. These findings prompted us to collect isolates from horticultural and natural environments in Japan and analyze their phylogeny and root colonizing ability. Pure cultures were successfully obtained from ascospores and surface-sterilized ericaceous roots. Phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequences revealed that Japanese samples were separated into three strongly supported clades. Individual clade consisted of samples derived from (1) Erica pot cultures, (2) Rhododendron planted in a garden or Vaccinium pot culture, and (3) natural habitats in Hokkaido. Colony characteristics and in vitro root-colonizing morphology observed may correspond to these phylogenetic variations. Irrespective of the clades, all tested strains formed hyphal coils in vital rhizodermal cells of V. virgatum seedlings, which resembled those of ericoid mycorrhizae. Our results represent novel findings that can be the first step in unraveling the currently unknown ecology of geoglossoid fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- Division of Fruit Tree Production Reseach, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 92-24, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, 020-0123, Iwate, Japan
| | - Lukáš Janošík
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Koukol
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dai Hirose
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, 274-8555, Chiba, Japan.
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Porter DL, Bradshaw AJ, Nielsen RH, Newell P, Dentinger BTM, Naleway SE. The melanized layer of Armillaria ostoyae rhizomorphs: Its protective role and functions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104934. [PMID: 34773913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink is a highly pathogenic fungus that uses exploratory, cordlike structures called rhizomorphs to seek out new sources of nutrition, posing a parasitic threat to natural stands of trees, orchards, and vineyards. Rhizomorphs are notoriously difficult to destroy, and this resilience is due in large part to a melanized layer that protects the rhizomorph. While this structure has been previously observed, its structural and chemical defenses are yet to be discerned. Research was conducted on both lab-cultured and wild-harvested rhizomorph samples. While both environments produce rhizomorphs, only the wild-harvested rhizomorphs produced the melanized layer, allowing for direct investigation of its structure and properties. Imaging, chemical analysis, mechanical testing, and finite element modeling were used to understand the defense mechanisms provided by the melanized layer. Imaging showed a porous outer layer in both types of rhizomorphs, though the pores were smaller in the harvested melanized layer. This melanized layer contained calcium, which provides chemical defense against both human and natural control methods, but was absent from cultured samples. Nanoindentation resulted in a larger variance of hardness values for cultured rhizomorphs than for wild-harvested. Finite element analysis proved that the smaller pore structure of the melanized porous layer had the best balance between maximum deformation and resulting permanent deformation. These results allow for a better understanding of the defenses of this pathogenic fungus, which may lead to better control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander J Bradshaw
- Natural History Museum of Utah & School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, USA
| | - Ryan H Nielsen
- The University of Utah Department of Mechanical Engineering, USA
| | - Pania Newell
- The University of Utah Department of Mechanical Engineering, USA
| | - Bryn T M Dentinger
- Natural History Museum of Utah & School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, USA
| | - Steven E Naleway
- The University of Utah Department of Mechanical Engineering, USA
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Xing P, Xu Y, Gao T, Li G, Zhou J, Xie M, Ji R. The community composition variation of Russulaceae associated with the Quercus mongolica forest during the growing season at Wudalianchi City, China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8527. [PMID: 32095355 PMCID: PMC7023826 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most species of the Russulaceae are ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, which are widely distributed in different types of forest ecology and drive important ecological and economic functions. Little is known about the composition variation of the Russulaceae fungal community aboveground and in the root and soil during the growing season (June-October) from a Quercus mongolica forest. In this study, we investigated the changes in the composition of the Russulaceae during the growing season of this type of forest in Wudalianchi City, China. METHODS To achieve this, the Sanger sequencing method was used to identify the Russulaceae aboveground, and the high-throughput sequencing method was used to analyze the species composition of the Russulaceae in the root and soil. Moreover, we used the Pearson correlation analysis, the redundancy analysis and the multivariate linear regression analysis to analyze which factors significantly affected the composition and distribution of the Russulaceae fungal community. RESULTS A total of 56 species of Russulaceae were detected in the Q. mongolica forest, which included 48 species of Russula, seven species of Lactarius, and one species of Lactifluus. Russula was the dominant group. During the growing season, the sporocarps of Russula appeared earlier than those of Lactarius. The number of species aboveground exhibited a decrease after the increase and were significantly affected by the average monthly air temperature (r = -0.822, p = 0.045), average monthly relative humidity (r = -0.826, p = 0.043), monthly rainfall (r = 0.850, p = 0.032), soil moisture (r = 0.841, p = 0.036) and soil organic matter (r = 0.911, p = 0.012). In the roots and soils under the Q. mongolica forest, the number of species did not show an apparent trend. The number of species from the roots was the largest in September and the lowest in August, while those from the soils were the largest in October and the lowest in June. Both were significantly affected by the average monthly air temperature (r2 = 0.6083, p = 0.040) and monthly rainfall (r2 = 0.6354, p = 0.039). Moreover, the relative abundance of Russula and Lactarius in the roots and soils showed a linear correlation with the relative abundance of the other fungal genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Xing
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jijiang Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengle Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Life Science College, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiqing Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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What happens to the mycorrhizal communities of native and exotic seedlings when Pseudotsuga menziesii invades Nothofagaceae forests in Patagonia, Argentina? ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Ekanayaka AH, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Daranagama DA, Phillips AJL, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Zhao Q. DISCOMYCETES: the apothecial representatives of the phylum Ascomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Baeza-Guzmán Y, Medel-Ortiz R, Garibay-Orijel R. Caracterización morfológica y genética de los hongos ectomicorrízicos asociados a bosques de Pinus hartwegii en el Parque Nacional Cofre de Perote, Veracruz. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dickie I, Dentinger B, Avis P, McLaughlin D, Reich P. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of oak savanna are distinct from forest communities. Mycologia 2017; 101:473-83. [DOI: 10.3852/08-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Dickie
- Landcare Research, Box 40, Lincoln, 7640 New Zealand
| | | | | | - D.J. McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - P.B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Kluting KL, Baroni TJ, Bergemann SE. Toward a stable classification of genera within the Entolomataceae: a phylogenetic re-evaluation of the Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade. Mycologia 2017; 106:1127-42. [DOI: 10.3852/13-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri L. Kluting
- Middle Tennessee State University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Group, Biology Department, PO Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132
| | - Timothy J. Baroni
- Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 2000, State University of New York, College at Cortland, Cortland, New York 13045
| | - Sarah E. Bergemann
- Middle Tennessee State University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Group, Biology Department, PO Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132
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Sánchez-García M, Matheny PB. Is the switch to an ectomycorrhizal state an evolutionary key innovation in mushroom-forming fungi? A case study in the Tricholomatineae (Agaricales). Evolution 2016; 71:51-65. [PMID: 27767208 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms, little is known about the processes that shape their high taxonomic diversity. This study focuses on evolution of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom-forming fungi, symbiotic associates of many trees and shrubs, in the suborder Tricholomatineae of the Agaricales. We used the BiSSE model and BAMM to test the hypothesis that the ECM habit represents an evolutionary key innovation that allowed the colonization of new niches followed by an increase in diversification rate. Ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) supports the ancestor of the Tricholomatineae as non-ECM. We detected two diversification rate increases in the genus Tricholoma and the Rhodopolioid clade of the genus Entoloma. However, no increases in diversification were detected in the four other ECM clades of Tricholomatineae. We suggest that diversification of Tricholoma was not only due to the evolution of the ECM lifestyle, but also to the expansion and dominance of its main hosts and ability to associate with a variety of hosts. Diversification in the Rhodopolioid clade could be due to the unique combination of spore morphology and ECM habit. The spore morphology may represent an exaptation that aided spore dispersal and colonization. This is the first study to investigate rate shifts across a phylogeny that contains both non-ECM and ECM lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Sánchez-García
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1610.,Current Address: Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610
| | - Patrick Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1610
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Corrales A, Arnold AE, Ferrer A, Turner BL, Dalling JW. Variation in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae) in a Neotropical montane forest. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:1-17. [PMID: 25940407 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neotropical montane forests are often dominated by ectomycorrhizal (EM) tree species, yet the diversity of their EM fungal communities remains poorly explored. In lower montane forests in western Panama, the EM tree species Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae) forms locally dense populations in forest otherwise characterized by trees that form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations. The objective of this study was to compare the composition of EM fungal communities associated with Oreomunnea adults, saplings, and seedlings across sites differing in soil fertility and the amount and seasonality of rainfall. Analysis of fungal nrITS DNA (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers) revealed 115 EM fungi taxa from 234 EM root tips collected from adults, saplings, and seedlings in four sites. EM fungal communities were equally species-rich and diverse across Oreomunnea developmental stages and sites, regardless of soil conditions or rainfall patterns. However, ordination analysis revealed high compositional turnover between low and high fertility/rainfall sites located ca. 6 km apart. The EM fungal community was dominated by Russula (ca. 36 taxa). Cortinarius, represented by 14 species and previously reported to extract nitrogen from organic sources under low nitrogen availability, was found only in low fertility/high rainfall sites. Phylogenetic diversity analyses of Russula revealed greater evolutionary distance among taxa found on sites with contrasting fertility and rainfall than was expected by chance, suggesting that environmental differences among sites may be important in structuring EM fungal communities. More research is needed to evaluate whether EM fungal taxa associated with Oreomunnea form mycorrhizal networks that might account for local dominance of this tree species in otherwise diverse forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Corrales
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Astrid Ferrer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - James W Dalling
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
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Bizabani C, Dames J. Effects of inoculating Lachnum and Cadophora isolates on the growth of Vaccinium corymbosum. Microbiol Res 2015; 181:68-74. [PMID: 26640054 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The roots of ericaceous plants harbour a diversity of fungal taxa, which confer eco-physiological benefits to the host. Some of the fungi have been established to form ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) associations and enhance plant growth in certain ericaceous genera. Although, Lachnum and Cadophora isolates have frequently been identified from the roots of this family, the status of their association and functional roles is still vague. The aims of this study were to identify Lachnum and Cadophora isolates; determine the root-fungal interactive structures formed in associations with Vaccinium corymbosum L. (blueberry) hosts and to examine inoculation effects of the fungal associates using several varieties of the blueberry. Lachnum and Cadophora were isolated and identified from Erica cerinthoides L. and Erica demmissa Klotzsch ex Benth using morphological and molecular techniques. Micropropagated blueberry varieties (Bluecrop, Elliott, Spartan, Chandler and Brightwell) were inoculated with respective fungi and plant growth evaluated. Both fungi colonised the roots and did not have any pathogenic effect. Lachnum isolate did not form any particular mycorrhizal structures whereas; Cadophora inoculated plants showed typical ericoid mycorrhizal coils. Inoculation with both fungi enhanced the shoot growth of Brightwell and Elliott varieties. However neutral effects were observed in the remaining varieties. In conclusion, Cadophora and Lachnum isolates have potential to promote growth of selected blueberry varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bizabani
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Joanna Dames
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Loizides M, Carbone M, Alvarado P. Geoglossum dunense (Ascomycota, Geoglossales): a new species from the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta. Mycol Prog 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Tedersoo L, Smith ME. Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Hayden KJ, Garbelotto M, Dodd R, Wright JW. Scaling up from greenhouse resistance to fitness in the field for a host of an emerging forest disease. Evol Appl 2013; 6:970-82. [PMID: 24062805 PMCID: PMC3779097 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest systems are increasingly threatened by emergent, exotic diseases, yet management strategies for forest trees may be hindered by long generation times and scant background knowledge. We tested whether nursery disease resistance and growth traits have predictive value for the conservation of Notholithocarpus densiflorus, the host most susceptible to sudden oak death. We established three experimental populations to assess nursery growth and resistance to Phytophthora ramorum, and correlations between nursery-derived breeding values with seedling survival in a field disease trial. Estimates of nursery traits' heritability were low to moderate, with lowest estimates for resistance traits. Within the field trial, survival likelihood was increased in larger seedlings and decreased with the development of disease symptoms. The seed-parent family wide likelihood of survival was likewise correlated with family predictors for size and resistance to disease in 2nd year laboratory assays, though not resistance in 1st year leaf assays. We identified traits and seedling families with increased survivorship in planted tanoaks, and a framework to further identify seed parents favored for restoration. The additive genetic variation and seedling disease dynamics we describe hold promise to refine current disease models and expand the understanding of evolutionary dynamics of emergent infectious diseases in highly susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Hayden
- Environmental Science Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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Wright JW, Dodd RS. Could Tanoak Mortality Affect Insect Biodiversity? Evidence For Insect Pollination in Tanoaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3120/0024-9637-60.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Cobb RC, Rizzo DM, Hayden KJ, Garbelotto M, Filipe JAN, Gilligan CA, Dillon WW, Meentemeyer RK, Valachovic YS, Goheen E, Swiecki TJ, Hansen EM, Frankel SJ. Biodiversity Conservation in the Face of Dramatic Forest Disease: An Integrated Conservation Strategy for Tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) Threatened by Sudden Oak Death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3120/0024-9637-60.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Widmer TL, Shishkoff N, Dodge SC. Infectivity and Inoculum Production of Phytophthora ramorum on Roots of Eastern United States Oak Species. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1675-1682. [PMID: 30727464 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-11-1024-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about colonization of roots of trees by Phytophthora ramorum. We examined zoospore concentration and exposure time needed to infect six Quercus (oak) species and the inoculum produced from their roots. Sprouted acorns, exposed to zoospores (3,000/ml) for different times and transplanted to potting soil, were susceptible to infection within 1 h of exposure but root weights were not impacted after 4 weeks (P = 0.952). Roots of Quercus prinus seedlings, inoculated with sporangia, had 0.6 to 3.2% colonization of the total root mass after 5 months. Neither root lesions nor obvious root sloughing were observed. Inoculum threshold levels were tested by exposing radicles to varying zoospore concentrations for 24 h. Results showed that radicle infection occurred even at 1 zoospore/ml. To test inoculum production, roots were inoculated with sporangia and transplanted into pots. Periodically, samples of runoff were collected and plated on selective medium. Afterward, root segments were plated to calculate percent colonization. After 16 and 35 days, root colonization and inoculum production from oak was lower than that of Viburnum tinus, a positive control. This study shows that P. ramorum is able to infect sprouted oak acorns and produce secondary inoculum, which may be important epidemiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Widmer
- Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - N Shishkoff
- Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - S C Dodge
- Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
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Nattawut R, Jariya S, Sayanh S, Narumol P, E. B. Gareth. Phylogeny of the Appendaged Coelomycete Genera:Pseudorobillarda, Robillarda, andXepiculopsisBased on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2012. [DOI: 10.7872/crym.v33.iss3.2012.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Baumgartner K, Baker BR, Korhonen K, Zhao J, Hughes KW, Bruhn J, Bowman TS, Bergemann SE. Evidence of natural hybridization among homothallic members of the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea sensu stricto. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:677-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yagame T, Orihara T, Selosse MA, Yamato M, Iwase K. Mixotrophy of Platanthera minor, an orchid associated with ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:178-187. [PMID: 21995447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
• We investigated the fungal symbionts and carbon nutrition of a Japanese forest photosynthetic orchid, Platanthera minor, whose ecology suggests a mixotrophic syndrome, that is, a mycorrhizal association with ectomycorrhiza (ECM)-forming fungi and partial exploitation of fungal carbon. • We performed molecular identification of symbionts by PCR amplifications of the fungal ribosomal DNA on hyphal coils extracted from P. minor roots. We tested for a (13)C and (15)N enrichment characteristic of mixotrophic plants. We also tested the ectomycorrhizal abilities of orchid symbionts using a new protocol of direct inoculation of hyphal coils onto roots of Pinus densiflora seedlings. • In phylogenetic analyses, most isolated fungi were close to ECM-forming Ceratobasidiaceae clades previously detected from a few fully heterotrophic orchids or environmental ectomycorrhiza surveys. The direct inoculation of fungal coils of these fungi resulted in ectomycorrhiza formation on P. densiflora seedlings. Stable isotope analyses indicated mixotrophic nutrition of P. minor, with fungal carbon contributing from 50% to 65%. • This is the first evidence of photosynthetic orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal Ceratobasidiaceae taxa, confirming the evolution of mixotrophy in the Orchideae orchid tribe, and of ectomycorrhizal abilities in the Ceratobasidiaceae. Our new ectomycorrhiza formation technique may enhance the study of unculturable orchid mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yagame
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takamichi Orihara
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Centre d' Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Masahide Yamato
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Koji Iwase
- Department of Natural and Environmental Science Teikyo University of Science 2525 Yatsusawa, Uenohara 409-0193, Japan
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Baumgartner K, Coetzee MPA, Hoffmeister D. Secrets of the subterranean pathosystem of Armillaria. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:515-34. [PMID: 21722292 PMCID: PMC6640247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Armillaria root disease affects fruit and nut crops, timber trees and ornamentals in boreal, temperate and tropical regions of the world. The causal pathogens are members of the genus Armillaria (Basidiomycota, Physalacriaceae). This review summarizes the state of knowledge and highlights recent advances in Armillaria research. TAXONOMY Armillaria includes more than 40 morphological species. However, the identification and delineation of species on the basis of morphological characters are problematic, resulting in many species being undetected. Implementation of the biological species' concept and DNA sequence comparisons in the contemporary taxonomy of Armillaria have led to the discovery of a number of new species that are not linked to described morphological species. HOST RANGE Armillaria exhibits a range of symbioses with both plants and fungi. As plant pathogens, Armillaria species have broad host ranges, infecting mostly woody species. Armillaria can also colonize orchids Galeola and Gastrodia but, in this case, the fungus is the host and the plant is the parasite. Similar to its contrasting relationships with plants, Armillaria acts as either host or parasite in its interactions with other fungi. Disease control: Recent research on post-infection controls has revealed promising alternatives to the former pre-plant eradication attempts with soil fumigants, which are now being regulated more heavily or banned outright because of their negative effects on the environment. New study tools for genetic manipulation of the pathogen and characterization of the molecular basis of the host response will greatly advance the development of resistant rootstocks in a new stage of research. The depth of the research, regardless of whether traditional or genomic approaches are used, will depend on a clear understanding of where the different propagules of Armillaria attack a root system, which of the pathogen's diverse biolymer-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites facilitate infection, and how the course of infection differs between resistant and susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Baumgartner
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), University of California, Davis, USA.
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30
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Molecular phylogeny and paclitaxel screening of fungal endophytes from Taxus globosa. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:143-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang CL, Wang GP, Mao LJ, Komon-Zelazowska M, Yuan ZL, Lin FC, Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP. Muscodor fengyangensis sp. nov. from southeast China: morphology, physiology and production of volatile compounds. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:797-808. [PMID: 20943189 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Muscodor was erected on the basis of Muscodor albus, an endophytic fungus originally isolated from Cinnamomum zeylanicum. It produces a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antimicrobial activity that can be used as mycofumigants. The genus currently comprises five species. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a new species of Muscodor on the basis of five endophytic fungal strains from leaves of Actinidia chinensis, Pseudotaxus chienii and an unidentified broad leaf tree in the Fengyangshan Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, Southeast of China. They exhibit white colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media, rope-like mycelial strands, but did not sporulate. The optimum growth temperature is 25°C. The results of a phylogenetic analysis based on four loci (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, 28S rRNA, rpb2 and tub1) are consistent with the hypothesis that these five strains belong to a single taxon. All five strains also produce volatile chemical components with antimicrobial activity in vitro, which were different from those previously described for other Muscodor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Long Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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32
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Tedersoo L, May TW, Smith ME. Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:217-63. [PMID: 20191371 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis involves a large number of plant and fungal taxa worldwide. During studies on EcM diversity, numerous misidentifications, and contradictory reports on EcM status have been published. This review aims to: (1) critically assess the current knowledge of the fungi involved in the EcM by integrating data from axenic synthesis trials, anatomical, molecular, and isotope studies; (2) group these taxa into monophyletic lineages based on molecular sequence data and published phylogenies; (3) investigate the trophic status of sister taxa to EcM lineages; (4) highlight other potentially EcM taxa that lack both information on EcM status and DNA sequence data; (5) recover the main distribution patterns of the EcM fungal lineages in the world. Based on critically examining original reports, EcM lifestyle is proven in 162 fungal genera that are supplemented by two genera based on isotopic evidence and 52 genera based on phylogenetic data. Additionally, 33 genera are highlighted as potentially EcM based on habitat, although their EcM records and DNA sequence data are lacking. Molecular phylogenetic and identification studies suggest that EcM symbiosis has arisen independently and persisted at least 66 times in fungi, in the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. The orders Pezizales, Agaricales, Helotiales, Boletales, and Cantharellales include the largest number of EcM fungal lineages. Regular updates of the EcM lineages and genera therein can be found at the UNITE homepage http://unite.ut.ee/EcM_lineages . The vast majority of EcM fungi evolved from humus and wood saprotrophic ancestors without any obvious reversals. Herbarium records from 11 major biogeographic regions revealed three main patterns in distribution of EcM lineages: (1) Austral; (2) Panglobal; (3) Holarctic (with or without some reports from the Austral or tropical realms). The holarctic regions host the largest number of EcM lineages; none are restricted to a tropical distribution with Dipterocarpaceae and Caesalpiniaceae hosts. We caution that EcM-dominated habitats and hosts in South America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Australia remain undersampled relative to the north temperate regions. In conclusion, EcM fungi are phylogenetically highly diverse, and molecular surveys particularly in tropical and south temperate habitats are likely to supplement to the present figures. Due to great risk of contamination, future reports on EcM status of previously unstudied taxa should integrate molecular identification tools with axenic synthesis experiments, detailed morphological descriptions, and/or stable isotope investigations. We believe that the introduced lineage concept facilitates design of biogeographical studies and improves our understanding about phylogenetic structure of EcM fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences and Natural History Museum of Tartu University, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
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Tedersoo L, Pärtel K, Jairus T, Gates G, Põldmaa K, Tamm H. Ascomycetes associated with ectomycorrhizas: molecular diversity and ecology with particular reference to theHelotiales. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:3166-78. [PMID: 19671076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
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Morris MH, Pérez-Pérez MA, Smith ME, Bledsoe CS. Influence of host species on ectomycorrhizal communities associated with two co-occurring oaks (Quercus spp.) in a tropical cloud forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 69:274-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Jones MD, Grenon F, Peat H, Fitzgerald M, Holt L, Philip LJ, Bradley R. Differences in 15N uptake amongst spruce seedlings colonized by three pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. FUNGAL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Matsuda Y, Hayakawa N, Ito S. Local and microscale distributions of Cenococcum geophilum in soils of coastal pine forests. FUNGAL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Pruett G, Bruhn J, Mihail J. Temporal dynamics of ectomycorrhizal community composition on root systems of oak seedlings infected with Burgundy truffle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:1344-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Morris MH, Pérez-Pérez MA, Smith ME, Bledsoe CS. Multiple species of ectomycorrhizal fungi are frequently detected on individual oak root tips in a tropical cloud forest. MYCORRHIZA 2008; 18:375-383. [PMID: 18704515 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-008-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ecological importance of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in tropical ecosystems is increasingly recognized, but few studies have used molecular methods to examine EM fungal communities in tropical forests. The diversity and composition of the EM community on Quercus crassifolia in a tropical montane cloud forest in southern Mexico were characterized using DNA sequencing of single root tips. Individual root tips commonly harbored multiple fungal species that resulted in mixed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. By cloning and performing gel extractions on mixed PCR samples, we identified two or more EM fungi on 26% of the root tips. When non-EM fungi were considered, this figure increased to 31% of root tips. A total of 44 EM taxa and nine non-EM taxa were detected on roots from 21 soil cores (104 root tips). Taxa in the families Russulaceae, Cortinariaceae, Inocybaceae, and Thelephoraceae were frequent. This is the first study to characterize the belowground EM community in a tropical montane cloud forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Morris
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Miguel A Pérez-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, 58190, Michoacán, México
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and the Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Caroline S Bledsoe
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Korkama-Rajala T, Müller MM, Pennanen T. Decomposition and fungi of needle litter from slow- and fast-growing Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 56:76-89. [PMID: 17943340 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-007-9326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fungal species involved in the decomposition of needle litter and their response to intraspecific genetic variation of trees are poorly known. First, we compared the needle decomposition and fungal decomposers underneath eight different Norway spruce clones in situ. This experiment revealed 60-70% loss of needle mass in two years. Although spruce clones differed considerably in growth (twofold height difference) and their needles differed in chemical composition, no significant difference was found for loss of needle mass under the spruce clones. Furthermore, the spruce clones did not affect the community structure of the fungal decomposers. Fungi inhabiting needle litter were identified by extracting ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and sequencing complementary DNA (cDNA) of internal trascribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region. The most frequent identifications were Lophodermium, Pezizales, Mycena, and Marasmius, suggesting that endophytic fungi were involved in the decomposition process. Second, we evaluated the potential of endophytes to decompose needle material in a microcosm experiment in which all other fungi than endophytes were excluded. Within 2 years, the endophytes had decomposed 35-45% of the needle mass. Sequences of Mollisia, Lophodermium, Lachnum, and Phialocephala were most frequently found in rRNA and rDNA extracted from the needles at the end of the microcosm experiment. The dominant needle endophyte in fresh, green needles was Lophodermium piceae, and this species was also found frequently in the needle material after 2 years of decay both in the field and laboratory experiments. Moreover, the relative abundance of Lophodermium-derived denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) bands correlated positively with the decomposition in the microcosm experiment. Hence, our results suggest a significant role of endophytic fungi, and particularly L. piceae, in the process of needle decomposition in boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Korkama-Rajala
- Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute Metla, PO Box, 18, Vantaa, Finland.
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40
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Morphotyping and Molecular Methods to Characterize Ectomycorrhizal Roots and Hyphae in Soil. SOIL BIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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He XH, Horwath WR, Zasoski RJ, Aanderud Z, Bledsoe CS. Nitrogen sink strength of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes of Quercus douglasii, Q. garryana, and Q. agrifolia seedlings grown in a northern California oak woodland. MYCORRHIZA 2007; 18:33-41. [PMID: 17899217 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Little information is known on what the magnitude of nitrogen (N) processed by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species in the field. In a common garden experiment performed in a northern California oak woodland, we investigated transfer of nitrogen applied as 15NH4 or 15NO3 from leaves to ectomycorrhizal roots of three oak species, Quercus agrifolia, Q. douglasii, and Q. garryana. Oak seedlings formed five common ectomycorrhizal morphotypes on root tips. Mycorrhizal tips were more enriched in 15N than fine roots. N transfer was greater to the less common morphotypes than to the more common types. 15N transfer from leaves to roots was greater when 15NO3(-), not [Formula: see text], was supplied. 15N transfer to roots was greater in seedlings of Q. agrifolia than in Q. douglasii and Q. garryana. Differential N transfer to ectomycorrhizal root tips suggests that ectomycorrhizal morphotypes can influence flows of N from leaves to roots and that mycorrhizal diversity may influence the total N requirement of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H He
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Asian National Environmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - W R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R J Zasoski
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Z Aanderud
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - C S Bledsoe
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Abstract
This study characterizes the molecular and phylogenetic identity of fungi involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations in extant Huperzia and Lycopodium (Lycopodiaceae). Huperzia and Lycopodium are characterized by a life cycle with long-lived autotrophic sporophytes and long-lived mycoheterotrophic (obtain all organic carbon from fungal symbionts) gametophytes. 18S ribosomal DNA was isolated and sequenced from Glomus symbionts in autotrophic sporophytes of seven species of Huperzia and Lycopodium and mycoheterotrophic Huperzia gametophytes collected from the Páramos of Ecuador. Phylogenetic analyses recovered four Glomus A phylotypes in a single clade (MH3) that form AM associations with Huperzia and Lycopodium. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of Glomus symbionts from other nonphotosynthetic plants demonstrate that most AM fungi that form mycoheterotrophic associations belong to at least four specific clades of Glomus A. These results suggest that most mycoheterotrophic plants that form AM associations do so with restricted clades of Glomus A. Moreover, the correspondence of identity of AM symbionts in Huperzia sporophytes and gametophytes raises the possibility that photosynthetic sporophytes are a source of carbon to conspecific mycoheterotrophic gametophytes via shared fungal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Winther
- University of Colorado, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334, USA
| | - William E Friedman
- University of Colorado, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334, USA
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43
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Winther JL, Friedman WE. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:1248-1255. [PMID: 21636490 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.7.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species are characterized by a life cycle with a long-lived, subterranean phase that is completely dependent on mycorrhizal fungal symbionts for fixed carbon. This type of life cycle is both phylogenetically and ecologically widespread and is found in diverse vascular plant lineages from the tropics to subalpine meadows. Here we report on the molecular identities of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the autotrophic and underground mycoheterotrophic life cycle phases of the ferns Botrychium crenulatum and B. lanceolatum. We show that the Glomus taxa found in the mycoheterotrophic life cycle phases of B. crenulatum and B. lanceolatum are also found in conspecific and heterospecific photosynthetic neighboring plants. From our DNA sequence data, we infer carbon flow from photosynthetic plants to mycoheterotrophic plants through shared glomalean fungal networks. Finally, our phylogenetic analyses identify a major Glomus clade that forms associations with mycoheterotrophic life cycle stages of B. crenulatum and B. lanceolatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Winther
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334 USA
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Understanding the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi: progress, challenges, and frontiers. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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