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Zolotareva D, Zazybin A, Belyankova Y, Dauletbakov A, Tursynbek S, Rafikova K, Ten A, Yu V, Bayazit S, Basharimova A, Aydemir M. Increasing Sugar Content in Source for Biofuel Production Using Agrochemical and Genetic Approaches at the Stages of BioMass Preharvesting and Harvesting. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165210. [PMID: 36014450 PMCID: PMC9416125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to optimize biofuel (including bioethanol) production processes, various problems need to be solved, such as increasing the sugar content of raw materials/biomass to gain a higher yield of the product. This task can be solved in several ways, with their own advantages and disadvantages, and an integrated approach, such as using a combination of ripening agents and phytohormones or application of a superabsorbent polymer with at least one sugar-enhancing agent, can be applied as well. Here, we reviewed several methods, including pre- and postharvest factors (light, temperature, partial replacement of potassium with magnesium, etc.), genetic modifications (traditional breeding, phytohormones, etc.), chemical ripening methods (Ethephon, Moddus, etc.), and some alternative methods (DMSO treatment, ionic liquids, etc.). The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date summary of methods of increasing the carbohydrate level in plants/biomass for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Zolotareva
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexey Zazybin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-705-293-0778
| | - Yelizaveta Belyankova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Dauletbakov
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Saniya Tursynbek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Khadichahan Rafikova
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Ten
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Sh. Ualikhanov, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Valentina Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Sh. Ualikhanov, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarah Bayazit
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Anna Basharimova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Murat Aydemir
- Department of Chemistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey
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Lucob-Agustin N, Sugiura D, Kano-Nakata M, Hasegawa T, Suralta RR, Niones JM, Inari-Ikeda M, Yamauchi A, Inukai Y. The promoted lateral root 1 (plr1) mutation is involved in reduced basal shoot starch accumulation and increased root sugars for enhanced lateral root growth in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110667. [PMID: 33218634 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are indispensable for plant growth, adaptability and productivity. We previously reported a rice mutant, exhibiting a high density of thick and long LRs (L-type LRs) with long parental roots and herein referred to as promoted lateral root1 (plr1). In this study, we describe that the mutant exhibited decreased basal shoot starch accumulation, suggesting that carbohydrates might regulate the mutant root phenotype. Further analysis revealed that plr1 mutation gene regulated reduced starch accumulation resulting in increased root sugars for the regulation of promoted LR development. This was supported by the exogenous glucose application that promoted L-type LRs. Moreover, nitrogen (N) application was found to reduce basal shoot starch accumulation in both plr1 mutant and wild-type seedlings, which was due to the repressed expression of starch biosynthesis genes. However, unlike the wild-type that responded to N treatment only at seedling stage, the plr1 mutant regulated LR development under low to increasing N levels, both at seedling and higher growth stages. These results suggest that plr1 mutation gene is involved in reduced basal shoot starch accumulation and increased root sugar level for the promotion of L-type LR development, and thus would be very useful in improving rice root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonawin Lucob-Agustin
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Mana Kano-Nakata
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Roel R Suralta
- Philippine Rice Research Institute, Central Experiment Station, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119, Philippines.
| | - Jonathan M Niones
- Philippine Rice Research Institute, Central Experiment Station, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119, Philippines.
| | - Mayuko Inari-Ikeda
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Inukai
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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González-Hernández AI, Scalschi L, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. Exogenous Carbon Compounds Modulate Tomato Root Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E837. [PMID: 32635257 PMCID: PMC7411956 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NO3- is not only a nutrient, but also a signaling compound that plays an important role in several plant processes, like root development. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of three different exogenous C compounds (sucrose, glucose, 2-oxoglutarate) added to NO3- nutrition on C/N, auxin and antioxidant metabolisms in 10-day-old tomato seedlings. Sucrose and glucose supplementation enhanced primary root (PR) length, lateral root number and root density, while 2-oxoglutarate negatively affected them. This phenomenon was accompanied by a slight increase in NRT2.1 and GS1 gene expression, together with an increase in LAX2 and LAX3 and a decrease in LAX4 in the roots growing under sucrose and glucose sources. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate enhanced the expression of NiR, GDH, PEPC1, LAX1, LAX3 and the antioxidant gene SOD Cl. Taken together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of how these C sources can modulate N uptake and C/N, auxin and antioxidant gene expression, which could be useful for improving nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (L.S.); (P.G.-A.)
| | | | | | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (L.S.); (P.G.-A.)
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Liu Z, Giehl RFH, Hartmann A, Hajirezaei MR, Carpentier S, von Wirén N. Seminal and Nodal Roots of Barley Differ in Anatomy, Proteome and Nitrate Uptake Capacity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1297-1308. [PMID: 32379871 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The root system of barley plants is composed of embryogenic, seminal roots as well as lateral and nodal roots that are formed postembryonically from seminal roots and from the basal part of shoots, respectively. Due to their distinct developmental origin, seminal and nodal roots may differ in function during plant development; however, a clear comparison between these two root types has not yet been undertaken. In this study, anatomical, proteomic and physiological traits were compared between seminal and nodal roots of similar developmental stages. Nodal roots have larger diameter, larger metaxylem area and a larger number of metaxylem vessels than seminal roots. Proteome profiling uncovered a set of root-type-specific proteins, including proteins related to the cell wall and cytoskeleton organization, which could potentially be implicated with differential metaxylem development. We also found that nodal roots have higher levels of auxin, which is known to trigger metaxylem development. At millimolar nitrate supply, nodal roots had approximately 2-fold higher nitrate uptake and root-to-shoot translocation capacities than seminal roots, whereas no differences were found at micromolar nitrate supply. Since these marked differences were not reflected by the transcript levels of low-affinity nitrate transporter genes, we hypothesize that the larger metaxylem volume of nodal roots enhances predominantly the low-affinity uptake and translocation capacities of nutrients that are transported with the bulk flow of water, like nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo Fabiano Hettwer Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajirezaei
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Proteomics Core Facility, SYBIOMA, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, Bus 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2455, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Zhang S, Peng F, Xiao Y, Wang W, Wu X. Peach PpSnRK1 Participates in Sucrose-Mediated Root Growth Through Auxin Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:409. [PMID: 32391030 PMCID: PMC7193671 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sugar signals play a key role in root growth and development. SnRK1, as one of the energy centers, can respond to energy changes in plants and affect the growth and development of plants. However, studies on sugar signals and SnRK1 regulating root growth in fruit trees have not been reported. In this study, we found that 5% exogenous sucrose could increase the total volume and total surface area of the peach root system, enhance the number and growth of lateral roots, and promote the activity of SnRK1. When exogenous trehalose was applied, the growth of roots was poor. Sucrose treatment reversed the inhibitory effects of trehalose on SnRK1 enzyme activity and root growth. We also found that the lateral root number of PpSnRK1a-overexpressing plants (4-1, 4-2, and 4-3) increased significantly. Therefore, we believe that peach SnRK1 is involved in sucrose-mediated root growth and development. To further clarify this mechanism, we used qRT-PCR analysis to show that exogenous sucrose could promote the expression of auxin-related genes in roots, thereby leading to the accumulation of auxin in the root system. In addition, the genes related to auxin synthesis and auxin transport in the root systems of PpSnRK1a-overexpressing lines were also significantly up-regulated. Using peach PpSnRK1a as the bait, we obtained two positive clones, PpIAA12 and PpPIN-LIKES6, which play key roles in auxin signaling. The interactions between peach PpSnRK1a and PpIAA12/PpPIN-LIKES6 were verified by yeast two-hybrid assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments, and the complexes were localized in the nucleus. After exogenous trehalose treatment, the expression of these two genes in peach root system was inhibited, whereas sucrose had a significant stimulatory effect and could alleviate the inhibition of these two genes by trehalose, which was consistent with the trend of sucrose's regulation of SnRK1 activity. In conclusion, peach SnRK1 can respond to sucrose and regulate root growth through the auxin signal pathway. This experiment increases our understanding of the function of fruit tree SnRK1 and provides a new insight to further study sugar hormone crosstalk in the future.
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Branco R, Masle J. Systemic signalling through translationally controlled tumour protein controls lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3927-3940. [PMID: 31037291 PMCID: PMC6685649 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant body plan and primary organs are established during embryogenesis. However, in contrast to animals, plants have the ability to generate new organs throughout their whole life. These give them an extraordinary developmental plasticity to modulate their size and architecture according to environmental constraints and opportunities. How this plasticity is regulated at the whole-organism level is elusive. Here we provide evidence for a role for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) in regulating the iterative formation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis. AtTCTP1 modulates root system architecture through a dual function: as a general constitutive growth promoter enhancing root elongation and as a systemic signalling agent via mobility in the vasculature. AtTCTP1 encodes mRNAs with long-distance mobility between the shoot and roots. Mobile shoot-derived TCTP1 gene products act specifically to enhance the frequency of lateral root initiation and emergence sites along the primary root pericycle, while root elongation is controlled by local constitutive TCTP1 expression and scion size. These findings uncover a novel type for an integrative signal in the control of lateral root initiation and the compromise for roots between branching more profusely or elongating further. They also provide the first evidence in plants of an extracellular function of the vital, highly expressed ubiquitous TCTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Branco
- The Australian National University, College of Science, Research School of Biology, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Josette Masle
- The Australian National University, College of Science, Research School of Biology, Canberra ACT, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Bouda M, Brodersen C, Saiers J. Whole root system water conductance responds to both axial and radial traits and network topology over natural range of trait variation. J Theor Biol 2018; 456:49-61. [PMID: 30055183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Current theory and supporting research suggests that radial transport is the most limiting factor to root water uptake, raising the question whether only absorbing root length and radial conductivity matter to water uptake. Here, we extended the porous pipe analytical model of root water uptake to entire root networks in 3D and analysed the relative importance of axial and radial characteristics to total uptake over parameter ranges reported in the literature. We found that network conductance can be more sensitive to axial than radial conductance of absorbing roots. When axial transport limits uptake, more dichotomous topology, especially towards the base of the network, increases water uptake efficiency, while the effect of root length is reduced. Whole root system conductance was sensitive to radial transport and length in model lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), but to axial transport and topology in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), suggesting the root habit niche space of monocots may be constrained by their loss of secondary growth. A deep tap root calibrated to oak (Quercus fusiformis J. Buchholz) hydraulic parameters required 15 times more xylem volume to transport comparable amounts of water once recalibrated to parameters from juniper (Juniperus ashei Small 1901), showing that anatomical constraints on axial conductance can lead to significant trade-offs in woody roots as well. Root system water uptake responds to axial transport and can be limited by it in a biologically meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bouda
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 370 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 370 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Saiers
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 370 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
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Neb D, Das A, Hintelmann A, Nehls U. Composite poplars: a novel tool for ectomycorrhizal research. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1959-1970. [PMID: 29063187 PMCID: PMC5668338 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Composite poplars were used for ectomycorrhiza formation. Structurally normal mycorrhizas of transgenic roots revealed better fungal sugar support. Targeting fluorescent proteins to peroxisomes allowed easy in planta visualization of successful transformation. A bottle neck in ectomycorrhizal research is the time demand for generation of transgenic plants. An alternative strategy for such root-centered research might be the formation of the so-called composite plants, where transgenic roots are formed by non-transgenic shoots. We have developed an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated root transformation protocol using axenic Populus tremula × tremuloides and P. tremula × alba cuttings. When comparing four different bacterial strains, A. rhizogenes K599 turned out to be the most suitable for poplar transformation. Transgenic roots revealed only minor hairy root phenotype when plants were grown on agar plates with synthetic growth medium in the absence of a sugar source. When using different ectomycorrhizal fungi, formation of ectomycorrhizas by transgenic roots of composite poplars was not affected and mycorrhizas were anatomically indistinguishable from mycorrhizas of non-transgenic roots. Elevated trehalose content and marker gene expression, however, pointed towards somewhat better fungal carbon nutrition in ectomycorrhizas of transgenic compared to non-transgenic roots. Cell wall autofluorescence of poplar fine roots is an issue that can limit the use of fluorescent proteins as visual markers for in planta analysis, especially after ectomycorrhiza formation. By targeting marker proteins to peroxisomes, sensitive fluorescence detection, easily distinguishable from cell wall autofluorescence, was obtained for both poplar fine roots and ectomycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Neb
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Arpita Das
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Annette Hintelmann
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Uwe Nehls
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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Thompson M, Gamage D, Hirotsu N, Martin A, Seneweera S. Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis and Carbon Partitioning: A Perspective on Root Sugar Sensing and Hormonal Crosstalk. Front Physiol 2017; 8:578. [PMID: 28848452 PMCID: PMC5550704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide will be of great concern in the future, as carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) are predicted to continue to rise. Elevated [CO2] causes increased photosynthesis in plants, which leads to greater production of carbohydrates and biomass. Which organ the extra carbohydrates are allocated to varies between species, but also within species. These carbohydrates are a major energy source for plant growth, but they also act as signaling molecules and have a range of uses beyond being a source of carbon and energy. Currently, there is a lack of information on how the sugar sensing and signaling pathways of plants are affected by the higher content of carbohydrates produced under elevated [CO2]. Particularly, the sugar signaling pathways of roots are not well understood, along with how they are affected by elevated [CO2]. At elevated [CO2], some plants allocate greater amounts of sugars to roots where they are likely to act on gene regulation and therefore modify nutrient uptake and transport. Glucose and sucrose also promote root growth, an effect similar to what occurs under elevated [CO2]. Sugars also crosstalk with hormones to regulate root growth, but also affect hormone biosynthesis. This review provides an update on the role of sugars as signaling molecules in plant roots and thus explores the currently known functions that may be affected by elevated [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thompson
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo UniversityItakura-machi, Japan
| | - Anke Martin
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
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Mudgil Y, Karve A, Teixeira PJPL, Jiang K, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Jones AM. Photosynthate Regulation of the Root System Architecture Mediated by the Heterotrimeric G Protein Complex in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1255. [PMID: 27610112 PMCID: PMC4997095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assimilate partitioning to the root system is a desirable developmental trait to control but little is known of the signaling pathway underlying partitioning. A null mutation in the gene encoding the Gβ subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, a nexus for a variety of signaling pathways, confers altered sugar partitioning in roots. While fixed carbon rapidly reached the roots of wild type and agb1-2 mutant seedlings, agb1 roots had more of this fixed carbon in the form of glucose, fructose, and sucrose which manifested as a higher lateral root density. Upon glucose treatment, the agb1-2 mutant had abnormal gene expression in the root tip validated by transcriptome analysis. In addition, PIN2 membrane localization was altered in the agb1-2 mutant. The heterotrimeric G protein complex integrates photosynthesis-derived sugar signaling incorporating both membrane-and transcriptional-based mechanisms. The time constants for these signaling mechanisms are in the same range as photosynthate delivery to the root, raising the possibility that root cells are able to use changes in carbon fixation in real time to adjust growth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Botany, University of DelhiDelhi, India
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
- *Correspondence: Yashwanti Mudgil,
| | | | | | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
| | - Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
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Beidler KV, Taylor BN, Strand AE, Cooper ER, Schönholz M, Pritchard SG. Changes in root architecture under elevated concentrations of CO₂ and nitrogen reflect alternate soil exploration strategies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1153-1163. [PMID: 25348775 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the response of fine roots to increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration has important implications for carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Root architecture is known to play an important role in how trees acquire soil resources in changing environments. However, the effects of elevated CO₂ on the fine-root architecture of trees remain unclear. We investigated the architectural response of fine roots exposed to 14 yr of CO₂ enrichment and 6 yr of nitrogen (N) fertilization in a Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) forest. Root traits reflecting geometry, topology and uptake function were measured on intact fine-root branches removed from soil monoliths and the litter layer. CO₂ enrichment resulted in the development of a fine-root pool that was less dichotomous and more exploratory under N-limited conditions. The per cent mycorrhizal colonization did not differ among treatments, suggesting that root growth and acclimation to elevated CO₂ were quantitatively more important than increased mycorrhizal associations. Our findings emphasize the importance of architectural plasticity in response to environmental change and suggest that changes in root architecture may allow trees to effectively exploit larger volumes of soil, thereby pre-empting progressive nutrient limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katilyn V Beidler
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Benton N Taylor
- Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 10th Floor, Schermerhorn Ext. 1200 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Allan E Strand
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Emily R Cooper
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Marcos Schönholz
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Seth G Pritchard
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
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Lemoine R, Camera SL, Atanassova R, Dédaldéchamp F, Allario T, Pourtau N, Bonnemain JL, Laloi M, Coutos-Thévenot P, Maurousset L, Faucher M, Girousse C, Lemonnier P, Parrilla J, Durand M. Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:272. [PMID: 23898339 PMCID: PMC3721551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Source-to-sink transport of sugar is one of the major determinants of plant growth and relies on the efficient and controlled distribution of sucrose (and some other sugars such as raffinose and polyols) across plant organs through the phloem. However, sugar transport through the phloem can be affected by many environmental factors that alter source/sink relationships. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the phloem transport mechanisms and review the effects of several abiotic (water and salt stress, mineral deficiency, CO2, light, temperature, air, and soil pollutants) and biotic (mutualistic and pathogenic microbes, viruses, aphids, and parasitic plants) factors. Concerning abiotic constraints, alteration of the distribution of sugar among sinks is often reported, with some sinks as roots favored in case of mineral deficiency. Many of these constraints impair the transport function of the phloem but the exact mechanisms are far from being completely known. Phloem integrity can be disrupted (e.g., by callose deposition) and under certain conditions, phloem transport is affected, earlier than photosynthesis. Photosynthesis inhibition could result from the increase in sugar concentration due to phloem transport decrease. Biotic interactions (aphids, fungi, viruses…) also affect crop plant productivity. Recent breakthroughs have identified some of the sugar transporters involved in these interactions on the host and pathogen sides. The different data are discussed in relation to the phloem transport pathways. When possible, the link with current knowledge on the pathways at the molecular level will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Lemoine
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Sylvain La Camera
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Thierry Allario
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnemain
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Maryse Laloi
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mireille Faucher
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Christine Girousse
- Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Unités Mixtes de RechercheClermont Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jonathan Parrilla
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
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Wang H, Xiao W, Niu Y, Jin C, Chai R, Tang C, Zhang Y. Nitric oxide enhances development of lateral roots in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under elevated carbon dioxide. PLANTA 2013; 237:137-44. [PMID: 22990909 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) has been shown to enhance the growth and development of plants, especially of roots. Amongst them, lateral roots play an important role in nutrient uptake, and thus alleviate the nutrient limitation to plant growth under elevated CO₂. This paper examined the mechanism underlying CO₂ elevation-induced lateral root formation in tomato. The endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in roots was detected by the specific probe 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM DA). We suggest that CO₂ elevation-induced NO accumulation was important for lateral root formation. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased the activity of nitric oxide synthase in roots, but not nitrate reductase activity. Moreover, the pharmacological evidence showed that nitric oxide synthase rather than nitrate reductase was responsible for CO₂ elevation-induced NO accumulation. Elevated CO₂ enhanced the activity of nitric oxide synthase and promoted production of NO, which was involved in lateral root formation in tomato under elevated CO₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Roycewicz P, Malamy JE. Dissecting the effects of nitrate, sucrose and osmotic potential on Arabidopsis root and shoot system growth in laboratory assays. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1489-500. [PMID: 22527391 PMCID: PMC3321681 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the specific effects of water and nutrients on plant development is difficult because changes in a single component can often trigger multiple response pathways. Such confounding issues are prevalent in commonly used laboratory assays. For example, increasing the nitrate concentration in growth media alters both nitrate availability and osmotic potential. In addition, it was recently shown that a change in the osmotic potential of media alters the plant's ability to take up other nutrients such as sucrose. It can also be difficult to identify the initial target tissue of a particular environmental cue because there are correlated changes in development of many organs. These growth changes may be coordinately regulated, or changes in development of one organ may trigger changes in development of another organ as a secondary effect. All these complexities make analyses of plant responses to environmental factors difficult to interpret. Here, we review the literature on the effects of nitrate, sucrose and water availability on root system growth and discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects. We then present experiments that examine the impact of nitrate, sucrose and water on root and shoot system growth in culture using an approach that holds all variables constant except the one under analysis. We found that while all three factors also alter root system size, changes in sucrose and osmotic potential also altered shoot system size. In contrast, we found that, when osmotic effects are controlled, nitrate specifically inhibits root system growth while having no effect on shoot system growth. This effectively decreases the root : shoot ratio. Alterations in root : shoot ratio have been widely observed in response to nitrogen starvation, where root growth is selectively increased, but the present results suggest that alterations in this ratio can be triggered across a wide spectrum of nitrate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn E. Malamy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences W519, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Correa LDR, Troleis J, Mastroberti AA, Mariath JEA, Fett-Neto AG. Distinct modes of adventitious rooting in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:100-9. [PMID: 21974782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The literature describes different rooting protocols for Arabidopsis thaliana as models to study adventitious rooting, and results are generally perceived as comparable. However, there is a lack of investigations focusing on the distinct features, advantages and limitations of each method in the study of adventitious rooting with both wild-type (WT) ecotypes and their respective mutants. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the adventitious rooting process in three different experimental systems, all using A. thaliana, analysing the same rooting parameters after transient exposure to auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) and control conditions: excised leaves, de-rooted plants and etiolated seedlings. The founding tissues and sites of origin of roots differed depending on the system used, whereas all rooting patterns were of the direct type (i.e., without callus formation). None of the systems had an absolute requirement for exogenous auxin, although rooting was enhanced by this phytohormone, with the exception of de-rooted plants, which had adventitious rooting strongly inhibited by exogenous auxin. Root elongation was much favoured in isolated leaves. Auxin-overproducing mutants could not be used in the detached leaf system due to precocious senescence; in the de-rooted plant system, these mutants had a WT-like rooting response, whereas the expression of the 'rooty' phenotype was only evident in the etiolated seedling system. Adventitious rooting of etiolated WT seedlings in the presence of exogenous auxin was inhibited by exogenous flavonoids, which act as auxin transport inhibitors; surprisingly, the flavonoid-deficient mutant chs had a lower rooting response compared to WT. Although Arabidopsis is an excellent model system to study adventitious rooting, physiological and developmental responses differed significantly, underlining the importance of avoiding data generalisation on rooting responses derived from different experimental systems with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L da Rocha Correa
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ingram P, Dettmer J, Helariutta Y, Malamy JE. Arabidopsis Lateral Root Development 3 is essential for early phloem development and function, and hence for normal root system development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:455-467. [PMID: 21749503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a gene, Lateral Root Development 3 (LRD3), that is important for maintaining a balance between primary and lateral root growth. The lrd3 mutant has decreased primary root growth and increased lateral root growth. We determined that the LRD3 gene encodes a LIM-domain protein of unknown function. LRD3 is expressed only in the phloem companion cells, which suggested a role in phloem function. Indeed, while phloem loading and export from the shoot appear to be normal, delivery of phloem to the primary root tip is limited severely in young seedlings. Abnormalities in phloem morphology in these seedlings indicate that LRD3 is essential for correct early phloem development. There is a subsequent spontaneous recovery of normal phloem morphology, which is correlated tightly with increased phloem delivery and growth of the primary root. The LRD3 gene is one of very few genes described to affect phloem development, and the only one that is specific to early phloem development. Continuous growth on auxin also leads to recovery of phloem development and function in lrd3, which demonstrates that auxin plays a key role in early phloem development. The root system architecture and the pattern of phloem allocation in the lrd3 root system suggested that there may be regulated mechanisms for selectively supporting certain lateral roots when the primary root is compromised. Therefore, this study provides new insights into phloem-mediated resource allocation and its effects on plant root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ingram
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 5812 S. Ellis Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Soper FM, Paungfoo-Lonhienne C, Brackin R, Rentsch D, Schmidt S, Robinson N. Arabidopsis and Lobelia anceps access small peptides as a nitrogen source for growth. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:788-796. [PMID: 32480936 DOI: 10.1071/fp11077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
While importance of amino acids as a nitrogen source for plants is increasingly recognised, other organic N sources including small peptides have received less attention. We assessed the capacity of functionally different species, annual and nonmycorrhizal Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) and perennial Lobelia anceps L.f. (Campanulaceae), to acquire, metabolise and use small peptides as a N source independent of symbionts. Plants were grown axenically on media supplemented with small peptides (2-4 amino acids), amino acids or inorganic N. In A. thaliana, peptides of up to four amino acid residues sustained growth and supported up to 74% of the maximum biomass accumulation achieved with inorganic N. Peptides also supported growth of L. anceps, but to a lesser extent. Using metabolite analysis, a proportion of the peptides supplied in the medium were detected intact in root and shoot tissue together with their metabolic products. Nitrogen source preferences, growth responses and shoot-root biomass allocation were species-specific and suggest caution in the use of Arabidopsis as the sole plant model. In particular, glycine peptides of increasing length induced effects ranging from complete inhibition to marked stimulation of root growth. This study contributes to emerging evidence that plants can acquire and metabolise organic N beyond amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Soper
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | - Richard Brackin
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Doris Rentsch
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Schmidt
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole Robinson
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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Jia Y, Tang SR, Ju XH, Shu LN, Tu SX, Feng RW, Giusti L. Effects of elevated CO(2) levels on root morphological traits and Cd uptakes of two Lolium species under Cd stress. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011; 12:313-25. [PMID: 21462388 PMCID: PMC3072595 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of elevated CO(2) levels and cadmium (Cd) on the root morphological traits and Cd accumulation in Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Lolium perenne L. exposed to two CO(2) levels (360 and 1 000 μl/L) and three Cd levels (0, 4, and 16 mg/L) under hydroponic conditions. The results show that elevated levels of CO(2) increased shoot biomass more, compared to root biomass, but decreased Cd concentrations in all plant tissues. Cd exposure caused toxicity to both Lolium species, as shown by the restrictions of the root morphological parameters including root length, surface area, volume, and tip numbers. These parameters were significantly higher under elevated levels of CO(2) than under ambient CO(2), especially for the number of fine roots. The increases in magnitudes of those parameters triggered by elevated levels of CO(2) under Cd stress were more than those under non-Cd stress, suggesting an ameliorated Cd stress under elevated levels of CO(2). The total Cd uptake per pot, calculated on the basis of biomass, was significantly greater under elevated levels of CO(2) than under ambient CO(2). Ameliorated Cd toxicity, decreased Cd concentration, and altered root morphological traits in both Lolium species under elevated levels of CO(2) may have implications in food safety and phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jia
- Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
- Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Food Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shi-rong Tang
- Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
- Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Food Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xue-hai Ju
- Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
- Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Food Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Li-na Shu
- Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
- Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Food Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu-xing Tu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren-wei Feng
- Centre for Research in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation, Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
- Open Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Food Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lorenzino Giusti
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Meng M, Geisler M, Johansson H, Harholt J, Scheller HV, Mellerowicz EJ, Kleczkowski LA. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is not rate limiting, but is essential in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:998-1011. [PMID: 19366709 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) produces UDP-glucose which is essential for sucrose and polysaccharide synthesis. Using Arabidopsis, we demonstrated that two UGPase genes (UGP1 and UGP2) are differentially expressed in a variety of organs, with UGP1 being pre-dominant. Co-expression analyses of UGP genes suggest that UGP1 is closely co-regulated with carbohydrate metabolism genes, late embryogenesis and seed loading, while UGP2 is co-regulated with stress response genes, fertilized flowers and photosynthetic genes. We have used Arabidopsis mutants for the UGP genes to characterize the role of both genes. The UGPase activity/protein was reduced by 70, 10 and 85% in ugp1, ugp2 and ugp1/ugp2 double mutant (DK) plants, respectively. A decrease in UGPase activity/protein was accompanied by an increase in expression of USP, a gene for UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Generally, the mutants had no effects on soluble sugar/starch content (except in certain cases for DK plants), and there were no differences in cell wall composition/content between the wild type and the mutants. On the other hand, DK plants had greater hypocotyl and root lengths. When grown in the field, the mutants had as much as a 50% decrease in the number of seeds produced (consistent with a substantial decrease in field fitness), suggesting that they would be outcompeted in the field in a few generations. Overall, the data suggest that UGPase is not rate limiting for sucrose/starch and cell wall synthesis, but that it is essential in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Meng
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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